草廬 李惟泰의 軍事改革思想

崔孝軾 한국사연구회 1984 한국사연구 Vol.47 No.-

壬亂중 慶州府 義兵 活動

崔孝軾 동국대학교 지역개발대학원 1991 開發論叢 Vol.1 No.-

취학 월령이 학교생활 적응을 매개로 학업성취에 미치는 영향 : 성차를 중심으로

최효식,연은모,김남희 육아정책연구소 2014 육아정책연구 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 취학 월령이 학습자의 학교생활 적응을 매개로 학업성취에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 성별에 의한 취학 월령의 차이가 나타나는지 확인함으로써 취학 월령이 학습자에게 인지 및 사회 정의적으로 미치는 영향에 대해 보다 폭넓게 살펴보는데 있다. 이를 위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 한국아동 청소년패널조사 (KCYPS)의 초1 패널 1차(2010년)와 2차(2011년)년도 2,071명의 데이터를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 취학 월령이 높을수록 학교생활에 보다 적응적인 모습을 보였지만 학업성취에는 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 취학 월령은 학교생활 적응을 매개로 학업성취에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었는데 효과 크기는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 성별에 따라 취학 월령이 학교생활 적응에 미치는 영향이 다르게 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 교육장면에 주는 실천적 함의와 제한점에 대해 논의하였다. We aimed to identify mediating effects of school adaption between a monthly age at elementary school entry and students’ academic achievement and to find gender differences of relationships in between. Our analysis is based on 2071 2nd grade students who participated to a second year of longitudinal cohort survey from the National Youth Policy Institute in Korea. Results revealed that a monthly age of entry to elementary school, itself, was not a good predictor of students’ academic achievement. In other words, younger 1st grades showed as much as good progress what older 1st graders made. However, a monthly age of entry to elementary school presented positive influences on academic achievement through the mediating effects of school adaptation and their relationships showed a significant gender differences. Findings and practical implications were discussed regard to the relationships between students’ monthly age of entry to elementary school and school life.

불국사의 배치 및 공간 분석에 관한 연구 : C, G, Jung의 무의식 이론을 중심으로

최효식,박언곤 대한건축학회 2000 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.20 No.1

摠戎廳 硏究

崔孝軾 동국대학교 경주대학 1985 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

The Chong Yu­ng Chung(摠戎廳) was a central army which defended the outer walls and places of Seoul after reorganization of the army of Kyung Ki Do. It was located in the strategic zone near Seoul, and organized along the lines of the twelve Tan Young(團營) of the Myung Dynasty(明) in July, two years King 'Incho to the throne. It was organized to protest against invasion from the chung dynasty(淸) in China. The Yi Gwal rebellion caused speeding up of the establishment of the Chong Yung-Chung with five camps or Young(營), located respectively in Suwon, Kwangju, Yangju, Changdan and Namyang, but chong Yu­ng chung was then relocated around Seoul to Keep a watch on the capital because of the Yu tak Incident. When the Chong Yu­ng chung was first established, the head-quarters was moved from Bok & Young(北二營), Sa Jik Dong to Sam Chung Dong and then to Tang Chun Dae(蕩春臺), and put under the command of Buk Han San Sung(北漢山城) for twenty-three years under King Yungcho. The Chong Yu­ng army was made of a dual system, a central army and a local army. the central army consisted of two Bu(部), and six Sa(司), totaling 26 Cho(哨), and served for three months in the winter season. The local army term of service was increased or decreased in accordance with the system of three Young Jae(營制). The solders of the two armies came from the towns in Kyung Ki Do. The armies were composed of the solders from towns in Kyung Ki do and Jiksan and Asan in Choong Chung Do. the local army system was changed from a five Yong Jae into a three Young Jae system, but as a result of trouble with the Su Aw Jung office(守禦廳) and the Chin Mu Young office(鎭撫營), it was changed back to five Young jae. The members of the Chong Yu­ng army were not always fixed but were composed of about 15,000 to 20,000 peasants (Pyung Min 平民) and men belonging to Yang Ban(兩班) Chun Min(賤民). There were six times more Chun Min than Pyung Min. The Pyung Min served during their spare time in the spring and the fall. Every year the offices of the Chong Yu­ng Chung(摠戎使) participated in Sum Yuk training(巡歷). The training with the main army, Choong Cun(中軍), which consisted of military camping methods, marching, nightduty, use of guns, and the weapons of main camp(主營). If many people died in a famine or envoys from the Myung Dynasty came and went, then regular training was discontinued. The officers of Choong Gun were sent to the army when regular training was toped, and they commanded the regular army. But as a matter of fact the army was disbanded for a period of six or ten years. It was usually by permission of the King. The main duties were watching the important strategic zone which the local army did, and guarding the palanquin of the King outside the palace. The funds for the Chong Yu­ng chung came mainly from the income from land taxes. Land was divided into taxable land and non-taxable land, and also into farms managed by Ju Young (the main army camp 主營) and farms which were rented out. The land tax was received by army officers called Cho Gwan(哨官) and Kun Gwan(軍官) and dispatched by the authorites to the army. Because the men usually did not wish to serve, the quality of the soldiers varied according to the season and the place. When the law called Kyun Yuk was enforced, the quality of the soldiers throughout the country was equalized. The rice tax collected from the Pyung Min was six Do(斗), and from the Chun Min was three Do. Because the number of soldiers who trained with the Chong Yung officer corps were many, the expenditure of money was very great, but the quality of the soldiers was still poor. Training was very strenuous and many draftees escaped. The governor of each district (Su Ryung 守令) supplied men to replace the soldiers who escaped. When the Kyun Yuk law was not enforced there were many tax abuses. The in Ching tax(麟徵) and the Jok Ching tax(族徵) were collected illegally by corrupt tax officials. During the Mongolian invasion (Byung Ja Ho Ran 丙子胡亂) and Yu Tak Incident, the Chong Yu­ng Chung played an important role in defending Seoul.

