무엇이 방화범을 만드는가? 마르틴 발저의 파울교회 연설 기원과 그 후유증

후앙라아오유 ( Liao Yu Huang ) 한국독어독문학회 2011 獨逸文學 Vol.120 No.-

1998년 10월 독일 작가 마르틴 발저는 프랑크푸르트의 파울 교회에서 독일출 판협회 평화상 수상 후 국내외적으로 격렬한 논쟁의 대상이 되었던 그리고 여전히 되고 있는 연설을 하게 된다. 이 연설에서 발저는 무엇보다도 나치시대 극복과 관련하여 그동안 금기시 되어왔던, 그래서 민감하게 다룰 수밖에 없는 일련의 테마들에 대하여 도전적이고 선동적인 발언을 한다. 파울교회에서 행해진 발저의 연설을 분석해 가다보면 왜 그가 이러한 선동자가 되었는지 그 동기들이 드러나고 있다. 연설의 발생동기가 유태인 태생의 문학 비평가 마르셀 라이히 라니츠키와 깊은 관련이 있음을 발견하게 되는데, 라니츠키는 그의 파괴적인 문학비평으로 독일에서 가장 두려워하는, 그래서 ``문학교황``이라고도 불리는 비평가이다. 그는 이미 1975년에 출간된 발저의 「사랑 저편에」에 대한 그 누구도 능가할 수 없는 혹평으로 당시 발저에게 큰 고통과 분노를 안겨준 장본인으로서, 1998년 "문학4중주"라는 TV방송에서 라니츠키는 다시 발저의 베스트 셀러 소설 『분수』를 신랄하게 비판한다. "분노가 시인을 만든다"라는 중국 속담도 있듯이, 발저는 자신의 고통이 크게는 독일민족이 당하는 고통이라는 영감을 받았을지도 모르겠다. 그래서 어쩌면 나치시대 극복문제와 관련하여 아우슈비츠가 독일민족의 말문을 닫게 하고 머리를 떨구게 만드는데 더 이상 이용 되서는 안된다는 생각으로 이어졌을지도 모른다. 이는 "아우슈비츠는 더 이상 지속적인 위협의 수단으로 적합하지 않다"라는 그의 파울 교회 연설에서 잘 드러나고 있다. 이러한 파울교회의 연설과 관련하여 사회적 논쟁들이 지속적으로 나오게 되었고, 이 논쟁들을 통해 우리는 다시 한 번 독일과 독일민족에 대해 많은 것들을 경험하게 된다. 무엇보다도 독일 사회에서 제한된 언어자유가 있음을 깨닫게 되는데, 이는 언어자유가 모든 이들에게 평등하게 적용되고 있지 않다는 말로 해석될 수 있다. 즉, 유태인과 나치과거에 대한 비판에 있어 누가 이야기 하느냐에 따라 그 비판이 수용 또는 허용되기도 하고, 거부되기도 한다. 심지어는 그 비판자가 사회적 지탄을 받게 되는 경우도 있다. 이러한 불평등한 언어자유에서 독일 민족이 가해자, 희생자 그리고 저항자라는 세 그룹으로 분리되어 있음을 엿보게 된다. 발저와 같은 지식인이 파시즘에 대해 논쟁을 벌이는 것은 당연한 일이며, 이에 대해 언어적 제한을 받는 것은 용인될 수 없다. 발저의 연설을 향한 독일인들의 전반적인 동의에서 그러나 그들 정신생활의 역동적인 심층구조가 공공연하게 드러난다. 파울 교회에서는 대다수의 독일인들이 발저의 연설을 들은 후 기립박수갈채까지 보냈다고 한다면, 유태인 최고 위원회 위원장 부비스가 그의 연설을 비판하면서부터 발저는 파울 교회 밖에서는 ``방화범``이라는 낙인을 받게 된다. 히틀러의 민족적 대국에 대한 환상에 독일인들이 쉽게 빠지게 된 원인을 발저는 복종을 잘하는 독일민족의 성향에서 찾고 있다. 또한 아우슈비츠와 같은 반인간적인 산물을 발저는 그러한 독일민족의 성향에서 발생된 사악한 귀결로 보고있다. 그러나 아우슈비츠는 여전히, 히틀러 독일이 생겨난 원인을 정확히 풀 수 없듯이, 그 누구도 설명하기 어려운 수수께끼로 남아있다. 아우슈비츠가 이러한 수수께끼로 남아있는 이상 ``정상적``인 사회로의 독일은 여전히 어려워 보인다.

