http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
조은진,이지임,이명선,김천태,김승철,( Laura E. Via ),( Clifton E. Barry ),조상래,이종석 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.116 No.-
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has emerged worldwidely as a threat to public health and TB control. Improper treatment of patients with drug-resistant TB considered as the major cause of increasing XDR-TB cases. Despite of increasing XDR-TB cases, second-line TB drug testings are remained challenging because of international standard methods are not well established and the reproducibility are not good, either. Therefore, for the rapid detection of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), sloppy molecular beacons (SMBs) were designed to detect mutants with resistance to anti-TB drugs such as ofloxacin (OFX) and kanamycin (KM). Resistances to OFX or KM are caused by existence of mutations in a number of genes, including gyrA, gyrB, rrs, and the eis promoter. In this study, mutations were detected by melting temperature (Tm) shifts that occurred when SMBs bind to mismatched sequences. The resulting set of Tm values uniquely identifies the DNA sequences present in the sample. SMB assays were developed for the detection of mutations in rrs and eis promoter, which closely related to the KM resistance in M. tuberculosis. The performance of the SMBs was characterized by studying a total of 560 clinical isolates. The detection and correlation of KM-resistant with phenotypic drug susceptibility test of MGIT960 were examined. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 85.1% and 100%, respectively. These results indicate that SMB assay might be the useful means of detecting KM-resistance-associated rrs and eis promoter mutations in M. tuberculosis. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has emerged worldwidely as a threat to public health and TB control. Improper treatment of patients with drug-resistant TB considered as the major cause of increasing XDR-TB cases. Despite of increasing XDR-TB cases, second-line TB drug testings are remained challenging because of international standard methods are not well established and the reproducibility are not good, either. Therefore, for the rapid detection of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), sloppy molecular beacons (SMBs) were designed to detect mutants with resistance to anti-TB drugs such as ofloxacin (OFX) and kanamycin (KM). Resistances to OFX or KM are caused by existence of mutations in a number of genes, including gyrA, gyrB, rrs, and the eis promoter. In this study, mutations were detected by melting temperature (Tm) shifts that occurred when SMBs bind to mismatched sequences. The resulting set of Tm values uniquely identifies the DNA sequences present in the sample. SMB assays were developed for the detection of mutations in rrs and eis promoter, which closely related to the KM resistance in M. tuberculosis. The performance of the SMBs was characterized by studying a total of 560 clinical isolates. The detection and correlation of KM-resistant with phenotypic drug susceptibility test of MGIT960 were examined. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 85.1% and 100%, respectively. These results indicate that SMB assay might be the useful means of detecting KM-resistance-associated rrs and eis promoter mutations in M. tuberculosis.
Neural Mechanisms in Eating Behaviors: A Pilot fMRI Study of Emotional Processing
Rosa M. Molina-Ruiz,T. García-Saiz,Jeffrey C.L. Looi,E. Via Virgili,M. Rincón Zamorano,Laura de Anta Tejado,Helena Trebbau López,Jose Luis Carrasco Perera,Marina Díaz-Marsá 대한신경정신의학회 2020 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.17 No.3
Objective Emotional processing dysfunction evident in eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), is considered relevant to the development and maintenance of these disorders. The purpose of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to pilot a comparison of the activity of the fronto-limbic and fronto-striatal brain areas during an emotion processing task in persons with ED. Methods 24 women patients with ED were scanned, while showing emotionally stimulating (pleasant, unpleasant) and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Results During the pleasant condition, significant differences in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) activations were found with AN participants presenting greater activation compared to BN and ED comorbid groups (EDc) and healthy controls also showing greater activation of this brain area compared to BN and EDc. Left putamen was less activated in EDc compared to both controls (C) and AN. During the unpleasant condition, AN participants showed hyperactivation of the Orbito-Frontal Cortex (OFC) when compared to EDc. Conclusion This study highlights the potential functional relevance of brain areas that have been associated with self-control. These findings should help advance understanding the neural substrate of ED, though they should be considered as preliminary and be cautiously interpreted.
