새터민의 적응유연성 척도 개발 = (The) Development of Resilience Scale for Dislocated North Koreans in South Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to develop a resilience scale for Saeteomin in South Korea. The word Saeteomin is used to refer to a North Korean defector who has resettled in South Korea. Resilience is defined as intra-individual traits, coping behavior(or person-environmental interaction) and protective factors of a person who does not make important adjustment problems, but functions on a normal level in spite of the experience of trauma or cultural convulsion.
This study involved two separate phases. Phase one was to develop a resilience scale, consisting of three steps. First, 135 resilience preliminary items were developed based on theoretical literature and interviews with resilient Saeteomins. The items in the scale were selected from Connor and Davidson(2003)'s Resilience Scale(CD-RISC), an extensive review of the literature and open-ended questions from interviews with 10 resilient Saeteomins who does not make important adjustment problems(mental illness, deviation behavior, long-term unemployment), but functions on a normal level in spite of the experience of trauma or cultural convulsion. Second, to verify the content validity, 5 experts rated those items and eliminated 20 items based on the judgements of 1 clinical psychologist, 2 counseling psychologists, 1 vocational counselor and 1 social psychologist. Third, the scale consisting of 115 items was administered to samples of 282 Saeteomins and 73 items were eliminated based on item-scale correlation and factor extraction. Finally, items of the scale were reduced to 42 items.
Phase two was to verify the validity of the resilience scale, consisting of five steps. First, to examine the validity, data were collected from samples of 282 Saeteomins(159 Saeteomins in the Hanawon, that is settlement support office for dislocated North Koreans and 123 Saeteomins who have completed the course of the Hanawon). Corrected items to total correlation coefficient, Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. According to the result of principal component analysis, seven factors such as 'hardiness', 'religious trait', 'intimacy', 'social support', 'dream and goal', 'existential spirituality', and 'endurance' were extracted. Second, to verify internal consistency and odd-even reliability, data were collected from 282 Saeteomins. The result showed high internal consistency(Cronbach’ α = .90) and odd-even reliability(r = .89). Third, to verify test-retest reliability, data were collected from 102 Saeteomins. The instrument showed high test-retest reliability(r = . 88) at an interval of 3 weeks.
Fourth, to verify construct validity, data were collected from 252 Saeteomins in the Hanawon. For a construct validity, Pearson's coefficient of correlation between the resilience scale score and PTSD, MMPI score was performed. As a result, significant negative correlations(r = -.166, p < .05) with total PTSD, avoidance and numbness(r = -.155, p < .05), hypertension(r = .189, p < .05), complex PTSD(r = -.154, p < .05), MMPI Hs(r = -.191, p ＜ .05), D(r = -.350, p ＜ .05), Hy(r = -.193, p＜ .05), Pd(r = -.211, p ＜ .05), Pt(r = -.226, p ＜ .05), Sc(r = -.217, p ＜ .05), and Si(r = -.367, p ＜ .05), and a positive correlation with MMPI Ma(r = .169, p < .05) supported the validity of the instrument. For a construct validity, data were divided into three groups(psychiatric treatment group, PTSD group, and normal group) according to mental health level and MANOVA for group contrast was performed. The resilience scale's total score was compared among three groups(psychiatric treatment group, PTSD group, and normal group) and there were significant differences according to mental health level.
Fifth, to verify construct validity, data were collected from 191 Saeteomins who have completed the course of the Hanawon. For a construct validity, Pearson's coefficient of correlation between the resilience scale score and Campbell(1981)'s subjective well-being, economic and physical satisfaction was performed. The result showed significant positive correlations(r = .496, p < .05) with Campbell's subjective well-being, economic satisfaction(r = .276, p < .05) and physical satisfaction(r = .205, p < .05).
For a construct validity, data were divided into four groups according to deviant level(deviant behavior group, non-deviant behavior group) and employment level(employment group, long-term unemployment group) and MANOVA for group contrast was performed. There were also significant differences in long-term unemployment and deviant behaviors between the vulnerable group and the resilient group. So, the group difference in adjustment level was proved.
In conclusion, this instrument demonstrates satisfactory validity and reliability. Therefore, it is an appropriate measurement of resilience for re-settlers in South Korea. Implications for future research are discussed.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서 론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 1
• 2. 연구 문제 4
• 3. 연구 의의 5
• 4. 용어 정의 6
• 5 . 연구 제한점 7
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 8
• 1. 적응유연성 8
• 가. 적응유연성의 의미 8
• 나. 적응유연성의 요소 12
• 다. 적응유연성의 측정 26
• 2. 새터민의 특성 33
• 3. 새터민의 적응유연성 척도개발 45
• 가. 척도개발 절차 45
• 나. 새터민의 적응유연성 척도개발 절차 48
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법 53
• 1. 연구 대상 53
• 2. 연구 도구 65
• 3. 연구 절차 68
• 4. 자료 처리 73
• Ⅳ. 연구 결과 74
• 1. 타당도 74
• 2. 신뢰도 96
• Ⅴ. 고찰 100
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 112
• 1. 결론 112
• 2. 제언 113
• 참고문헌 115
• 영문초록 135
• 부 록 138

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