1894년 執綱所의 설치와 그 운영

崔孝軾 한국동학학회 2003 동학연구 Vol.13 No.-

본고는 동학혁명에서 동학지도 세력이 집강소를 설치하여 농민에게 많은 고통을 주었던 폐정을 개혁하고 사회 개혁을 실천한 내용을 다룬 연구이다. The aim of this paper is to elucidate why the principal characters established the institution of Gipgangso(執綱所) during the Donghak(東學) Revolution in Lee Dynasty, 1894 which was prevented the irregularities and corruptions and was reformed the illegal political and social systems that a lot of pheasants have been given many trobles in their lives, and how it practiced the variable social systems for their welfare.

장 누벨 뮤지엄 건축의 전시공간 특성에 관한 연구

최효식 대한전시디자인학회 2022 전시디자인연구 Vol.19 No.2

Jean Nouvel, as a representative architect of French architecture in the 21st century, has continuously pursued new exhibition space compositions through various museum architectures. Therefore, in this study, the purpose of this study is to reveal what kind of new exhibition composition in the 21st century he pursues by comparatively analyzing the composition of the exhibition space of Jean Nouvel's museum architecture. The results of this study can be summarized in the following three categories. First, the characteristics of the exhibition space of Jean Nouvel's museum architecture were revealed from the introduction of the unit exhibition space applied to the Leeum Museum of Museum 2 and the Quai Branly Museum. Second, The Louvre Abu Dhabi expanded the unit exhibition space that had been applied in the existing Jean Nouvel's museum architecture, and built a nonlinear continuous flow of viewing by linking each unit exhibition space. Third, Jean Nouvel presented a new museum architecture that corresponds to the changing 6 modern exhibition space through the continuous flow of visitors constructed through the non-linear continuous arrangement of unit exhibition spaces in National Museum of Qatar. 장 누벨은 21세기 프랑스 건축을 대표하는 건축가로서 여러뮤지엄 건축을 통해서 새로운 전시 공간구성들을 꾸준히 추구해왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 장 누벨의 뮤지엄 건축의 전시공간 구성들을 비교분석함으로써 그가 추구하는 21세기의 새로운 전시구성이 어떤 것인 지를 밝히는 데에 연구의 목적을둔다. 연구의 결과는 다음 3가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 장 누벨만의 뮤지엄 건축의 전시공간의 특성이 드러난 것은 리움 미술관 뮤지엄 2와 케브랑리 박물관에서 적용한 단위 전시공간의 도입부터이다. 둘째, 아부다비 루브르 분관은 기존의 장누벨의 뮤지엄 건축에서 적용해 왔던 단위 전시공간을 확장하여 각 단위 전시 공간을 연계하여 비선형의 연속된 관람동선을 구축하였다. 셋째, 장 누벨은 카타르 박물관에서 단위전시공간의 비선형적인 연속형 배치를 통해 구성된 연속된관람동선으로 변화하는 현대 전시공간에 상응하는 새로운 뮤지엄 건축을 제시하였다.

