Examining Generalizability of Kang's (1999) Model of Structural Relationship between ESL Learning Strategy Use and Language Proficiency

Kang, Sung-Woo 한국영어어문교육학회 2001 영어어문교육 Vol.7 No.2

The present study examined whether Kang's (1999) model of the relationships among language learning strategy use and language proficiency for the Asian students could e applied to a more heterogeneous group. In Kang's study, he collected information of language learning strategies of 957 foreign students learning English as a second language in American colleges through a questionnaire. He also measured the subjects' language proficiency with the Institutional Testing Program TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language). This study analyzed the same data with out the limitation of cultural identity. Structural equation modeling was used to model the relationships among strategy use and language proficiency, Then, the model of the present study was descriptively compared with Kang's (1999) model for the Asian students. The overall flow of the relationship paths appeared to vary very little across the two models, which would have indicated that the generalizability of Kang's (1999) model could be extended more than originally examined. (156)

Strategic Metamorphosis from Sisyphus to Chameleon? North Korean Security Policy and Military Strategy

( Sung Hack Kang ) 한국국방연구원 1995 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.7 No.1

National security is basically an ambiguous symbol. Like a chameleon, it has been determined by the supreme decision maker of a nation, depending upon the given spatial and temporal conditions. Nevertheless, national security has been conventionally understood to protect, preserve and defend the lives and properties of the people and their territory. To put it differently, it has meant military defense from the external military threat. But since the end of War II, its meaning has been extended beyond any material damage to include the protection of the vital values of a nation. Then, the protection of existing vital national values through the maintenance of the status quo is the first imperative for government policy, which can employ all kinds of means: political, economic, diplomatic, cultural, and military methods. Among those methods, the military one has been referred to as military strategy. The military strategy of most nations adopted a defensive attitude, namely deterrence to maintain the status quo, which is the first objective of their security policies. Historically, only the nations with revisionist and expansionist goals adopt an offensive military strategy. Such nations were many in history, but they have been rare during specific periods. North Korea has been one of these nations. With an expanded definition of security-the communization of the whole Korean peninsula-the Kim II Sung regime has tried to achieve this anti-status quo positive goal by means of military power, but has failed. For him, war is continuation of the revolution by other means. He can be said to have followed the principle of simplicity in military strategy by consistently pursuing communist unification. However, a chance for the unification of the Korean peninsula by means of a second surprise attack has not come. The continuous presence of American troops in South Korea has almost certainly assured North Korea of another defeat. However, Kim II Sung`s belief in and adherence to a revolutionary war dogma made him almost blind to the need for being faithful to the South-North dialogue. Kim II Sung has waited for a fortuitous opportunity to come. He believed that after the complete pullout of US troops from South Korea, the "center of gravity" of South Korea would return to Seoul and be limited there. He then would be able to gain a victory in his revolutionary war through an offensive strategy as the North Vietnamese did. He waited for the culminating point of offensive, holding the communist view that history was on his side. However, history has turned out to be not on his side. By the present moment, the Kim Jong-il regime has not yet presented the new security policy. It is not clear whether North Korea will abandon the ultimate goal it has continued to pursue during the past half a century, that is, the communization of the Korean peninsula, or will change its military from offensive to defensive strategy by adapting the deployment of its military forces. However, one thing is clear that it will never be easy for the North Korean regime to change radically its traditional military strategy. North Korea has pursued the goal of communist unification of the whole Korean peninsula by military forces like a Sisyphus. The glaringly increasing gap between its goal and its ceaseless efforts might lead one to apply Santayana`s definition of a fanatic, rather than the myth of Sisyphus, as one who redoubles his efforts as he moves further away from his goal. In any case, a Sisyphus cannot become a chameleon at will, because of the law of inertia also works in the political world.

