스페인어 관사 연구 : 명사 서술어를 중심으로

김은경 서울대학교 어학연구소 1998 語學硏究 Vol.34 No.3

In this work we tried to explain the usage of articles (Φ/un/el) before Noun Phrases that are used as Nominal Predicate in Copulative Sentences. For this aim we have revised various works on Spanish articles from traditional grammar to recent studies of pragmatic intepretation. Traditionally the Spanish articles have been considered deteminants showing a semantic opposition 'determination'(el)/'no determination'(un). But A. Alonso and E. Alarcos negated the so-called indefinite article un's status as article and presented respectively a new opposition between el and Φ. 'existence' (el)/'escence' (Φ) and 'identification'/'classification'. Starting from this point of view we made an analysis on the alternation of Spanish articles in Noun Phrases of nominal predicate function in copulative sentences dividing them in two groups: referencial NPs and no referencial NPs. The referential Nps are normally determined by el and un, but also by Φ, when they are of generic meaning, while no referential NPs are modified primarily by un and Φ with an exception in which el occurs demanded by a pragmatically attributive interpretation of definite NPs. As a result we could explain the alternation of Spanish articles by the following opposition: el/un/Φ 'identication'/'indivualization'/'classification', a synthesis of series of partial points of view made before. Our contribution could be to provide a new explanation about the alternation of articles particularly in NPs of copulative sentences and to rectify the meaning of el and the scope of un's meaning of 'individualization'. That is, it is preferable to consider el's distinctive feature as 'unicity' instead of 'identification' to explain exceptional uses of el in no identificative sentences. And this new meaning of el can explain our distinction of 'token'(el)/'type'(un) based on un's meaning of 'individuality'. So our Φ will be a determinant that doesn't possess 'unicity' and 'individuality', of which it is no more necessary to explain Φ giving a sense of 'essence' or 'classification'.

당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Thrombin-Antithrombin Ⅲ 및 Plasmin-α_2-Plasmin Inhibitor 복합체의 임상적 의의

김경욱,김은숙,정상수,윤수지,박우일,이준희,남수연,안철우,문병수,김경래,차봉수,송영득,임승길,이현철,허갑범 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.5

