Neuroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow on Nitric Oxide-induced Apoptosis in SK-N-MC Cells

Young-Giun Kim,Yun-Kyung Song,Hyung-Ho Lim 대한한의학회 2010 대한한의학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Neuroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow on Nitric Oxide-induced Apoptosis in SK-N-MC Cells

Kim, Young-Giun,Song, Yun-Kyung,Lim, Hyung-Ho The Society of Korean Medicine 2010 대한한의학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive free radical gas and a messenger molecule. NO has many physiological functions, but excessive NO production induces neurotoxicity. Objective: The present study investigated whether the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow possesses a protective effect on NO-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Method: For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, DNA fragmentation assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed. Result: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) exposure significantly decreased the viability of cells. The cells treated with SNP exhibited several apoptotic features such as increasing of Bax expression, caspase-3 enzyme activity and inhibiting of Bcl-2 expression. On the other hand, the viability of cells pre-treated with the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow was increased dose-dependently. The cells pre-treated for 1 h with the aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow followed by treatment with SNP showed a decreased occurrence of apoptotic features like decreasing Bax expressions, caspase-3 enzyme activity and increasing Bcl-2 expressions. The aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow reduced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC through the inhibition of Bax-dependent caspase-3 activation and the increasing of Bcl-2 expression. Conclusion: Based on the present results, it is possible that Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow has therapeutic value for the treatment of a variety of NO-induced brain diseases.

Investigating the accuracy of mandibulectomy and reconstructive surgery using 3D customized implants and surgical guides in a rabbit model

Min Keun Kim,Min Ji Ham,Won Rae Kim,Hyung Giun Kim,Kwang Jun Kwon,Seong Gon Kim,Young Wook Park 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2023 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.45 No.-

Background This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of the output of three-dimensional (3D) customized surgical guides and titanium implants in a rabbit model, and of mandibulectomy, reconstructive surgery, and surgical outcome; additionally, the correlation between surgical accuracy and surgical outcomes, including the differences in surgical outcome according to surgical accuracy, was analyzed. Results The output of implants was accurately implemented within the error range (− 0.03–0.03 mm), and the surgical accuracy varied depending on the measured area (range − 0.4–1.1 mm). Regarding surgical outcomes, angle between the mandibular lower borders showed the most sensitive results and distance between the lingual cusps of the first molars represented the most accurate outcomes. A significant correlation was noted between surgical accuracy in the anteroposterior length of the upper borders pre- and postoperatively and the angle between the mandibular lower borders (regression coefficient = 0.491, p = 0.028). In the group wherein surgery was performed more accurately, the angle between the mandibular lower borders was reproduced more accurately (p = 0.021). A selective laser melting machine accurately printed the implants as designed. Considering the positive correlation among surgical accuracy in the mandibular upper borders, angle between the mandibular lower borders, and more accurately reproduced angle between the mandibular lower borders, the angle between the mandibular lower borders is considered a good indicator for evaluating the outcomes of reconstructive surgery. Conclusion To reduce errors in surgical outcomes, it is necessary to devise a positioner for the surgical guide and design a 3D surgical guide to constantly maintain the direction of bone resection. A fixed area considering the concept of three-point fixation should be selected for stable positioning of the implant; in some cases, bilateral cortical bone fixation should be considered. The angle between the mandibular lower borders is a sensitive indicator for evaluating the outcomes of reconstructive surgery.

미크로네시아 웨노섬 서식 망그로브 식물의 분류 및 항산화 활성

정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),황진익(Hwang, Jin-Ik),서승석(Suh, Sung-Suk),박미례(Park, Mirye),김동균(Kim, Dong-Giun),박종범(Park, Jongbum),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.9

