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梁貴泫,曺在六,朴萬石,劉冕式,趙仁善,魏駿復 全南大學校企業經營硏究所 1983 産業經濟硏究 Vol.10 No.1
Generally, the small businesses are the representative form of the enterprises which have developed within the context of regional economy. And the small businesses cooperate with the Local habitant for the construction of good community and play roles as a corporate citizenship. So, small businesses in chonnam area are of great importance for the development of the district. This paper attempts to analyse the present situations of the small businesses in Chonnam and to formulate the strategic models of growth for them. Small businesses in Chonnam are under-developed than those in other areas in Korea. They are smaller in size. Employees per firm are the smallest in numbers through the whole country. More worse, they are in poor technology and old equipments. Thus the products per firm are the lesser than any other area. Top managers are greatly interested in cutting down the product cost, but not in manpower, technology development and design development. Difficulties in managing the enterprise are shortage of funds and rising of the prices of raw materials. And about 21% of the small businesses do not implement quality controls. Debt ratio is overly high. Furthermore, current debt ratio is very high and profitability is very low. These mean that the small businesses in Chonnam are in great difficulties. Because of the poor financial positions and the smallness in size, without exceptional aids of the authorities concerned, it is very difficult to formulate good strategic models for growth. But the small business will possibly grow by doing the followings. Firstly, they should have in mind that the ultimate customer is the consumer. If not recognized as a reliable business, the business can't survived in the future. Managers should keep in mind that small business can exist under consumer's love, and manage the business with the thought of serving the consumers. Secondly, small businesses should cooperate among them. Cooperation system is an effective system which enables the difficult tasks to be solved easily. By using the power of the system, it can be possible to minimize the needed cost and to maximize the benefit. Thirdly, they should continuously invest in research and development(R&D) in their own categories of business. For existence, small businesses should enforce competitive power by producing better products or effecting new process of manufacture. Almost all the venture businesses are small. But they will be more profitable than the large. In the future, R & D investment will decide the success of the business.
The novel encapsulation method for organic thin-film transistors
Jung Hun Lee,Gi Heon Kim,Seong Hyun Kim,Sang Chul Lim,Yong Suk Yang,Jiyoung Oh,Ji Ho Youk,Jin Jang,Taehyoung Zyung 한국물리학회 2005 Current Applied Physics Vol.5 No.4
In this study, we report a novel encapsulation method for longevity of an organic thin-lm transistor (OTFT) using pentacene bymeans of an adhesive multiplayer included Al lm. For encapsulation of OTFTs, the Al lm adhered onto the OTFT in a drynitrogen atmosphere using a proper adhesive. A lifetime, which was dened as the time necessary to reduce mobility to 2% of initialmobility value, was observed from the typicalIDVD characteristics of the eld-eect transistor (FET). The initial eld eectmobility,l , was measured to be 2.0· 10. 1 cm2/Vs. The characterization was maintained for long times in air. No substantialdegeneration occurred. The performance and the stability are probably due to the encapsulation eect..