연구배경:당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 섬유소용해 체계의 이상경향이 있어 그 결과로 여러 혈관합병증의 발생위험이 높다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 그 기전은 아직 확실히 밝혀지지 않았으나, 고혈당으로 인한 혈장 단백질들의 비효소성 당화작용이나 산화성 스트레스로 인한 유리 라티칼 작용으로 응고항진이나 섬유소용해 활성의 저하를 유발하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 최근 응고 및 용해인자와 그 억제자의 복합체들의 증가가 이 상태를 비교적 예민하게 반영한다고 알려져 있다. 방법:본 연구에서는 당뇨병 환자 101명과 정상 대조군 20명에서 혈장내 thrombin­antithrombin complex(TAT)와 plasmin­α₂­plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)를 측정하여 비교하고, 당뇨병 환자에서 미세혈관 합병증과 대혈관합병증의 유무에 따른 차이와, 이미 혈관 질환의 위험인자로 알려져 있는 인자들간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결과:1. 환자의 분포를 살펴보면 혈관합병증이 있는 군은 85명, 혈관합병증이 없는 군은 16명이었고, 평균연령은 각각 57.9±14.1세, 49.9±16.6세로 혈관 합병증이 있는 군에서 더 나이가 많았고, 체질량지수는 23.2±3.4㎏/㎡, 24.1±3.4㎏/㎡로 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또 두 군간의 혈압 및 HbA1c, 공복혈당 및 인슐린과 C­peptide, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL­콜레스테롤, Lp⒜는 유의한 차이가 없었고, 미세혈관합병증이 있는 군에서 당뇨병의 유병기간이 길었다. 2. TAT 및 PIC의 농도는 정상 대조군에서는 2.8±1.2 ng/mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/mL이었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 9.5±22.6 ng/mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/mL이었다. TAT와 PIC 모두 당뇨병 환자군에서 정상 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었고(p<0.001), TAT/PIC ratio는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 3. 당뇨병 환자의 혈관합병증에 따른 TAT 및 PIC, fibrinogen 농도는 합병증이 없는 군은 각각 4.1±2.4ng/mL, 362.2±272.0ng/mL, 322.7±102.4mg/mL으로 PIC와 fibrinogen의 증가를 보였으나, 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 또 대혈관 합병증군에서는 각각 6.0±4.9 ng/mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/dL이었으며 미세·대혈관 합병증군에서는 10.4±6.4 ng/mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/dL으로 TAT의 증가를 보였으나 역시 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 4. 미세혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 PIC 농도가 유의하게 높았고(p=0.049), 대혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 총 콜레스테롤 농도가 유의하게 높았다(p=0.042). 5. 총 당뇨병 환자군에서 PIC는 fibrinogen과 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(r=0.47, 0.31,-0.25), 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.67). 결론:이상의 결과에서 혈장 TAT 및 PIC 농도는 당뇨병 환자에서 정상 대조군에 비해 의미있게 증가되어 있었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 연령의 증가와 유병기간이 혈액응고항진 및 용해의 장애에 큰 역할을 함을 알 수 있었으며, 총 당뇨병 환자군에 PIC와 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 용해의 장애가 동반되어 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 혈장 TAT 및 PIC는 혈관합병증으로의 진행을 예측하는 지표로서 유용하리라 생각된다. 또 혈당조절정도와 상관성이 있으므로 혈당조절후에 추적검사를 시행하여 합병증의 예방이 가능한지 추후 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolystic system is known as a predisposing factor of vascular complication in diabetes. Although the pathogenesis is not well known, non-enzymatic glycation reaction and the increase in production of free radicals due to an increased oxidative stress may be linked to the hypercoagulibility and hypofibrinolytic activity. As indices of abnormality in coagulation and firinolysis in peripheral blood, plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ complex (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were measured. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether hypercoagulability exists in diabetic patients with or without vascular complication. Methods : In our study, we measured plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ compelx (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibit or complex (PIC) in 101 diabetic subjects and 20 controls. Comparing TAT and PIC levels in diabetic microvascular complication group, diabetic macrovascular complication group and controls, we examined correlation between risk factors associated with diabetic vascular complication. Results : 1. The group with diabetic vascular complication was older than group without complication. There was no significant difference in BMI, blood pressure, HbA_ic, blood sugar level, insulin, C-peptide, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, Lp (a) between two groups. The group with diabetic microvascular complication had longer duration of diabetes. 2. Concentration of TAT and PIC were 2.8±1.2 ng/ mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/ mL in controls and 9.5±22.6 ng/ mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/ mL in diabetic patients, respectively. TAT and PIC were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control (p<0.001). But TAT/PIC ratio was no significant difference between two groups. 3. In diabetic patients, concentration of TAT and PIC and fibrinogen were respectively 4.1±2.4 ng/ mL, 362.2±272.0 ng/ mL, 322.7±102.4 mg/ dL in group without vascular complication and 5.3±4.1 ng/ mL, 529.5±258.7 ng/ mL, 374.9±106.2 mg/ dL in group with microvascular complication, which group had increase in PIC and Fibrinogen but no significance after correction of age. Concentration of TAT and PIC and Fibrinogen were 60.±4.9 ng/ mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/ mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/ dL in macrovascular complication, and 10.4±6.7 mg/ mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/ mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/ dL in combined vascular complication which group showed increase of TAT but also had no significant increase after correction of age. 4. In diabetic microvascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.049) had significant high PIC concentration. In diabetic macrovascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.042) had significant high total cholesterol concentration. 5. In all diabetic patients, PIC was positively correlated with fibrinogen and HbA_1c and negatively correlated BMI (r=0.47, 0.31, -0.25). Only in daibetic patients without angiopathy, TAT was positively correlated with HbA_1c (r=0.67). Conclusion : In this study, plasma TAT and PIC concentration significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with controls, and PIC was increased in group with microvascular complication, TAT were increased in group with combined micro macrovascular complication. However, there was no significance relationship existed when correctinf for age. PIC was correlated with HbA_1c. TAT was correlated with HbA_1c only in the group without angiopathy. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolysis were combined in diabetes, plasma TAT and PIC can be used as an index of vascular complication. Also we found the correlation with the degree of the blood glucose control. Therefore we need follow up study for the possibility of prevention of vascular complication after controlling the blood glucose to age-matched patients (J Kor Diaabetes Asso 25:354~363, 2001).