망그로브 식물은 중금속의 sink로 작용하며, 페놀성 화합물의 함량이 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 최근에 망그 로브 식물을 이용한 phytoremediation과 천연항산화제 개발을 위한 연구가 활발히 수행되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 미크로네시 아 웨노섬에 서식하고 있는 4속 6종의 망그로브 식물에 대하여 분류 및 각 종의 잎에서의 항산화 활성을 분석 비교하였다. 6종의 계통관계를 조사하기 위한 분자마커로 엽록체 유전자인 rbcL (large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)이 사용되었다. 그 결과 Xylocarpus, Sonneratia, Rhizophora 속 순으로 계통적 유사도가 높았으며 Excoecaria 속이 가장 유사 도가 낮았다. 한편 6종의 망그로브 줄기 껍질의 페놀성 화합물 함량은 R. apiculata와 X. granatum에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 (1.10 mM/mg), R. stylosa (0.73 mM/mg)와 S. alba (0.72 mM/mg)에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 또한 DPPH 와 ABTS 방법을 이용한 분석 결과, R. apiculate, X. granatum, X. moluccensis 및 E. agallocha는 높은 항산화 활성을 보인 반면, S. alba는 가장 낮은 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 R. apiculata의 줄기껍질이 천연 항산화제 개발을 위한 좋은 원료가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. Mangrove plants serve as a sink of heavy metals and contain phenolic compounds at a high level. Therefore, with mangrove plants, recent studies to develop phytoremediation and natural antioxidants have been conducted in the commercial and academic fields. In the present study, six mangroves in Weno Island of Micronesia were investigated for their phylogenetic relationship and antioxidant activities. First, to determine the phylogenetic relationship among them, rbcL (large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase), one of the chloroplast genes, was used as a molecular marker. According to the data, Xylocarpus, Sonneratia and Rhizophora showed close similarity but not Excoecaria. The levels of phenolic compounds in the bark were abundant in R. apiculata and X. granatum, accounting for 1.10 mM/mg, while R. stylosa and S. alba contained the low amounts, representing 0.73 mM/mg and 0.72 mM/mg, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, bark extracts from R. apiculata, X. granatum, X. moluccensis, and E. agallocha had high antioxidant activities through the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS analysis, whereas S. alba showed the lowest activities. These results suggest that the bark of R. apiculata can be used as a good source for the development of natural antioxidants.

Prediction of the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Korean population

Sangwoo Park,Yong-Giun Kim,Soe Hee Ann,Young-Rak Cho,Shin-Jae Kim,Seungbong Han,Gyung-Min Park 한국역학회 2023 Epidemiology and Health Vol.45 No.-

OBJECTIVES: Proper risk assessment is important for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, no validated risk prediction tools are currently in use in Korea. This study sought to develop a 10-year risk prediction model for incident ASCVD. METHODS: Using the National Sample Cohort of Korea, 325,934 subjects aged 20-80 years without previous ASCVD were enrolled. ASCVD was defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The Korean atherosclerotic cardiovas cular disease risk prediction (K-CVD) model was developed separately for men and women using the development dataset and validated in the validation dataset. Furthermore, the model performance was compared with the Framingham risk score (FRS) and pooled cohort equation (PCE). RESULTS: Over 10 years of follow-up, 4,367 ASCVD events occurred in the overall population. The predictors of ASCVD included in the model were age, smoking status, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, lipid profiles, urine protein, and lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering treatment. The K-CVD model had good discrimination and strong calibration in the validation dataset (time-dependent area under the curve=0.846; 95% confidence interval, 0.828 to 0.864; calibration χ2=4.73, goodness-of-fit p=0.32). Compared with our model, both FRS and PCE showed worse calibration, overestimating ASCVD risk in the Korean population. CONCLUSIONS: Through a nationwide cohort, we developed a model for 10-year ASCVD risk prediction in a contemporary Korean population. The K-CVD model showed excellent discrimination and calibration in Koreans. This population-based risk prediction tool would help to appropriately identify high-risk individuals and provide preventive interventions in the Korean population.