Effect of waterlogging on the root activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf water potential of soybean cultivars

Kang,Hyung-Soon,Shim,Sang-In 한국작물학회 2003 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

Hydrogen Behavior in Ti-Added Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steels

Kang‑Mook Ryu,Dae Geon Lee,Joonoh Moon,Chang‑Hoon Lee,Tae‑Ho Lee,Jae Sang Lee,Dong‑Woo Suh 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.3

Hydrogen behavior and corresponding mechanical degradation were examined in TaTi-RAFM and EUROFER97 steels. Increased Ta content with Ti addition decelerates the hydrogen diffusion but increases the solubility in the lattice. It ismainly led by the higher fraction of Ta-rich MC carbides and dislocation density in TaTi-RAFM steel. Overall activationenergy of hydrogen trapping of investigated steels is evaluated to be 25.3 ~ 25.6 kJ/mol in the tempered condition. The activationenergy increases to nearly 30 kJ/mol when the steels are re-austenitized and quenched. Higher activation energy withincreased dislocation density indicates that the dislocation provides for trap site with higher activation energy than Ta-richMC carbide. Mechanical degradation by hydrogen with respect to the yield strength, tensile strength and uniform elongationcould not be observed in all investigated steels. The presence of hydrogen only has influence on the loss of post-uniformelongation. For a given charging time, the loss of post-uniform elongation is more remarkable in TaTi-RAFM steel due tothe larger hydrogen uptake.

生長調節劑(MH) 處理에 依한 고추의 密植栽培 試驗

姜鎬允,姜炳九,姜鎬宗,安相烈 진주산업대학교 1982 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

고추의 栽植密度와 MH處理時期가 고추의 收量 및 收量構成要素에 미치는 影響을 糾明코저 한별고추(VP-HY-43)를 供試하여 圃場試驗을 實施한바 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 栽植密度間에는 總收量面에서 16株栽植區가 붉은고추 및 착과수가 增加하는 현상이다. 2. MH處理에서는 密植일수록 효과가 크다. 3. 全體栽培區에서 個體當 平均重量은 MH處理에 關係없이 密植일수록 감소 하였다. 4. 株當個體數는 栽植株數는 栽植株數에 關係없이 거의 同一하게 着果하여 成熟하였다. 5. 상품生産性 및 收量面을 고려할 때 노지栽培에서는 3.0㎡당 12∼16株 程度의 栽植이 적당하다. This experiment was carried out to find the effect of planting density and MH treatment on the yield of pepper and factors of yield component, pepper(Capsicum annum) CV Hanbeil(VP-HY-43), was planted for this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In the treatment of planting density at total yield 16 planting per 3.0㎡, the number of red pepper and fruit setting was increased. 2. In the treatment of MH the effect was increased as plantings were closed. 3.Average weight of a fruit was yield-decreased as close spacing without relation with MH treatment. 4. The nummber of fruit setting per plant was about equal and was ripent about at the same time without relation with number of planting. 5. Considering to superior yield potential and yields, it was proper to plant about 12∼16 plants per 3.0㎡ in open culture.