The novel encapsulation method for organic thin-film transistors
Lee, Jung Hun,Kim, Gi Heon,Kim, Seong Hyun,Lim, Sang Chul,Yang, Yong Suk,Oh, Jiyoung,Youk, Ji Ho,Jang, Jin,Zyung, Taehyoung Elsevier 2005 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.5 No.4
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In this study, we report a novel encapsulation method for longevity of an organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) using pentacene by means of an adhesive multiplayer included Al film. For encapsulation of OTFTs, the Al film adhered onto the OTFT in a dry nitrogen atmosphere using a proper adhesive. A lifetime, which was defined as the time necessary to reduce mobility to 2% of initial mobility value, was observed from the typical <I>I</I><SUB>D</SUB>–<I>V</I><SUB>D</SUB> characteristics of the field-effect transistor (FET). The initial field effect mobility, <I>μ</I>, was measured to be 2.0×10<SUP>−1</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP>/Vs. The characterization was maintained for long times in air. No substantial degeneration occurred. The performance and the stability are probably due to the encapsulation effect.</P>
Kim, Cho Hee,Han, Song Iy,Lee, Su Yeon,Youk, Hyun Suk,Moon, Ji Young,Duong, Hong Quan,Park, Min Jung,Joo, Young Mi,Park, Hye Gyeong,Kim, Yung Jin,Yoo, Mi Ae,Lim, Sung-Chul,Kang, Ho Sung Liss 2007 Journal of Cellular Physiology Vol.211 No.2
<P>Cells typically die by either apoptosis or necrosis. However, the consequences of apoptosis and necrosis are quite different for a whole organism. In the case of apoptosis, the cell content remains packed in the apoptotic bodies that are removed by marcrophages, and thereby inflammation does not occur; during necrosis, the cell membrane is ruptured, and the cytosolic constituents are released into the extracellular space provoking inflammation. Recently, inflammation and necrosis have been suggested to promote tumor growth. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying cell death in response to glucose depletion (GD), a common characteristic of the tumor microenvironment. GD induced necrosis through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 lung carcinoma cells. Inhibition of ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and catalase prevented necrosis and switched the cell death mode to apoptosis that depends on mitochondrial death pathway involving caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, indicating a critical role of ROS in determination of GD-induced cell death mode. We demonstrate that protein kinase C-dependent extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation also switched GD-induced necrosis to apoptosis through inhibition of ROS production possibly by inducing manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and by preventing GD-induced degradation of cupper zinc SOD. Thus, these results suggest that GD-induced cell death mode is determined by the protein kinase C/ERK1/2 signal pathway that regulates MnSOD and CuZnSOD and that these antioxidants may exert their known tumor suppressive activities by inducing necrosis-to-apoptosis switch. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 371–385, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
Kang, Sung Il,Oh, Heung-Kwon,Yoo, Jae Suk,Ahn, Soyeon,Kim, Min Hyun,Kim, Myung Jo,Son, Il Tae,Kim, Duck-Woo,Kang, Sung-Bum,Park, Young Soo,Yoon, Chang Jin,Shin, Rumi,Heo, Seung Chul,Lee, In Taek,Youk, Elsevier 2018 Surgical Oncology Vol.27 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Colonic self-expanding metallic stenting (SEMS) is widely used for the treatment of malignant colonic obstruction as a bridge to elective surgery. However, the effects of colonic stenting on long-term oncologic outcomes are debatable. This study aimed to compare the long-term oncologic outcomes of preoperative SEMS insertion with those of immediate surgery in patients with obstructing left-sided colorectal cancer.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A cohort of consecutive patients who underwent radical surgery for obstructing left-sided colorectal cancer between 2004 and 2011 in five tertiary referral hospitals were analyzed. Long-term survivals were analyzed and adjusted using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method, based on propensity scores, to reduce selection bias.