대상관계이론에 의한 안소니 비들러의 워프드 스페이스와 수직 이동 램프 공간 비교연구

최효식 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.9

This study compares and examines the vertical movement ramp spaces of representative modern architectural buildings of the Villa Savoye and the Guggenheim Museum; the personality development theory of the object relations theory was closely examined to determine if the spiral that Anthony Vidler saw as an example of Warped Space could be suitable for future architectural spaces. The purpose of this study was to analyze which stage of the personality development theory these works corresponded to. The results indicated that the central ramp space on the first floor of the Villa Savoye symbolized a three-dimensional space of gaze as the dispersion and combination of gaze were repeated when successive sequences were analyzed based on Lacan's gaze theory. When comparing the Villa Savoye with Klein's personality development theory, the central ramp space on the first floor corresponded to the stage of the editorial position. The analysis of the spiral ramp at the Guggenheim Museum based on Lacan's gaze theory revealed that unlike the ramp space on the first floor of the Villa Savoye, the stage of gaze developed by the repetition of gaze was not limited to the space of the ramp, but the awareness of the audience of the entire Guggenheim space was expanded. The spiral ramp at the Guggenheim Museum corresponded to a space of the stage regarding the paranoid schizoid position in Klein's personality development theory. Lastly, comparing the ramp space, which is the vertical movement space of modern architecture, Klein's personality development theory found that the spiral form that Vidler insisted to be closest to the space of the warped space corresponded more to the developmental stage than the general ramp space form. 본 연구는 대상관계이론의 성격발달이론을 적용하여, 현대건축을 대표하는 빌라 사보아와 구겐하임 미술관의 수직이동 램프 공간들을 비교연구하여, 비들러가 Warped Space의 예로 언급한 나선형이 미래 건축공간에 적합한지를 규명한다. 그리고 이들 작품이 성격발달이론에서 어떠한 단계에 해당하는지를 분석하는 데에 연구의 목적을 둔다. 본 연구의 결과, 첫째, 빌라 사보아 1층의 중심램프 공간은 연속적인 시퀀스들을 라깡의 응시이론으로 분석을 해 보았을 때, 시선의 분산과 결합이 반복되면서 3차원적인 응시의 공간을 상징하게 된다. 둘째, 빌라 사보아의 1층 중심램프 공간을 클라인의 성격발달이론과 비교해 보았을 때, 편집적 자리의 단계에 해당한다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 구겐하임 미술관의 나선형 램프를 라깡의 응시이론으로 분석해 보면, 빌라 사보아의 1층 램프공간과는 다르게 시선의 반복으로 구축되는 응시의 단계가 램프의 공간으로 한정되지 않고, 구겐하임 공간 전체에 대한 관람자의 인식이 확대된다. 넷째, 구겐하임 미술관의 나선형 램프는 클라인의 성격발달이론에서 편집-분열적 자리의 단계의 공간으로 분석된다. 다섯 번째, 현대건축의 수직이동 공간인 램프 공간은 클라인의 성격발달이론과 비교분석해 보았을 때, 비들러가 Warped Space의 공간에 가장 가깝다고 주창하였던 나선형 형태가 일반적인 램프 공간의 형태보다는 발전적인 단계에 해당한다.