生長調節劑(MH)處理에 依한 고추의 密植栽培 試驗

姜鎬宗,姜炳九,姜鎬允,安相烈 진주산업대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

고추의 栽植密度와 MH 處理時期가 고추의 收量 및 收量構成 要素에 미치는 影響을 규명코져 새로나 건고추(VP-Hy-40)를 供試하여 포장시험을 실시한바 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 栽植密度間에는 收量面에서 密植할수록 붉은고추 및 착과수가 공히 증가하는 현상이다. 2. 密植程度가 높아질수록 전체의 수량도 많았는데, MH를 8月21日 處理한 경우에 있어 栽植密度가 높을수록 붉은고추의 重量 및 收量이 많았다. 3. 草長 및 地上部 중량, 地下部 重量 그리고 莖徑은 栽植密度에 별 影響없이 無處理區에 비해 處理區가 감소하는 현상이다. 4. 栽植密度別로 一定한 현상이 없이 붉은고추의 수는 8月21日 處理區에 않았고 미숙 풋고추의 수는 8月1日 處理區가 많았다. This experiment was carried out to find the effect of planting density and MH treatment on the yield of pepper and factors of yield component, Pepper (Capsicum annum) cv Sairona gun(Vp-Hy-40), was planted for this experiment, The results were Summarized as follows. 1. In the treatment of planting density, the more density was increased, the more number of red pepper and fruit setting was increased. 2. The more the density was increased, the total yields was increased. And on the plots of MH treatment on August, 21. the weight and the number of pepper was highest. 3. The plant height, top weight, root weight, and stem diameter of peppers treated with MH, and planting density was decreased than those of control. 4. The number of red pepper fruits was highest in the plots treated with MH in August 21, planting density did not appear to influence the red pepper fruit number. Highest number. Highest number of immature green pepper fruits was obtained in the plots treated with MH in Augnst, 1.

Nurses' management of older patients with post-anesthesia delirium: A Q methodology approach

Kang,Minyeong(Minyeong Kang),Kim,Eun Young(Eun Young Kim),Chang,Sung Ok(Sung Ok Chang) 한국노인간호학회 2022 노인간호학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Purpose: This is an analysis of the experiences of nurses in Post Anesthesia Care Units (PACUs) in caring for older patients with emergence delirium using the Q-methodology. Methods: The Q-methodology, which is used to explore and understand human subjectivity, was applied. Thirty nurses who had experiences in providing nursing for delirium in older patients after surgery in a PACU participated in this study. Results: This study revealed three factors regarding the frame of reference of PACU nurses in detecting and managing older patients' emergence delirium: “detect the deviant changes leading to instability”, “focus on the patient’s degree of cognitive recovery within the framework of recovery time”, and “awareness of possible clues based on the patient’s underlying disease(s)”. Conclusion: These findings are expected to be utilized as a basis for more practical and accessible PACU nurse delirium education that reflects nurses’ subjective viewpoints explained by the three identified factors.

Impact of Interferon-Based Treatment on Quality of Life and Work Related Productivity from the Korean Cohort in the MOSAIC Study

( Sang Hoon Ahn ),( Won Hyeok Choe ),( Yoon Jun Kim ),( Jeong Heo ),( Dorota Latarska-smuga ),( Jiho Kang ),( Seung Woon Paik ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection increases the risk for progressive liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and negatively impacts the patient’s quality of life. HCV treatment is evolving with direct acting antivirals but IFN based therapy has been the standard of care for many years and remains available in some countries. The MOSAIC study aims to characterize patients with chronic HCV infection and assess the impact of IFN-containing treatment on health-related quality of life, work related productivity and health care utilization. Methods: MOSAIC is an international prospective multicenter observational study that has been conducted in 20 countries. Consecutive patients with chronic HCV infection were enrolled and those who initiated an IFN based regimen were prospectively followed for 48 weeks. We report results from the Korean cohort Results: 100 patients were enrolled: 86 were treatment naïve and 14 were treatment experienced. 33 patients initiated an IFN based regimen: 6 patients started IFN + RBV, 26 patients started Peg-IFN + RBV, none started Peg-IFN + RBV + DAA and 1 patient received other treatment. Among the treated cohort, demographic and disease characteristics were the following: the mean age was 54.5 years; 14 patients were male. 14 had minimal or no fibrosis, 2 portal fibrosis, 3 bridging fibrosis and 6 patients suffered from cirrhosis. HCV Genotype distribution was as follows: genotype 1: 11; genotype 2: 19 and genotype 3: 3. Table 1 describes the results at baseline and changes over 4, 12 and 48 weeks and end-of-treatment (EOT) for the quality of life and work productivity outcome measures (EQ-5D-5L, HCV-PRO and WPAI). Conclusions: Results from the Korean cohort of the MOSAIC study show a moderate trend for deterioration of health-related quality of life and work productivity associated with IFN based treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection during treatment period. Acknowledgements: The design, study conduct, analysis, and financial support of MOSAIC study were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the content of the abstract. All authors had access to all relevant data and participated in writing, review, and approval of this abstract. Medical writing support was provided by Olivier Van de Steen of Medeor-consulting, funded by AbbVie. Disclosures: Sang Hoon Ahn: served as an advisor and lecturer for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, F.Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, AbbVie, and has received unrestricted grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche for investigator- initiated trials Won Hyeok Choe: Nothing to disclosure Yoon Jun Kim: Nothing to disclosure Jeong Heo: received a grant from GSK; Research support from BMS, and Roche; Advisor for Abbvie, BMS, Gilead Sciences, Pharma Essentia, SillaJen, and Johnson & Johnson. Dorota Latarska-Smuga, Jiho Kang: are employees of AbbVie, Inc. and may hold stock or stock options. Seung Woon Paik: received grant and research support from AbbVie, BMS, Gilead, GSK, Merck, Novartis, and Roche