The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

( Yu-hsiang Liao ),( Chien Huang ),( Leang-shin Wu ),( De-shien Jong ),( Chih-hsien Chiu ),( Yi-fan Jiang ) 대한간학회 2021 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2021 No.1

Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after endovascular stent graft reconstruction for postirradiated carotid blowout syndrome: a case report

Huang Yu-Cheng,Lin Yen-Heng,Lee Chung-Wei,Liao Ting-Wei 대한신경집중치료학회 2022 대한신경집중치료학회지 Vol.15 No.2

Background: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a failure of autoregulation after a revascularization procedure. It has rarely been reported in patients with no pre-existing cerebral hypoperfusion. Case Report: We present a rare case of a patient who underwent stent graft implantation to treat postirradiated carotid blowout syndrome. The patient developed hypertension, focal neurological deficit, and seizures after the procedure; neuroimages revealed ipsilateral cerebral edema, swelling, and increased cerebral perfusion. CHS was diagnosed based on clinical and radiological findings. The patient recovered gradually after receiving supportive care. Conclusion: Owing to the risk of CHS, monitoring for cerebral perfusion and prevention of hypertension is suggested for patients who undergo stent graft placement for postirradiated carotid blowout syndrome.

Association Between VDR Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer: An Updated and Comparative Meta-analysis of Crude and Adjusted Odd Ratios

Huang, Qian-Qian,Liao, Yu-Yi,Ye, Xiao-Hua,Fu, Jin-Jian,Chen, Si-Dong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.2

There is a lot of debate on the relationship between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Herein, we quantitatively analyzed the published case-control studies on this relationship by meta-analysis, performing a bibliographic search from Pubmed and CNKI up to July 31, 2013. The included case-control studies for Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2 and Poly-A were 16, 19, 20, 10, 4, 6, respectively. Crude and adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to present and compare the strength of any associations. The results of combined analyses indicated that Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1, Cdx2 and Poly-A were not significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer. In contrast, the tt genotype of Taq1 was a modest risk factor for breast cancer development (tt vs. TT: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.44). To further confirm the above results, adjusted effects for the six polymorphisms were pooled based on adjusted ORs reported in the original studies. Adjusted ORs of Fok1, Apa1, Cdx2 and Poly-A were similar to the crude ORs. However, Bsm1 and Taq1 showed inconsistent results. For Bsm1, OR for BB vs. bb was 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.98; for Taq1, OR for tt vs. TT was 1.03, 95% CI: 0.92-1.15, and not associated with risk. Subgroup analyses for crude ORs showed some association between Bsm1, Taq1 and breast cancer in Caucasians only, but for adjusted ORs, no associations were found. This meta-analysis suggests that the roles that Fok1, Apa1, Cdx2 and Poly-A polymorphisms play in breast cancer risk are negligible, with Bsm1 and Taq1 as possible exceptions. To be conservative, we still assumed that they may play a modest role in determining breast cancer risk. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.

Modification of disused floral foam with polyethylene diamine for the removal of heavy metal ions

Yilin Yu,Jindeng Huang,Yingmin Liao,Zhixiang Lin,Xiaojia Huang 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.128 No.-

Floral foam (FF) based on phenol formaldehyde resin has been used widely for many years, but it is reusedrarely and the discarded FF is harmful to environment. Therefore, recycling of disused FF is interestingand highly required. In current study, a new strategy for reutilization of disused FF was proposed. FFwhich had been treated with NaOH solution was dipped in polyethyleneimine (PEI) solution to anchoractive amino groups on the framework of FF, and then glutaraldehyde was employed to cross-link theanchored PEI to obtain a novel adsorbent based on disused FF (PEI@FF). Due to the abundant aminogroups, the prepared adsorbent displayed satisfactory chelating ability towards heavy metal ions. Under the optimal synthesis and adsorption conditions, the PEI@FF was applied to remove Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in environmental waters, and the removal rates varied from 91.4% to 95.6%, which weremuch higher than that achieved on unmodified FF (35–43%). Additionally, the PEI@FF exhibited goodbatch-to-batch preparation repeatability and acceptable number of cyclic utilization. The satisfactoryresults well evidence the proposed method is practicable for reutilization of discarded FF, and the presentstudy also supplies a new adsorbent for the high efficient removal of heavy metal ions.