사례논문 : 관계회사간 합병을 통한 터널링 효과: 우원건설 사례

백복현 ( Bok Baik ),김범준 ( Bum Joon Kim ),김영준 ( Young Jun Kim ),임상균 ( Sang Giun Yim ) 한국회계학회 2013 회계저널 Vol.22 No.2

본 사례는 대주주가 특수관계자인 상장법인과 비상장법인간의 합병에서의 기업가치평가와 관련한 대주주와 소액주주간의 대리인 문제(agency problem)인 tunneling의 한 가지 예를 다룬다. 합병법인인 우원인프라(상장법인)와 피합병법인 우원개발(비상장법인)은 동일한 대주주를 가지는 기업들로써, 우회상장을 통하여 합병을 추진하였다. 합병을 위한 valuation 과정에서 우원인프라의 경우 순자산가액보다 낮은 기준주가로 기업가치를 측정(measure)한 반면, 우원개발의 경우 기업가치가 과대평가 되도록 설계된 평가기법을 이용하여 가치가 평가되었다 (valuation). 또한, 합병에 반대한 우원인프라의 소액주주들의 주식매수청구권 가치가 순자산가치 대신에 그보다 더 낮은 값인 주가로 결정되었다. 그 결과, 합병에 의해 우원인프라의 약 83%의 지분을 가지고 있는 소액주주로부터 우원개발에 많은 지분을 가지고 있던 대주주에게로 부(wealth)의 이전이 일어난 것으로 판단된다. 본 사례의 분석은 우원개발의 valuation model과 input 선택의 문제점 및 주식매수청구권의 가치에 따라 이전된 부의 크기가 큰 폭으로 달라진다는 점을 보여주고 있다. 본 사례는 국내자본시장에서 대주주가 동일한 관계사간 합병시 합병전 피합병법인의 이익 조정을 통하여 터널링이 발생할 수 있음으로 보여주고 있으며, 관계사간 합병시 소액주주 보호를 위한 제도적 장치의 보완이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. This paper examines an example of the tunneling effect between affiliated firms at an M&A. Specifically, the controlling shareholder of WooWon Development, who also controls WooWon Infra, expropriates the wealth of WooWon Infra`s minority shareholders through an opportunistic choice of valuation models at the M&A. The controlling shareholder of both firms chooses to opportunistically use the standard stock price for Woowon Infra`s firm value, which is lower than the net asset value, while he uses a specific valuation model to overestimate the corporate value of Woowon Development In addition, the appraisal rights of WooWon Infra`s minority shareholders, who have opposed the M&A, were valued much lower than the firm`s net asset value. As a result, the wealth of WooWon Infra`s minority shareholders, who owned about 83% of shares following the M&A, was transferred to the majority shareholder of WooWon Development upon the M&A. This paper demonstrates that the choice of WooWon Development`s valuation model, its model inputs, and the value of the appraisal rights can significantly affect the amount of wealth transferred. Moreover, this paper shows that tunneling is more likely to occur by adjusting income of the target firm before the M&A when the acquiring and target firms are owned by the same majority shareholder. This paper sheds light on the debate to improve the relevant laws to protect minority shareholders.

세라믹 담체에 적용된 해양박테리아 4종의 저농도 질소-인 제거

이건섭(Lee, Gun-Sup),김소정(Kim, So-Jung),정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),김동균(Kim, Dong-Giun),이상섭(Lee, Sang-Seob),오정균(Auh, Chung-Kyoon),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.10

세라믹담체에 적용한 4종의 해양박테리아 (Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseomonas indologenes, Pseudomonas diminuta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus)의 저농도 질소‧인 제거 효율의 변화를 분석하였다. 해양박테리아는 광양만에서 분 리 동정하였다. 담체에 적용한 4종의 해양박테리아 모두 대조군에 보다 약 3배 정도의 성장률이 증가하였으며, 암모 니아서 질소 제거효율도 30% 이상 증가하였다. 질산성 질소의 제거 효율은 A. hydrophila 균주가 가장 높았으며, 인 의 제거는 P. diminuta 균주가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 세라믹담체는 질소-인 제거 효율 증진 에 좋은 재료이며, 분리된 해양박테리아는 현장의 저농도 질소-인 조절에 유용할 수 있음을 보여준다. Changes of low concentrated nitrogen-phosphate removal efficiency were investigated in 4 strains of marine bacteria applied to ceramic media. Marine bacteria were isolated and identified from Gwangyang bay. Growth rates and removal efficiencies of NH₃-N of 4 strains of marine bacteria applied to ceramic media were increased approximately 3 fold and over 30% than control group, respectively. A. hydrophila and P. diminuta had highest NO₃-N and phosphate removal efficiencies, respectively. This results showed that ceramic media is very nice material for improvement of nitrogen-phosphate removal efficiency and isolated marine bacteria may be useful to control nitrogen-phosphate at low concentration in field.