바터 팽대부에 생긴 유암종 1예

강명주,지삼룡,박석주,이재익,조영완,김준영,박성재,박은택,이연재,이상혁,설상영,배상균 인제대학교 2006 仁濟醫學 Vol.27 No.-

Carcinoid tumors have been reported in a wide range of organs but most commonly involve the lungs, bronchi and gastrointestinal tract. Within the gastrointestinal tract, appendix is the most common location for carcinoid, followed by the distal small intestine, the rectum, and the stomach. Among these, primary involvement of the ampulla of Vater is extremely rare. We report a case of carcinoid tumor of ampulla of Vater. A 62-year-old man presented with epigastric soreness. Gastroduodenal endoscopy showed hyperemic bulging mass on ampulla of Vater and diagnosed as carcinoid tumor by histologic finding, with immunohistochemical study. In ^(111)In-octreoscan, tumor had regional lymph node metastasis, but no evidence of distant metastasis. Pancreatoduodenectomy with lymph node dissection was performed.

9ㆍ11 테러와 김정일 정권의 생존 전망

강성학 고려대학교一民국제관계연구원 2002 국제관계연구 Vol.6 No.1

It is commonly mentioned that everything has changed since the events of September 1, 2001. Evidently some things have changed; others have been reinforced; and others have become visible though previously had went unrecognized. America's war against terrorism will certainly have an impact on many states. North Korea has been one of the states on the list of terrorist states. Then we must raise the question, "Will the DPRK survive, say, by the year 2020?" The Kim's regime could be, like any other state's political regime, threatened to be overthrown, in theory, from "within" as well as from "without." Firstly, let me examine the possibility for Kim's regime to bo overthrown from within. Until now, there has been no known factor for us to speculate that there any noteworthy political opposition to Kim's regime within North Korea's borders. There has never been any report that may indicate even a symptom of rebellion against the leadership of the two Kims (i.e. Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il). In midst of the serious situation of nationwide starvation, there were many North Koreans who wanted to escape from North Korea at the risk of their lives. However, there were no people who dared to challenge Kim's leadership. Since he became the heir of Kim Il Sung in February 1974, Kim Jong Il consolidated his personal power basis throughout North Korea's governmental organizations and virtually ruled North Korea for the last almost three decades. Kim is a great pretender. Holding up the picket saying "Our way to Socialism" high, he pretends to be an infallible Philosopher-King who has perfect knowledge of the changing outside world and how to cope with it. But he is nothing but a violent tyrant. We know that the tyrant Stalin was not overthrown from within while he was alive, however terrible the tyrant might have been, not to mention Hitler(Unser Fuhrer), Mussolini(Il Duce) and Hirohito(Tenno Heika). Like his historical predecessors, "Supreme Leader Kim"(Dear Soo Ryong) in North Korea is not likely to be overthrown from within. Secondly, then, is there any possibility for Kim's regime to be overthrown from the outside? If Kim Jong Il is content in maintaining the status quo on the Korean Peninsula, it could be safely said that no outside powers including the United States have intentions to overthrow the Kim's regime in North Korea. Besides, China is and ally of a kind in that it would not let North Korea be unified by South Korea, as made clear by the massive military intervention during the Korean War to maintain North Korea as a separate political entity, most friendly to or at least not hostile to China. However Kim Jong Il continues to pursue a positive goal, an ambitious, revolutionary, revisionist, self-imposed historical mission to unify the whole Korean peninsula on his own terms by his own strategy, as his father Kim Il Sung did throughout his life time, though