Competitive Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced Microphase Separation in Thermosets with Triblock Copolymer

Chen-Yu LIAO,Wen-Hua CHEN,Yeo-Wan CHIANG,Chih-Feng HUANG 한국고분자학회 2016 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.41 No.2

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secreted-Extracellular Vesicles are Involved in Chondrocyte Production and Reduce Adipogenesis during Stem Cell Differentiation

Tsai Yu-Chen,Cheng Tai-Shan,Liao Hsiu-Jung,Chuang Ming-Hsi,Chen Hui-Ting,Chen Chun-Hung,Zhang Kai-Ling,Chang Chih-Hung,Lin Po-Cheng,Huang Chi-Ying F. 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.6

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from internal cellular compartments, and have potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in degenerative disease associated with aging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising tool for functional EVs production. This study investigated the efficacy of EVs and its effect on differentiation capacity. METHODS: The characteristics of MSCs were evaluated by flow cytometry and stem cell differentiation analysis, and a production mode of functional EVs was scaled from MSCs. The concentration and size of EVs were quantitated by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Western blot analysis was used to assess the protein expression of exosomespecific markers. The effects of MSC-derived EVs were assessed by chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation analyses and histological observation. RESULTS: The range of the particle size of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)- and Wharton’s jelly -MSCs-derived EVs were from 130 to 150 nm as measured by NTA, which showed positive expression of exosomal markers. The chondrogenic induction ability was weakened in the absence of EVs in vitro. Interestingly, after EV administration, type II collagen, a major component in the cartilage extracellular matrix, was upregulated compared to the EV-free condition. Moreover, EVs decreased the lipid accumulation rate during adipogenic induction. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the production model could facilitate production of effective EVs and further demonstrated the role of MSC-derived EVs in cell differentiation. MSC-derived EVs could be successfully used in cell-free therapy to guide chondrogenic differentiation of ADSC for future clinical applications in cartilage regeneration.

Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Alleviates Renal Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

Xiao-hui Liao,Rui-ting Long,Jun-bo Peng,Li-li Huang,Gui-ping Jiang,Yue-juan Liao,Hang Sun,Yu-dong Hu 한국분자세포생물학회 2019 Molecules and cells Vol.42 No.12

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fission and fusion processes that closely related to their function. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics has been demonstrated in acute kidney injury (AKI), which could eventually result in cell injury and death. Previously, we reported that augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) alleviates renal tubular epithelial cell injury. Here, we gained further insights into whether the renoprotective roles of ALR are associated with mitochondrial dynamics. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics were examined in experimental models of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR). In a model of hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury in vitro, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission process protein 1 (MTFP1), two key proteins of mitochondrial fission, were downregulated in the Lv-ALR + HR group. ALR overexpression additionally had an impact on phosphorylation of Drp1 Ser637 during AKI. The inner membrane fusion protein, Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1), was significantly increased whereas levels of outer membrane fusion proteins Mitofusin-1 and -2 (Mfn1, Mfn2) were not affected in the Lv-ALR + HR group, compared with the control group. Furthermore, the mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathway was highly activated in the Lv-ALR + HR group. ALR overexpression led to suppression of HR-induced apoptosis. Our collective findings indicate that ALR gene transfection alleviates mitochondrial injury, possibly through inhibiting fission and promoting fusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane, both of which contribute to reduction of HK-2 cell apoptosis. Additionally, fission processes are potentially mediated by promoting tubular cell survival through activating the mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathway.

Synthesis of Mainchain-type Polyesters by Atom Transfer Radical Polyaddition

Jyun-Ci LIAO,Ya-An HSIEH,Yu-Min HAN,Chih-Feng HUANG 한국고분자학회 2016 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.41 No.2

Local Structure Distortion in LiCu₂O₂ Single Crystal at Low Temperature

Tzu-Wen Huang,Kuo-Wei Yeh,Kuan-Li Yu,Yen-Fa Liao,Maw-Kuen Wu 한국자기학회 2008 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.- No.-