Observaciones gramaticales sobre La traduccion de poesia coreana al espanol: con particular atencion a La poesia de Choi Sung Ho

( Un Kyung Kim ) 한국스페인어문학회 2010 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.57

Este trabajo pretende revisar fenomenos gramaticales que pueden surgir al traducir la poesia coreana al espanol. Basa?ndonos en la poesia de Choi Sung Ho traducida por Kim Un-Kyung, hemos registrado que existen diversos problemas que se deben de superar en relacion con el orden de palabras, posiciones oracionales de adjetivos y adverbios, y la omision de constituyentes oracionales. Puesto que la poesia es un genero que requiere la abstraccion a diferencia de la prosa, en el proceso de traducir poemas coreanas al espanol el traductor se enfrenta a varios problemas sinta?cticos que pueden tener estrecha realcion con la adjuncion, topicalizacion, aposicion y hasta la seleccion del modo. Lamentamos que el trabajo en si no es exhaustivo porque es, de cierto modo, un estudio de piloto, pero creemos que es suficiente para poder extenderse con otros ma?s minuciosos del futuro.

그람양성구균에 대한 Teicoplanin과 Vancomycin의 시험관내 항균력

최태열,김경숙,전용관,서일혜,김정욱,이웅수,안정열,김홍석,정재용,최효선,김덕언,유진우 대한감염학회 1994 감염 Vol.26 No.1

An increasing frequency of methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA), methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS) and Enterococcal infection have been observed in recent years. Teicoplanin is a new glycopeptide antibiotic obstained from the Actinoplanes teicomycetius. The molecular structure and spectrum of antimicrobial activity of teicoplanin is simillar to those of vancomycin, and has been reported to have an excellent in vitro and in vivo effect against various gram-positive infections. Therefore, we evaluated the in vitor susceptibility of gram positive cocci, such as, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci(CNS), and Enterococci to teicoplanin and vancomycin. The total 253 strains consisted of MSSA(40), MRSA(53), MSCNS(47), MRCNS(48), and Enterococci(65). They were assayed by disc diffusion and agar dilution. During the study, 57% of S. aureus and 49% of CNS showed resistance to methicillin. The inhibitory diameter of teicoplanin was 15-20mm in MSSA, 12-19mm in MRSA, 13-24mm in MSCNS, 11-23mm in MRCNS, and 15-22mm in Enterococci respectively, and showed sensitivity in all but 8 strains(3.2%). The range of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of teicoplanin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS and Enterococci were 9.12-2.0㎍/ml, 0.25-2.0㎍/ml, & 0.25-32㎍/ml, 0.12-1.0㎍/ml respectively. One case of S. haemolyticus was resistant to teicoplanin (32㎍/ml) by the agar dilution method. Eight minor (3.2%) and one major(0.4%) error was observed when the MIC and disk diffusion data were correlated with teicoplanin. As for vancomycin the inhibitory diameter was 17-21mm in MSSA, 15-21mm in MRSA, 18-26mm in MSCNS, 18-25mm in MRCNS, and 16-22mm in Enterococci respectively. The range of the MIC of vancomycin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS, and Enterococci were 0.25-1.0㎍/ml, 0.25-4.0㎍/ml, 0.5-2.0㎍/ml and 0.5-2.0㎍/ml respectively. One minor error (0.4%) was seen with the vancomycin disk. The MIC90 of MSSA and MRSA exhibited the same results in teicoplanin (1.0㎍/ml, 1.0㎍/ml), and vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). MSCNS and MRCNS exhibited greater MIC90 with teicoplanin(4.0㎍/ml, 8.0㎍/ml) than vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). Incontrase Enterococci were more susceptible to teicoplanin(0.5㎍/ml) than to vancomucin (2.0㎍/ml). Results from this analysis indicated that both teicoplanin and vancomycin were very excellent for gram positive infections, especially those resistant to methicillin.

의미적 '전제'와 서반아어 동사의 법에 대한 화용적 분석 : 제한적 관계문을 중심으로

김은경 서울大學校 스페인中南美硏究所 1992 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.3 No.-

유아교사의 경력에 따른 동작교육실태 분석 연구

이경희,김태운 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 2005 교사교육연구 Vol.44 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find a solution to improve problems on movement education- program according to childhood teaching careers. 1,000 childhood teachers were randomly selected from Busan city and Kyung Nam. The differences between childhood teachers' careers were analyzed by frequency analysis and Chi-square test. The result of this study is as follow; First, there were no significant differences between childhood teachers' careers in teaching movement education. Second, there were significant differences between the preferences of childhood teachers' careers in all types of movement education. Third, there were significant differences also between childhood teachers' careers in creative parts on their teaching method and studying method. Forth, there was high demand for movement education-program and practical uses of various short articles in childhood teachers' careers when childhood teachers teaching movement education.