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>One hundred and nine patients underwent immediate surgery, and 226 underwent stent insertion before surgery. Disease-free survival did not differ significantly in both the unadjusted population (hazard ratio [HR] 1.063, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.730–1.548; Log-rank, p = 0.746) and the adjusted population (HR 0.122, 95% CI 0.920–1.987; Log-rank, p = 0.122). Overall survival also did not differ significantly in both the unadjusted population (HR 0.871, 95% CI 0.568–1.334; Log-rank, p = 0.526) and the adjusted population (HR 1.023, 95% CI 0.665–1.572; Log-rank, p = 0.916). Defunctioning stoma formation was less in the SEMS insertion group than immediate surgery group (adjusted, 14.6% vs. 41.3%, p < 0.001).</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>The ‘bridge to surgery’ strategy using metallic stents was oncologically comparable to immediate surgery in patients with malignant left-sided colorectal obstruction.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Disease-free survival rate was comparable, SEMS insertion vs. immediate surgery. </LI> <LI> Overall survival rate was comparable between the two groups. </LI> <LI> Defunctioning stoma formation was less in the SEMS insertion group. </LI> <LI> The ‘bridge to surgery’ strategy using stent insertion was oncologically acceptable. </LI> </UL> </P>
직장암의 수술 전 항암화학방사선치료 후 병리학 및 임상적 효과 분석
송진호(Jin-Ho Song),장홍석(Hong-Seok Jang),김연실(Yeon-Sil Kim),정수미(Su-Mi Chung),손석현(Seok-Hyun Son),강진형(Jin-Hyeong Kang),육의곤(Eui-Gon Youk),이두석(Doo-Seok Lee),이숙희(Suk-Hi Lee),윤세철(Sei-Chul Yoon) 대한방사선종양학회 2011 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.29 No.1
목 적: 수술 전 항함화학방사선치료는 국소 진행된 직장암에서 표준치료로 알려져 있다. 이 연구는 동시 항암화학 방사선치료를 받은 국소 진행된 직장암 환자의 생존율 및 병기하향률에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2004년 3월부터 2008년 8월까지 수술 전 항암화학방사선치료를 받은 국소 진행된 직장암 환자 33명을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자는 전 골반 방사선조사를 시행하였으며, 28명(84.8%)은 동시적 소조사야 추가 방사선치료, 5명(15.2%)은 조사영역축소 방사선치료를 실시하였다. 총 방사선량은 50.4 Gy이었으며, 5-fluorouracil를 동시 투여하였다. 추적관찰 기간은 중앙값 24.2개월(9.8∼64.7개월)이었다. 결 과: 33명 중 31명(93.9%)에서 수술이 시행되었으며, 24명(72.7%)은 항문괄약근보존술, 7명(21.2%)은 복회음부 절제술이 시행되었다. 3년 생존율과 무병생존율은 각각 78.8%, 63.4% 이었다. 무병생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자로 수술 후 병리학적 소견이 중요하였다. 병리학적 N 병기(p=0.001), 절제면 침윤 여부(p=0.029) 및 분화도 (p=0.030)가 통계학적으로 의미 있게 영향을 미치는 인자였다. 종양 크기(p=0.081), 림프혈관과 신경주위 침윤여부 (p=0.073) 모두 영향을 미치는 인자로서의 경향성을 보였다. 한편, 수술 전 임상 소견으로는 임상적 T 병기만이 유의한 결과를 보였다(p=0.018). 병리학적 완전관해율은 9.1%였으며, T병기하향률은 30.3%, N 병기하향률은 72.7%로 나타났다. 단변량 분석에서 항암화학방사선치료 후 수술까지의 기간 및 임상적 T 병기가 의미 있는 병기하향의 예측인자로 분석되었다(p=0.029, 0.027). 치료 전 carcinoembryonic antigen 수치는 예측인자의 경향성을 보였다 (p=0.068). 결 론: 국소 진행된 직장암 환자의 생존율은 임상적 병기보다 수술 후 병리학적 소견에 더 의존되었다. 그러므로 수술 전 항암화학방사선치료로 병기하향을 얻는 것이 의미가 있으며, 수술까지의 기간, 임상적 T 병기가 이러한 병기하향을 예측하는 인자였음을 알 수 있었다. Purpose: To evaluate the pathological and clinical effects of preoperative chemoradiation (CCRT) in cases of locally advanced rectal cancer and to determine the predictive factors for tumor downstaging. Materials and Methods: From March 2004 to August 2008, 33 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with preoperative CCRT. Twenty-eight patients (84.8%) were treated using a concomitant boost technique while five (15.2%) patients were treated using a cone down boost technique. All patients received 50.4 Gy of irradiation and concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. The median follow-up duration was 24.2 months (range, 9.8 to 64.7 months). Results: Thirty-one (93.9%) patients underwent surgery. Twenty-four patients (72.7%) underwent anal sphincter-preserving surgery. The 3-year disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates were 63.4% and 78.8%, respectively. Post-operative factors were more important for DFS. Pathologic N stage, margin status, and pathologic differentiation were significant prognostic factors (p=0.001, 0.029, 0.030). Tumor size and lymphovascular invasion were also associated with marginal significance (p=0.081, 0.073). However, only pre-treatment T stage was a significant pre-operative factor (p=0.018). The complete pathological response rate was 9.1%. T-downstaging was observed in ten (30.3%) patients, whereas N-downstaging was found in 24 (72.7%) patients. Pre-treatment T stage and the interval between CCRT and operation were the predictive factors for downstaging in a univariate analysis (p=0.029, 0.027). Pre-treatment carcinoembryogenic antigen was also associated with marginal significance (p=0.068). Conclusion: The survival of rectal cancer patients can be better determined based on post-operative findings. Therefore, pre-operative CCRT for downstaging of the tumor seems to be important. Pre-treatment T stage and the interval between CCRT and operation can be used to predict downstaging.