백제의 여관 연구

장수남 ( Jang¸ Sunam ) 백제학회 2020 백제학보 Vol.0 No.34

백제의 내관 부서 중 하나로 『삼국사기』 「직관지」下에 후궁부가 기록되어 있다. 이것은 백제에 후궁부(내관)가 존재했다는 것이고 이는 왕비 및 후궁(내관)들의 내치를 돕는 여관의 존재를 의미하는 것이다. 여기서 내관이란 왕비를 제외한 妃嬪 이하를 가리키는 것으로 이들을 돕는 궁관을 여관이라 한다. 백제는 중국의 내관제를 인식하고 있었고 실제 운영되고 있었다. 이는 『삼국사기』와 금석문 자료를 통해서 확인할 수 있었다. 백제의 정실부인은 왕비·왕후·대비·대부인으로 기록되었다. 백제의 내관제는 중국처럼 구체적으로 그 구성원과 인원수를 확인 할 수는 없지만 동복아우·서제·빈·궁인 그리고 다수의 서자가 기록된 것은 내관제가 존재했음을 의미하는 것이다. 백제 여관의 존재는 『삼국사기』 「직관지」·『일본서기』·『日本古代氏族事典』·「덕흥리 벽화고분」통사리를 통해 추정할 수 있다. 「직관지」에서 여성만이 존재하는 관청이 확인되는데 구성원으로 여관이 확인된다. 그 관청들의 주된 임무는 직조와 염색이다. 직조관련 여관이 존재했다는 것은『일본서기』, 『日本古代氏族事典』 씨성 衣縫, 吳服, 沙宅을 통해 알 수 있다. 고구려 덕흥리 벽화 고분의 통사리는 여관으로 백제에도 여성 통역관인 여관이 존재했을 것이라는 것을 추정할 수 있다. 여관의 임무는 『일본서기』·『영의해』 「후궁직원령」·『당육전』 「내관·궁관·내시성」의 내용을 통해 알 수 있다. 『일본서기』와 『신찬성씨록』의 기록을 토대로 추정 가능한 임무만을 보면 네 가지이다. 제례와 상장례부분에서 보면 제례에서 여관은 신에 대한 공양의 임무를 가지고 있었다. 상장례에서는 誄(애도사)나 곡(發哀)을 하는 역할을 담당하고 있었다. 직조 관련해서는 내관들이 직조 관련 부서의 인원과 업무를 관장하면 그것을 직접 생산하는 것이 여관의 임무다. 이들 여관은 주된 임무는 염색과 바느질이었다. 왕실의 의례 및 왕비·내관 보좌는 여관의 가장 기본적인 임무였다. 『예기집설대전』 「혼의」편에 왕이 내관을 세운 것은 왕후의 내치를 보좌하기 위해서라고 하였다. 여관은 왕실 의례 관련 일과 왕비나 내관 곁에서 항상 일상생활에 관련된 일을 보좌했다. 여관이 음식 업무를 담당했다는 것은 북위때 ‘王遺女’라는 여관의 묘지명을 통해서도 알 수 있다. 또 취사를 담당하거나 시봉하는 여관 이외에 술을 빚는 여관도 있었다. 직접적으로 백제 여관이 담당한 임무에 대한 기록은 없지만 백제 여관들도 기본적으로 이러한 임무를 가지고 있었을 것이다 Recognizing that previous studies on women in the history of Baekje focused on ladies in the royal family as part of the male-dominant or political history and paying attention to the records about the department of royal concubines in the Jikgwanji of Samguksagi, this study set out to shed light on the existence of Yeogwans in Baekje and investigate their duties. The study first examined the management of Baekje's Naegwan(royal concubine) system. Like Goguryeo, Baekje also had the awareness of the Naegwan(royal concubine) system and worked on its management according to many stories in Samguksagi. The Bongi stories used the terms Seojes of kings and children of concubines, which indicates that kings had multiple ladies called Naegwans(royal concubines). Examples include the wife of King Chaekgye, who was told to form a marital relation with her, and a lady of Silla that was married to King Dongseong. In a story, King Gaero tried to make the wife of Domi a court lady that meant a Naegwan(royal concubine). The main duty of Naegwans(royal concubines) was to help queens with their affairs. There are no records to mention directly the existence of Yeogwans in Baekje, but there are materials to estimate their existence. “Jikgwanji” of Samguksagi records that there was a department comprised of only ladies. In Nihon Shoki, there are records about Gongnyeos that were like court ladies. A story tells that Baekje offered a Gongnyeo of Jam. In Shinsen Shōjiroku, the family names related to sewing and clothes were from Baekje. In addition, The Dictionary of Families in Ancient Japan has records about a Yeogwan from the Sa family of Baekje along with other families from Baekje. Records of Shinsen Shōjiroku suggest the existence of Yeoyu, a type of Yeogwan. These examples offer circumstantial evidence for the existence of Yeogwans in Baekje. In Baekje, Yeogwans were basically responsible for assisting kings, queens, andNaegwans(royal concubines). Their concrete duties include the followings: first, they took care of ancestral and funeral rite formalities. In Nihon Shoki and Engishiki, there are descriptions of Yeogwans' positions responsible for ancestral and funeral rite formalities and Yeogwans' roles as female shamans; secondly, they ran manual industry for clothes, especially specializing in weaving and dyeing. In “Jikgwanji” of Samguksagi, the records about Chimbang, Johabang, Yeomgung, Sojeon, Hongjeon, Sobangjeon, Chanyeomjeon, and Pyojeon included information about the number of women and mothers involved in these jobs, which suggests that Yeogwans worked in the collection of dyes, dyeing, management of silk fabric manufacturing, and sewing. In addition, there are records about Yeogwans of Baekje involved in clothes and sewing also in Nihon Shoki, Shinsen Shōjiroku and The Dictionary of Families in Ancient Japan; thirdly, Yeogwans served as assistants in royal ceremonies and aids to queens and Naegwans. The main job of Yeogwans was to assist queens and Naegwans(royal concubines) so that they would do their business beautifully. Yeogwans would receive a guest, make arrangements for the morning assembly and banquets, guide a guest, and do various jobs to entertain a guest, offering their assistance for royal ceremonies; and finally, Yeogwans also did cooking. A Yeogwan left her name in records. She was “Wangyuneyo” from Northern Wei, making a name for herself with her skills to ensure the harmonious taste of dishes.