둥근성게 (Strongylocentrotus nudus )의 수정과 초기 배발생에 미치는 빈산소의 영향

이건섭(Lee, Gun-Sup),황진익(Hwang, Jin-Ik),정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),김동균(Kim, Dong-Giun),모상현(Moh, Sang-Hyun),장만(Chang, Man),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.8

용존산소란 수생생물의 생장을 조절하는 가장 중요한 요소 중의 하나이다. 일반적으로 빈산소란 2.8 mg O₂/L (91.4 mM과 동량) 이하의 용존산소로 정의된다. 따라서 빈산소 해역은 해양생태계에서 심각한 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 성게에 대한 빈산소의 배아독성 (수정 및 배발생률) 영향을 연구하기 위하여 둥근성게 (Strongylocentrotus nudus)를 용존산소 7.6 mg O₂/L (normoxia)과 1.8 mg O₂/L (hypoxia)에서 2일, 15°C 및 33 ‰에 노출하였다. 또한 빈산소에 노출된 성게에서의 스트레스 관련유전자인 HSP70과 항산화 관련 유전자인 glutathione reductase의 발현을 immunoblotting assay와 RT-PCR을 통하여 확인하였다. 연구결과 배발생률이 현저하게 감소하였다. 분자분석 결과 빈산소에 노출된 성게 가 정상상태의 성게에 비해 HSP70 단백질은 약 5.5배 glutathione reductase는 약 2.79배 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 빈산소가 성게의 비정상적 배발생을 유도하며, 스트레스와 항산화 반응을 유발할 수 있음을 추측케 한다. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important factors controlling growth in aquatic organisms. Hypoxia is generally defined as dissolved oxygen less than 2.8 mg O₂/L (equivalent to 2 mL O₂/L or 91.4 mM). Therefore, hypoxia zone can cause a serious problem in marine ecosystem. In this study, to investigate embryotoxic (fertilization and embryo development rates) effects of hypoxia on sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus were exposed to dissolved oxygen levels of 7.6 mg O₂/L (normoxia) and 1.8 mg O₂/L (hypoxia) for 2 days at 15°C and 33 ‰. Also, Expression levels of stress related gene (HSP70) and antioxidant related gene (glutathione reductase) in the sea urchins exposed to hypoxia were confirmed by Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis. In results, we showed that developmental rates were dramatically reduced in hypoxia condition. Molecular analysis demonstrated that higher HSP70 (5.5 fold) and gilutathione reductase gene (2.79 fold) were present in the sea urchin exposed to hypoxia. Our results suggested that hypoxia can cause the abnormal development and elicits a stress and antioxidant response on sea urchin.

애기장대에서 고염 스트레스 내성에 관여하는 OSM1/SYP61 유전자의 동정

김지연,백동원,이효정,신동진,이지영,최원균,김동균,정우식,곽상수,윤대진,Kim, Ji-Yeon,Baek, Dong-Won,Lee, Hyo-Jung,Shin, Dong-Jin,Lee, Ji-Young,Choi, Won-Kyun,Kim, Dong-Giun,Chung, Woo-Sik,Kwak, Sang-Soo,Yun, Dae-Jin 한국식물생명공학회 2006 식물생명공학회지 Vol.33 No.1

