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Xie, T.,Cho, Y.B.,Wang, K.,Huang, D.,Hong, H.K.,Choi, Y.L.,Ko, Y.H.,Nam, D.H.,Jin, J.,Yang, H.,Fernandez, J.,Deng, S.,Rejto, P.A.,Lee, W.Y.,Mao, M. Academic Press 2014 Genomics Vol.104 No.4
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have poor prognosis after formation of distant metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which genetic changes facilitate metastasis is critical for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling disease progression while minimizing toxic side effects. A comprehensive portrait of somatic alterations in CRC and the changes between primary and metastatic tumors has yet to be developed. We performed whole genome sequencing of two primary CRC tumors and their matched liver metastases. By comparing to matched germline DNA, we catalogued somatic alterations at multiple scales, including single nucleotide variations, small insertions and deletions, copy number aberrations and structural variations in both the primary and matched metastasis. We found that the majority of these somatic alterations are present in both sites. Despite the overall similarity, several de novo alterations in the metastases were predicted to be deleterious, in genes including FBXW7, DCLK1 and FAT2, which might contribute to the initiation and progression of distant metastasis. Through careful examination of the mutation prevalence among tumor cells at each site, we also proposed distinct clonal evolution patterns between primary and metastatic tumors in the two cases. These results suggest that somatic alterations may play an important role in driving the development of colorectal cancer metastasis and present challenges and opportunities when considering the choice of treatment.
M.E. Gershwin,T.K. Mao,J. Van de Water,C.L. Keen,H.H. Schmitz 한국식품영양과학회 2002 Journal of medicinal food Vol.5 No.1
We previously showed that flavanols and their related oligomers (FLO) isolated from cocoacan have immunomodulatory effects on production of the cytokines interleukin-1 b (IL-1b),IL-2, and IL-4. In the present study, we examined whether selected FLO fractions isolatedfrom coa (monomer through decamer) modulate IL-5 protein secretion from resting andphytohemagglutin in (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Al-though FLO fractions were unstimulatory for IL-5 secretion in resting cells, PHA-induced IL-5 release from PBMC was markedly affected by certain FLO fractions. The monomeric andsmall oligomeric (dimer and trimer) fractions enhanced PHA stimulation by 50%, 54%, and43%, respectively. In contrast, the larger oligomeric fractions (hexamer through decamer) in-hibited IL-5 release in the range of 18% to 39%; the tetramer and pentamer showed interme-diate effects. The increment in IL-5 suggests that FLO may preferentially stimulate im-munoglobulin A. We suggest that in the oral cavity this could result in reduction in the riskfor dental caries and periodontal disease. This work offers additional data for considerationof the health benefits of dietary FLO from a variety of foods, including those benefits asso-ciated specifically with consumption of some cocoas and chocolates.17
M.E. Gershwin,J. Van de Water,T.K. Mao 한국식품영양과학회 2005 Journal of medicinal food Vol.8 No.1
Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement formodulating immune functions, as well as ameliorating a variety of diseases. We have previously shown that the in vitrocul-ture of Spirulinawith human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) modulated the production of cytokines. In the pre-sent study, we evaluated the impact of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement (Earthrise Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA) on pa-tients with allergic rhinitis by assessing the production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-., and IL-2] criticalin regulating immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy. In a randomized double-blinded crossover study versus placebo, allergicindividuals were fed daily with either placebo or Spirulina,at 1,000 mg or 2,000 mg, for 12 weeks. PBMCs isolated beforeand after the Spirulinafeeding were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) prior to determining the levels of cytokinefrom cell culture supernatants. Although Spirulinaseemed to be ineffective at modulating the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-. and IL-2), we discovered that Spirulina,administered at 2,000 mg/day, significantly reduced IL-4 levels by 32% fromPHA-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Spirulinacan modulate the Th profile in patients with allergic rhinitis bysuppressing the differentiation of Th2 cells mediated, in part, by inhibiting the production of IL-4. To our knowledge, this isthe first human feeding study that demonstrates the protective effects of Spirulinatowards allergic rhinitis.
Development of the 3.7 GHz LHCD System on HL-2A
B. Lu,M. Huang,H. Zeng,X. Y. Bai,X. H. Mao,Z. H. Lu,J. Liang,Z. H. Kang,M. W. Wang,K. Feng,H. Wang,C. Wang,J. Q. Wang,S. Wei,T. Yao,Y. N. Bu,J. Feng,G. Y. Cheng,S. D. Song,D. H. Xia,J. Rao 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.65 No.8
A 2 MW-3.7 GHz lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system is under development for physicsexperiments on the HL-2A device. The RF Power is generated by four TH2103A klystron amplifiersand propagates in the TE10 mode through WR284 waveguides. The transmission lines with a lengthof 20 m to 30 m are pressurized with 2 bars of nitrogen to decrease the possibility of arcing. Thelauncher, based on the passive-active multi-junction (PAM) concept, has been developed and iscurrently being realized. It was designed for a power spectrum peaked at Nk = 2.75 with goodcoupling properties over a wide range of plasma parameters. The four klystrons are fed by ahigh-voltage power supply (HVPS) based on the pulse step modulation (PSM) concept with a fastswitch-off time of less than ten μs. This system is expected to be in operation within 1 years and willexplore many international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) related LH experiments inthe following years.
Surface segregation and oxidation of Pt<sub>3</sub>Ni(111) alloys under oxygen environment
Lee, H.C.,Kim, B.M.,Jeong, C.K.,Toyoshima, R.,Kondoh, H.,Shimada, T.,Mase, K.,Mao, B.,Liu, Z.,Lee, H.,Huang, C.Q.,Li, W.X.,Ross, P.N.,Mun, B.S. Elsevier Science Publishers 2016 CATALYSIS TODAY - Vol.260 No.-
<P>Utilizing ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), the surface segregation and oxidation of Pt3Ni(1 1 1) alloys are investigated as a function of temperature and oxygen pressure. The in situ AP-XPS measurements of oxygen oxidation process show that the Pt 'skin' surface is not stable under the exposure of oxygen pressure of 100 mTorr at room temperature. As the temperature and pressure are elevated, the formations of Ni2O3, NiOx, and NiO are observed on surface while Pt atom starts to reduce its adsorbed oxygen, which is a clear sign of surface segregation of Ni to surface. Upon the evacuation of oxygen gas, i.e. ultrahigh vacuum condition, both of NiOx and NiO oxide get reduced and Ni2O3 remains on the surface. The DFT calculation is employed to explain the formation of surface oxides under oxidation condition. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>