김기덕 감독의 알레고리적 영화작가정신 고찰

김수남(Sunam Kim) 한국콘텐츠학회 2014 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.14 No.2

김기덕 감독의 데뷔작은 <악어>(1996)이다. 이 영화는 새로운 캐릭터와 에피소드로 주류영화의 흐름을 무시하고 있다. 그의 영화 속에 나타나는 김기덕의 정서는 일상생활과 상식을 벗어나 그의 정서는 엽기적 인 감성과 맞닿아 있다. 그를 한국영화문화의 테러리스트라고 명명하는 이유가 여기에 있다. 본 연구는 김 기덕 작품세계에 나타난 영상이미지의 알레고리를 김수남의 ‘한국작가주의론’의 방식으로 재평가하고자 한다. 영화작가의 성장배경과 인생관 그리고 등장인물의 이념이 만들어낸 작품세계가 전달하는 알레고리적 주제의식을 다시 읽는다. 김기덕은 그의 영화를 통해 공간, 색채, 물, 동의반복의 영상 수사미학으로 관객과 소통하고 있으나 그의 알레고리는 사실 사회성이나 영화미학을 강조하기 보다 개인사적 욕구와 내면의 의미를 표출하고 있음이 확인된다. Dir. Kim, Giduk’s first work is <Ageo>(1996) which was created a new character and episode which disregard the main trand movie. His emotion in his film is over the reallife and common sense. His emotion is attached to the primitive feeling. He is called the tererist of Korean film culture. This thesis studys on the allegory of kim, Giduks film world by Kim, Sunams Korean auterism which discusses dir.s film work on the base of the background of filmmaker and his view of life. And also to represent film image he used space, water, color, repeated same meaning oposition by the usual image of rhetoric.

A study on estimating the interlayer boundary of the subsurface using a artificial neural network with electrical impedance tomography

Sunam Kumar Sharma,Anil Kumar Khambampati,Kyung Youn Kim 한국전기전자학회 2021 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.25 No.4

Subsurface topology estimation is an important factor in the geophysical survey. Electrical impedance tomography is one of the popular methods used for subsurface imaging. The EIT inverse problem is highly nonlinear and ill-posed; therefore, reconstructed conductivity distribution suffers from low spatial resolution. The subsurface region can be approximated as piece-wise separate regions with constant conductivity in each region; therefore, the conductivity estimation problem is transformed to estimate the shape and location of the layerboundary interface. Each layer interface boundary is treated as an open boundary that is described using front points. The subsurface domain contains multi-layers with very complex configurations, and, in such situations, conventional methods such as the modified Newton Raphson method fail to provide the desired solution. Therefore, in this work, we have implemented a 7-layer artificial neural network (ANN) as an inverse problem algorithm to estimate the front points that describe the multi-layer interface boundaries. An ANN model consisting of input, output, and five fully connected hidden layers are trained for interlayer boundary reconstruction using training data that consists of pairs of voltage measurements of the subsurface domain with three-layer configuration and the corresponding front points of interface boundaries. The results from the proposed ANN model are compared with the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for interlayer boundary estimation, and the results show that ANN is successful in estimating the layer boundaries with good accuracy.