without success. In other words, Kim continues a revolutionary war against South Korea. For Kim, war is merely a continuation of politics by other means. Such a strategic mindset was handed down from Clausewitz to Lenin to Stalin and Mao to Kim Il Sung and finally to Kim Jong Il. Yet Kim Jong Il has also a distorted form of the Clausewitzean dictum. For Kim Jong Il, a hereditary prince, as for Machiavelli, "the arts of peace are those of non-violent war by fraud." For Kim, peace also is a mere continuation of war by other means. Kim Jong Il employed the strategy of mendicant brinkmanship to outside powers. They could not ignore Kim. North korea's internal disaster will explode over Northeast Asia. To prevent that, the U.S. must sustain the repugnant regime. Food and energy donations propped up the most repressive government in the world, because North Korea's missiles with nuclear, biological or chemical bombs can reach South Korea and Japan, two key U.S. allies. Kim's mendicant brinkmanship has been successful until now. U.S. strategy since the Cold War has focused on conventional regional war. The geographic scale of this war can be specified since it comes from the Korean peninsula. Within it, the U.S., together of course with South Korea, has prepared for conventional warfare in which nuclear, chemical, biological weapons, and ballistic missiles are not to be used. This plays to American strengths. No nation could stand up to the United States in such a war. But North Korea has been trying to overcome the U.S. psychological and military advantages. North Korea has been diversifying into nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. In Clausewitz's terminology, biological weapons move the center of gravity of the war from the front, where the U.S. has advantage, to the rear, the population centers, where the U.S. clearly does not. Germ weapons target innocent lives, not military force. It would be suicidal for North Korea to launch such an attack, but the possibility it might do so makes Washington thread more carefully, especially after the tragic incident of September 11, 2001. North Korea's hitting Seoul or Tokyo or both cities with anthrax bombs will be horrible. Therefore, North Korea may be treated more gingerly. There is no doubt that the inter-Korea summit meeting was an historic event. It is a timely intriguing question whether the inter-Korea summit meeting will be a historical turning point for Korea's national history of turn out to be nothing but deceptive pageantry carefully choreographed by Kim Jong Il. By now, most indications in the post-summit period suggest that hopes were raised too high and too prematurely. One thing is still clear; Kim Jong Il has no intention to change his exclusive policy, not to mention not giving in to external pressure to compromise. Kim Jong Il will continue to behave like a hedgehog toward the outside world, holding up the anachronistic icon of "Juche" high. As Aristophanes said, "You can not teach a crab to walk straight." Despite Hamish McRae's optimistic prediction that it is very hard for him to see anything other than unification of North and South by 2020, South Korea's sunshine will not be able to lighten Kim's kingdom of darkness as long as Kim Jong Il is alive, even by the year 2020. the inter-Korean relationship is ruled by a kind of unit-veto system. Like the weather, we can always talk about it, but no one can do anything about Kim's totalitarian regime in North Korea especially as long as China supports it. In short, my crystal ball is not clear, but at least I can say that the DPRK will not be overthrown from the outside, either. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, it would be better for us to remind ourselves of what English poet William Blake sang at the dawn of the nineteenth century: "You throw the sand against the wind, And the wind blows it back again."