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플랜트설비의 안전성 향상을 위한 열평형블록의 온도균일도 개선
강상무(Sang Moo Kang),조영진(Young Jin Cho),김태환(Tae Whan Kim) 대한기계학회 2010 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2010 No.5
원자력발전소의 냉각재 계통은 온도측면에서 상당히 엄격히 관리되어야 하므로 사용되는 온도계측기들은 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 주기적인 교정을 통해 건전성을 점검해야 된다. 본 연구에서는 온도계측값의 측정불확도에 결정적인 부분을 차지하며 온도센서의 측정불확도를 좌우하는 열평형블록의 온도균일도를 개선할 수 있는 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. 기존방식으로 교정된 냉각재 계통 온도센서의 측정불확도는 약 ± 1.1℃로 허용불감대를 벗어나는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 온도교정시스템 일부 장치인 열평형블록의 상부와 하부에서의 열방출특성 차이로 인한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 개선을 위해 상부에 슬릿구조를 두어 열방출 특성을 유사하게 조성하는 방식을 적용하였으며, 냉각제 계통 온도센서의 측정불확도를 허용불감대 이내인 ±0.7℃로 유지할 수 있었다. Temperature measurement equipments are need to check the integrity by using periodic collections because the coolant system of the nuclear power plant have to be severly controlled in the temperature part. This paper present on temperature uniformity improvement method of the isothermal equilibrium block and the main factor of uncertainty of measurement of temperature sensors. The uncertainty of measurement temperature sensors of the coolant system collected by the previous method was obtained the allowable blind zone about ±1.1℃. The major problems of originated from the different heat dissipation characteristics of the isothermal equilibrium block between upper part and lower part. The uncertainty of measurement of temperature sensor of the coolant system maintained the allowable blind zone within ±0.7℃ by controlling the isothermal equilibrium block with a slit structure in the upper part.
고은주,이영태,이유리,김지혜,강상무 대한면역학회 2017 Immune Network Vol.17 No.5
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG are toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and 9 agonist, respectively. Here, we investigated the effects of MPL, CpG, and combination adjuvants on stimulating in vitro dendritic cells (DCs), in vivo innate and adaptive immune responses, and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Combination of MPL and CpG was found to exhibit distinct effects on stimulating DCs in vitro to secrete IL-12p70 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and proliferate allogeneic CD8 T cells. Prime immunization of mice with inactivated split influenza vaccine in the presence of low dose MPL+CpG adjuvants increased the induction of virus-specific IgG and IgG2a isotype antibodies. MPL and CpG adjuvants contribute to improving the efficacy of prime influenza vaccination against lethal influenza challenge as determined by body weight monitoring, lung function, viral titers, and histology. A combination of MPL and CpG adjuvants was effective in improving vaccine efficacy as well as in reducing inflammatory immune responses locally and in inducing cellular immune responses upon lethal influenza virus challenge. This study demonstrates unique adjuvant effects of MPL, CpG, and combination adjuvants on modulating innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza prime vaccination.
Mechanisms of Cross-protection by Influenza Virus M2-based Vaccines
이유나,김민철,이영태,김유진,강상무 대한면역학회 2015 Immune Network Vol.15 No.5
Current influenza virus vaccines are based on strain-specific surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) antigens and effective only when the predicted vaccine strains and circulating viruses are well-matched. The current strategy of influenza vaccination does not prevent the pandemic outbreaks and protection efficacy is reduced or ineffective if mutant strains emerge. It is of high priority to develop effective vaccines and vaccination strategies conferring a broad range of cross protection. The extracellular domain of M2 (M2e) is highly conserved among human influenza A viruses and has been utilized to develop new vaccines inducing cross protection against different subtypes of influenza A virus. However, immune mechanisms of cross protection by M2e-based vaccines still remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we review immune correlates and mechanisms conferring cross protection by M2e-based vaccines. Molecular and cellular immune components that are known to be involved in M2 immune-mediated protection include antibodies, B cells, T cells, alveolar macrophages, Fc receptors, complements, and natural killer cells. Better understanding of protective mechanisms by immune responses induced by M2e vaccination will help facilitate development of broadly cross protective vaccines against influenza A virus.
고은주,이유리,이영태,황혜숙,박윤서,김기혜,강상무 대한면역학회 2020 Immune Network Vol.20 No.6
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mouse models to better understand the roles of the CD4 T cells and cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced respiratory disease after FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection. Less eosinophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in FI-RSV vaccinated CD4KO mice after RSV infection compared to FI-RSV vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. NK cells and cytokine-producing CD8 T cells were recruited at high levels in the airways of CD4KO mice, correlating with reduced respiratory disease. Depletion studies provided evidence that virus control was primarily mediated by NK cells whereas CD8 T cells contributed to IFN-γ production and less eosinophilic lung inflammation. This study demonstrated the differential roles of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK cells, in networking with other inflammatory infiltrates in RSV disease in immune competent and CD4-deficient condition.
권영만,황혜숙,이영태,김기혜,이유리,김민철,이유나,Fu Shi Quan,Martin L. Moore,강상무 대한면역학회 2019 Immune Network Vol.19 No.3
Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination causes vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) after RSV infection. It is considered that vaccine platforms enabling endogenous synthesis of RSV immunogens would induce favorable immune responses than non-replicating subunit vaccines in avoiding VED. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity, protection, and disease in mice after vaccination with RSV fusion protein (F) encoding plasmid DNA (F-DNA) or virus-like particles presenting RSV F (F-VLP). F-DNA vaccination induced CD8 T cells and RSV neutralizing Abs, whereas F-VLP elicited higher levels of IgG2a isotype and neutralizing Abs, and germinal center B cells, contributing to protection by controlling lung viral loads after RSV challenge. However, mice that were immunized with F-DNA displayed weight loss and pulmonary histopathology, and induced F specific CD8 T cell responses and recruitment of monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells into the lungs. These innate immune parameters, RSV disease, and pulmonary histopathology were lower in mice that were immunized with F-VLP after challenge. This study provides important insight into developing effective and safe RSV vaccines.