초등학생이 지각한 부모 애착, 성격 5요인, 학업적 실패내성, 학교적응 간 구조적 관계

최효식,연은모 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.20

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate structural relationships among parental attachment, big five personality traits, academic failure tolerance and school adjustment perceived by elementary school students. In details, the study explored the sequential mediators in the relationship between parental attachment and school adjustment. Methods A structural equation model was conducted using 1,129 data from the 12th waves of the Panel Study on Korean Children in 2019. Results The results of this study are as follows. First, both perceived mother and father attachment of elementary school students directly affect on their big five personality traits; positively affect on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and negatively affect on neuroticism. At same time, only perceived mother attachment showed positive affects on openness. Moreover, perceived mother attachment showed no effect on academic failure tolerance, in meanwhile perceived father attachment a direct positive effect on academic failure tolerance. Openness and conscientiousness also presented a positive effect on academic failure tolerance while neuroticism showed a negative effect and same pattern repeated on academic adjustment. And, academic failure tolerance mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and positive school adjustment as well as the relationship between neuroticism and positive school adjustment for both perceived mother and father attachment of elementary school students. Conclusions These findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen perceived parent attachments of elementary school students through encouraging healthy personality and academic failure tolerance in order to increase school adjustment. 목적 본 연구에서는 초등학생이 지각한 모 애착, 부 애착, 성격 5요인, 학업적 실패내성, 학교적응 간 구조적 관계를 경험적으로 살펴보고자 하였으며, 구체적으로 모 애착, 부 애착이 성격 5요인, 학업적 실패내성을 순차 매개로 학교적응에 영향을 미치는지 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 한국아동패널 12차(2019년) 자료(육아정책연구소)의 1,129명의 데이터를 사용했으며, 12차(2019년) 자료를 사용한 이유는 초등학생의 성격 5요인 데이터가 12차 자료에 제시되어 있기 때문이다. 모 애착, 부 애착, 성격 5요인, 학업적 실패내성, 학교적응간 구조적 관계 탐색을 위해 구조방정식 모형 분석 방법을 활용하였으며, 구체적으로 측정모형과 구조모형을 검증하는 순으로 진행하였다. 측정모형과 구조모형 모두 최대우도법(ML)에 기초한 모수를 추정하였다. 결과 분석 결과, 첫째, 부 애착과 모 애착 모두 외향성, 친화성, 성실성에 정적 영향, 신경증에 부적 영향을 미쳤으며, 모 애착은 추가로 개방성에 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 모 애착은 학업적 실패내성에 영향을 미치지 않지만, 부 애착은 학업적 실패내성에 정적 영향을미쳤다. 성격 5요인 중 개방성, 성실성은 학업적 실패내성에 정적 영향, 신경증은 학업적 실패내성에 부적 영향을 미쳤다. 외향성, 친화성, 성실성은 학교적응에 정적 영향, 신경증은 학교적응에 부적 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 부 애착과 모 애착 모두 외향성, 친화성, 성실성, 신경증을 매개로 학교적응에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 부 애착과 모 애착 모두 성실성과 학업적 실패내성을 순차 매개로, 신경증과 학업적 실패내성을 순차 매개로 학교적응에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 결론 본 연구는 초등학생의 학교적응 수준을 향상하기 위해 모 애착과 부 애착을 강화함으로써 건강한 성격 형성과 학업적 실패내성을 높여주는 것이 중요함을 시사한다.

정신분석학에 의한 루이스 칸의 건축철학과 카발라와의 비교 연구

최효식,Choi, Hyo-Sik 한국건축역사학회 2009 건축역사연구 Vol.18 No.2

This study set out to compare and analyze the influences Kabbalah, which was Louis I. Kahn's faith as a Jew, on his architecture based on Freud's psychoanalysis that had many exchanges with modernism and contemporary architecture and theories. The specific goals of the study were to shed light to Kahn's presence in contemporary architecture anew and establish the methodology of using psychoanalysis in building new theories of architectural planning. When the theories of psychoanalysis were introduced for comparison and analysis purposes, Kahn tried to differentiate his buildings by placing a function or symbolic central space at the heart of a building even though he did adopt a characteristic of modernism architecture, which was placing a core at the centre of plan, for a while. Such a tendency of his was based on Jung's opinions rather than Freud's and affected by Ecole des Beaux-Art. The analysis results also indicate that he conceived "Served Space & Servant Space," "architecture of connection" and "silence and light" that made up the essence of his architectural theory from the relationships between Ayin-Sof, Kabbalah's absolute god, and Sefiroth. It's also very likely that his often use of triangles and circles in his architecture was affected by the Tree of Sefiroth diagram of Kabbalah. His tendency is well reflected in Salk Institute and Philips Exeter Academy Library, where he placed a laboratory or courtyard at the center where a core was supposed to be, created a corridor or courtyard space between those central spaces and the core, and connected them one another with to perceive the being of Ayin-Sof into an architectural space, which is well proven with Mikveh Israel Synagogue where he directly applied the Tree of Sefiroth diagram. The synagogue also contained a hollow column that served as an important concept in his late architecture. The hollow column was also the result of him applying the concept of Sefiroth of the place where Ayin-Sof Was reduced in Kabbalah.