병기 ⅠB-ⅡB 자궁경부암에서의 CD44v4/5, CD44v6, α-Smooth Muscle Actin과 nm23의 발현

장희경,허만하,김동휘,박은동 대한병리학회 1997 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.31 No.6

계면활성제 수용액에서 임계미셀농도와 온도의 관계성

김홍운,임경희 중앙대학교 미래신기술연구소 2001 미래신기술연구소 논문집 Vol.10 No.1

계면활성제 분자가 물에 녹아 구형의 회합체인 미셀(micelle)을 형성하며, 이 때의 최소 농도를 임계미셀농도(critical micelle concentration, CMC)라 한다. CMC에 영향을 준느 여러 가지 인자들 중에서 온도의 영향은 중요하며 이미 널리 연구되었다. 그렇지만, 어떤 관계가 있는지 정확한 이론이 없어서 대부분 CMC를 온도에 대한 2차 이상의 다항식으로 표현하였다. 최근에 미셀화에 따른 엔탈피와 엔트로피가 선형적으로 변한다는 보상 현상(compensation phenomena)에 대한 이해와 대부분의 계면활성제 수용액에서 미셀화의 온도에 따른 엔탈피도 선형적으로 변한다는 실험관찰이 확인되었다. 이를 근거로 열역학적 식을 사용하여 온도에 의한 CMC의 관계식을 새롭게 정립해 보았다. Micelles are one type of surfactant aggregations. They are formed above a certain concentration calle critical micelle cincentration(CMC). Micellization is affected by seveal factors, among which surfactant solution temperature is of interest in this article. It is known that CMC is dependent of temperature, but not assured how if depends on. The correlation between CMC and temperature has been represented by polynomial fitting of CMC as a function of temperature, for which relations among thermodynamic potenials, compensation phenomena, and linearity of micellization enthalpy with temperature are used.

虹彩 體質 分析에서 心腎結合組織의 虛弱 體質과 高血壓 家族歷과 관련성 硏究

金鐘牛,黃祐準,琴坰樹,李始炯,李宗淳,都金錄,趙在運,趙州掌,金鐘煜 한국전통의학연구소 2002 한국전통의학지 Vol.12 No.1

Iridology, developed more than 100 years ago, is the diagnosis of medical conditions through noting irregularities of the pigmentation in the iris The purpose of this study is to compare interrelation between CVA, hypertension family history and cardio-renal connective tissue in Iris Constitution through iris constitution examination. The subjects consist of 114 patients who were examined in Iris Constitution at Chonju Oriental Medicine Hospital attached to Wonkwang Univ. from September. 1St. 2000 to August. 31th. 2002. 1. In the distribution of Iris Constitution, among of 79cases, There are neurogenic type 13cases, abdominal connective tissue weakness constitution 31 cases, cardio-renal connective tissue weakness constitution 6 cases, cholesterol 7 cases and others 22 case in control group. 2. There are familial history of CVA and hypertention 32 cases, no familial history of CVA and hypertention1 3 cases, in 35cases of experimental group. These results imply that there is meaningfulness of interrelation between cardio-renal connective tissue weakness constitution and. CVA, hypertention.

"Si" 조건절의 시제 분포에 대한 소고

김은경 서울대학교 어학연구소 2000 語學硏究 Vol.36 No.1

In Spanish si conditionals indicative future tenses and subjunctive present tenses are strictly restricted in use. For relevant explication two different points of veiw have been revised in this work; a logical one developed by traditional grammarians and a pragmatic analysis proposed by Rivero and Bustos. After discussing them, we can get two motives that can explain the above mentioned tense restriction in Spanish si conditionals. a) the presupposition or implication of si conditional is semantic and pargmatically incompatible with the presupposition or implication of indicative future tenses, b) indicative present and subjunctive present play the same semantic function in si conditional protasis and this opposition has reduced the use of the subjunctive present.