Extensive Drug Resistance Acquired During Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Cegielski, J. Peter,Dalton, Tracy,Yagui, Martin,Wattanaamornkiet, Wanpen,Volchenkov, Grigory V.,Via, Laura E.,Van Der Walt, Martie,Tupasi, Thelma,Smith, Sarah E.,Odendaal, Ronel,Leimane, Vaira,Kvasnov Oxford University Press 2014 Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol.59 No.8
<P>Nearly 15% of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis cases developed resistance to the fluoroquinolones, the second-line injectable drugs, or both during treatment for MDR tuberculosis. The rate of acquired resistance was significantly lower in programs that met specific performance criteria.</P><P><B><I>Background.</I></B> Increasing access to drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis is crucial but could lead to increasing resistance to these same drugs. In 2000, the international Green Light Committee (GLC) initiative began to increase access while attempting to prevent acquired resistance.</P><P><B><I>Methods.</I></B> To assess the GLC's impact, we followed adults with pulmonary MDR tuberculosis from the start to the end of treatment with monthly sputum cultures, drug susceptibility testing, and genotyping. We compared the frequency and predictors of acquired resistance to second-line drugs (SLDs) in 9 countries that volunteered to participate, 5 countries that met GLC criteria, and 4 countries that did not apply to the GLC.</P><P><B><I>Results.</I></B> In total, 832 subjects were enrolled. Of those without baseline resistance to specific SLDs, 68 (8.9%) acquired extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis, 79 (11.2%) acquired fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance, and 56 (7.8%) acquired resistance to second-line injectable drugs (SLIs). The relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]) of acquired resistance was lower at GLC-approved sites: 0.27 (.16–.47) for XDR tuberculosis, 0.28 (.17–.45) for FQ, and 0.15 (.06–.39) to 0.60 (.34–1.05) for 3 different SLIs. The risk increased as the number of potentially effective drugs decreased. Controlling for baseline drug resistance and differences between sites, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.21 (.07–.62) for acquired XDR tuberculosis and 0.23 (.09–.59) for acquired FQ resistance.</P><P><B><I>Conclusions.</I></B> Treatment of MDR tuberculosis involves substantial risk of acquired resistance to SLDs, increasing as baseline drug resistance increases. The risk was significantly lower in programs documented by the GLC to meet specific standards.</P>
( Eun Sun Son ),( Jiim Lee ),( Derek T. Armstrong ),( Sangnae Cho ),( Laura E. Via ),( Clifton E. Barry ),( Susan E. Dorman ),( Moses L. Joloba ),( Jong Seok Lee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.116 No.-
For Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), phenotypic methods for drug susceptibility testing (DST) to second-line drugs are poorly standardized and technically challenging. The Sensititreⓡ MYCOTB MIC plate (``MYCOTB``) is a microtitre plate containing lyophilized antibiotics and configured for determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. To evaluate performance of MYCOTB for Mtb DST using the Middlebrook 7H10 agar proportion method (APM) as the comparator. We conducted a two-site study using archived Mtb isolates from Uganda and the Republic of Korea. Thawed isolates were subcultured and dilutions were inoculated into MYCOTB wells and onto 7H10 agar. MYCOTB results were read at days 7, 10, 14, 21; APM results were read at 21 days. 222 isolates provided results on both platforms. Agreement between MYCOTB and APM with respect to ``susceptible`` or ``resistant`` was ≥92% for 7 of 12 drugs when a strict definition was used, and ≥96% for 10 of 12 drugs when agreement was defined allowing for a ± one-well dilution around the APM critical concentration. For ethambutol, agreement was 80-81%. For moxifloxacin, agreement was 83-85%; incorporating existing DNA sequencing information for discrepant analysis raised agreement to 91-96%. For MYCOTB, median time to plate interpretation was 10 days and inter-reader agreement was ≥95% for all drugs. MYCOTB provided reliable results for Mtb DST to first- and second- line drugs except ethambutol, and results were available faster than for APM. For Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), phenotypic methods for drug susceptibility testing (DST) to second-line drugs are poorly standardized and technically challenging. The Sensititreⓡ MYCOTB MIC plate (``MYCOTB``) is a microtitre plate containing lyophilized antibiotics and configured for determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. To evaluate performance of MYCOTB for Mtb DST using the Middlebrook 7H10 agar proportion method (APM) as the comparator. We conducted a two-site study using archived Mtb isolates from Uganda and the Republic of Korea. Thawed isolates were subcultured and dilutions were inoculated into MYCOTB wells and onto 7H10 agar. MYCOTB results were read at days 7, 10, 14, 21; APM results were read at 21 days. 222 isolates provided results on both platforms. Agreement between MYCOTB and APM with respect to ``susceptible`` or ``resistant`` was ≥92% for 7 of 12 drugs when a strict definition was used, and ≥96% for 10 of 12 drugs when agreement was defined allowing for a ± one-well dilution around the APM critical concentration. For ethambutol, agreement was 80-81%. For moxifloxacin, agreement was 83-85%; incorporating existing DNA sequencing information for discrepant analysis raised agreement to 91-96%. For MYCOTB, median time to plate interpretation was 10 days and inter-reader agreement was ≥95% for all drugs. MYCOTB provided reliable results for Mtb DST to first- and second- line drugs except ethambutol, and results were available faster than for APM.
Chakravorty, Soumitesh,Lee, Jong Seok,Cho, Eun Jin,Roh, Sandy S.,Smith, Laura E.,Lee, Jiim,Kim, Cheon Tae,Via, Laura E.,Cho, Sang-Nae,Barry III, Clifton E.,Alland, David American Society for Microbiology 2015 Journal of clinical microbiology Vol.53 No.1
<P>Resistance to amikacin (AMK) and kanamycin (KAN) in clinical <I>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</I> strains is largely determined by specific mutations in the <I>rrs</I> gene and <I>eis</I> gene promoter. We developed a rapid, multiplexed sloppy molecular beacon (SMB) assay to identify these mutations and then evaluated assay performance on 603 clinical <I>M. tuberculosis</I> DNA samples collected in South Korea. Assay performance was compared to gold-standard phenotypic drug susceptibility tests, including Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) absolute concentration, mycobacterial growth indicator tubes (MGIT), and TREK Sensititre MycoTB MIC plate (MycoTB) methods. Target amplicons were also tested for mutations by Sanger sequencing. The SMB assay correctly detected 115/116 mutant and mixed sequences and 487/487 wild-type sequences (sensitivity and specificity of 99.1 and 100%, respectively). Using the LJ method as the reference, sensitivity and specificity for AMK resistance were 92.2% and 100%, respectively, and sensitivity and specificity for KAN resistance were 87.7% and 95.6%, respectively. Mutations in the <I>rrs</I> gene were unequivocally associated with high-level cross-resistance to AMK and KAN in all three conventional drug susceptibility testing methods. However, <I>eis</I> promoter mutations were associated with KAN resistance using the MGIT or MycoTB methods but not the LJ method. No testing method associated <I>eis</I> promoter mutations with AMK resistance. Among the discordant samples with AMK and/or KAN resistance but wild-type sequence at the target genes, we discovered four new mutations in the <I>whiB7</I> 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in 6/22 samples. All six samples were resistant only to KAN, suggesting the possible role of these <I>whiB7</I> 5′ UTR mutations in KAN resistance.</P>