고염 스트레스에 대한 연구는 농업 생산성에 직결되기 때문에, 고염에 대한 식물의 반응 및 신호전달, 적응기작은 중요한 연구주제가 되어 왔다. 현재까지 연구된 고염 스트레스에 대한 저항성 기작 및 유전학적 요소들이 많이 밝혀졌는데도 불구하고 아직 많은 연구를 필요로 하고 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 모델식물로 잘 알려진 애기장대에 pSK1015 vector로 T-DNA를 삽입하여 고염 스트레스에 대해 감수성을 보이는 돌연변이체, ssm1 돌연변이체를 선별하였다. ssm1 돌연변이체는 고염 스트레스를 받게 되면 이온의 독성 스트레스와 세포내 삼투압의 불균형에서 오는 스트레스에 대해 대조군에 비해 감수성을 보였다. ssm1 돌연변이체의 genomic DNA 상의 T-DNA가 삽입된 부위를 찾기 위하여 genomic DNA mutant library screening을 수행한 결과, 기존의 알려진 syntaxin 기능 및 환경 스트레스에 관련된 F3M18/AtSYP61/OSM1 임을 알 수 있었다. Salt stress is one of major environmental factors influencing plant growth and development. To identify salt tolerance determinants in higher plants, a large-scale screen was conducted with a bialaphos marker-based T-DNA insertional collection of Arabidopsis ecotype C24 mutants. One line for salt stress-sensitive mutant (referred to as ssm1) exhibited increased sensitivity to both ionic (NaCl) and nonionic (mannitol) osmotic stress in a root growth assay. This result suggests that ssm1 mutant is involved in ion homeostasis and osmotic compensation in plant. Molecular cloning of the genomic DNA flanking T-DNA insert of ssm1 mutant was achieved by mutant genomic DNA library screening. T-DNA insertion appeared in the first exon of an open reading frame on F3M18.7, which is the same as AtSYP61. SSM1 is SYP61/OSM1 that is a member of the SNARE superfamily of proteins required for vesicular/target membrane fusions and factor related to abiotic stress.

광양만 해양바이러스 개체수와 물리화학적 요인의 계절적 변동

최은석(Choi, Eun Seok),이건섭(Lee, Gun-Sup),김동균(Kim, Dong-Giun),오정균(Auh, Chung-Kyoon),박종범(Park, Jongbum),정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.11

광양만의 3개의 다른 지역에서 바이러스 개체수와 물리화학적 요인의 계절적 분포도를 분석하였다. 또한 바 이러스의 형태적 구조를 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 대부분의 해양바이러스는 박테리오파지와 유사한 구조를 갖고 있었으나, 일부는 진핵 미세조류 바이러스인 Ectocarpus siliculosus virus (EsV)와 유사하였다. 그룹 1 (폐쇄된 부영양 지역)에서의 바이러스 개체수는 그룹 2 (폐쇄된 빈영양 지역) 및 그룹 3 (개방된 빈영양 지역)에서의 바이러스 개체수보다 높았다. 그룹 1 바이러스의 계절적 개체수는 크게 변화하였다. 바이러스 개체수는 8월에 가장 높은 7.33×10⁸ ml^-1에서 12월에 가장 낮은 0.3×10⁸ ml^-1로 변화하였고, 봄과 가을에는 중간값을 유지하였다. 질소원 및 인산원의 농도는 바이러스 개체수에 상관관계를 보였다. 특히 용존산소의 계절적 변화는 바이러스 개체수와 반대 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 광양만에서의 해양바이러스 개체수가 물리화학적 환경과 밀접하게 연관되어 있음을 보여준다. Seasonal distributions of the viral abundance and physicochemical parameters were analyzed at three different regions in Gwangyang Bay. Morphological structure of marine virus was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Most of marine virus had bacteriophage-like structure, but some were similar with eukaryotic microalgal virus, Ectocarpus siliculosus virus (EsV). Viral abundance at Group 1 (closed eutrophic region) was higher than viral abundances at Group 2 (closed oligotrophic region) and Group 3 (open oligotrophic region). Seasonal abundances of marine virus at Group 1 were dynamically changed. The viral density was variably changed from maximum 7.33×10⁸ ml^-1 in August to minimum 0.3×10⁸ ml^-1 in December and maintained middle value in spring and autumn. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphate sources was correlated with viral abundance. Particularly, seasonal change of dissolved oxygen concentration was opposite to the variation of viral abundance. These results showed that viral abundances were closely related with fluctuation of marine physicochemical environment in Gwangyang bay.