Anti-metastatic effect of Nafamostat mesilate in breast cancer cells

Sunam Mander,Huong Thi Nguyen,Yun-Hee Na,Jong Ik Hwang 한국실험동물학회 2019 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.1

Inhibitory effects of SP-8356, a (1S)-(−)-verbenone derivative, on breast cancer cell growth and metastasis

Sunam Mander,Dong Hwi Kim,Huong Thi Nguyen,Hyo Jeong Yong,Byeongil Yu,Jae Young Seong,Won-Ki Kim,Jong-Ik Hwang 한국실험동물학회 2019 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.7

Estimating aquifer location using deep neural network with electrical impedance tomography

Sunam Kumar Sharma,Anil Kumar Khambampati,Kyung Youn Kim 한국전기전자학회 2020 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.24 No.4

Groundwater is essential source of the freshwater. Groundwater is stored in the body of the rocks or sediments, called aquifer. Finding an aquifer is a very important part of the geophysical survey. The best method to find the aquifer is to make a borehole. Single borehole is not a suitable method if the aquifer is not located in the borehole drilled area. To overcome this problem, a cross borehole method is used. Using a cross borehole method, we can estimate aquifer location more precisely. Electrical impedance tomography is use to estimate the aquifer location inside the subsurface using the cross borehole method. Electrodes are placed inside each boreholes and area between these boreholes are analysed. An aquifer is a non-uniform structure with complex shape which can represented by the truncated Fourier series. Deep neural network is evaluated as an inverse problem solver for estimating the aquifer boundary coefficients.

Coherent Diffraction Imaging Using Focused Hard X-rays

Sunam Kim,Sangsoo Kim,Su Yong Lee,Chan Kim,Yoonhee Kim,Do Young Noh,Shashidhara Marathe,Changyong Song,Marcus Gallagher-Jones,Hyon Chol Kang 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.68 No.9

A quantitative height profile image of a silicon nano-trench structure was obtained via coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) utilizing focused X-rays at a photon energy of 5.5 keV. The ability to optimize the spatial coherence and the photon flux density of a focused X-ray beam was the key technique for achieving such technical progress at a given X-ray photon flux. This was achieved by investigating the tunability of the focused beam’s optical properties and performing a CDI experiment with the focused X-rays. The relationship between the focused X-rays’ optical properties (e.g., photon flux density and spatial coherence length) and the incident beam’s size, which can be tuned by adjusting the slits in front of the Fresnel zone plate (FZP) was elucidated. We also obtained a quantitative image of a nano-trench sample produced via the reconstruction process of CDI, which utilizes carefully tuned, focused X-rays.

[P8-279] Ethanol Induced-Hepatoprotective Effects of Taraxacum officinale in vivo

Sunam Yoo,Jeongjin Park,Yanghee You,Kwontack Hwang,Jeongmin Lee,Kyungmi Kim,Woojin Jun 한국식품영양과학회 2008 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2008 No.10

Nafamostat mesilate negatively regulates the metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells

Sunam Mander,유동주,박수미,김동휘,용효정,김동식,Curie Ahn,김윤희,성재영,황종익 대한약학회 2018 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.41 No.2

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacking ofoestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and epidermalgrowth factor receptor type 2 is a highly malignant diseasewhich results in a poor prognosis and rare treatmentoptions. Despite the use of conventional chemotherapy forTNBC tumours, resistance and short duration responseslimit the treatment efficacy. Therefore, a need exists todevelop a new chemotherapy for TNBC. The aim of thisstudy was to examine the anti-cancer effects of nafamostatmesilate (NM), a previously known serine protease inhibitorand highly safe drug on breast cancer cells. Here, weshowed that NM significantly inhibits proliferation,migration, and invasion in MDA-MB231 cells, induces G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest, and inhibits the expression ofcyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Exposure of MDAMB231cells to NM also resulted in decreased transcriptionfactor activities accompanied by the regulated phosphorylationof signalling molecules and a decrease in metalloproteinases,the principal modulators of the extracellularenvironment during cancer progression. Especially, inhibitionof TGFb-stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation andsubsequent metastasis-related gene expression, and downregulationof ERK activity may be pivotal mechanismsunderlying inhibitory effects of NM on NM inhibits lungmetastasis of breast cancer cells and growth of colonizedtumours in mice. Taken together, our data revealed thatNM inhibits cell growth and metastasis of TNBC cells andindicated that NM is a multi-targeted drug that could be anadjunct therapy for TNBC treatment.

A retrospective study of Snucone implants: Clinical and radiographic results

Sunam Yang,Hyunsu Lee,Hyeongi Yi,Dongwoo Lee,Heesang Lee,Hongjae Kwak,Panjun Kim,Kiwook Song,Woonheuk Jung 대한치과이식임플란트학회 2015 The Korean Academy of Implant Dentistry Vol.34 No.1