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High-efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: A Review
Sanchari Chowdhury,Mallem Kumar,DUTTA SUBHAJIT,박진수,김재민,김세현,주민규,김영국,조영현,조은철,이준신 한국신·재생에너지학회 2019 신재생에너지 Vol.15 No.3
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy resource that can be converted to electricity with photovoltaic (PV) technology without environmental damage. Solar energy can be transformed to electricity using a range of technologies, but crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based PV technology dominates in the PV market due to the high efficiency, long-term stability, reliability, and second most abundant (27%) material. Recently, c-Si solar cells achieved an outstanding efficiency of 26.7% through silicon heterojunction technology combined with an interdigitated back contact structure. Most industries and researchers are attempting to improve the efficiency further to reach the silicon limit. The dominant position of crystalline silicon solar cell in large-area electricity production and industrialization motivated us to write this review paper. This review paper covers the key factors that affect the efficiency, such as structure, process optimization, cost reduction strategies. In addition, some promising cell structures, such as Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (PERC) solar cell, Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) solar cell, Heterojunction Intrinsic Thin Layer (HIT) solar cell, and Heterojunction Back Contact (HBC) solar cell, and their efficiencies are reported. Overall, this study provides a detailed idea to the new photovoltaic researchers regarding the solar cell structure, their efficiencies, and future potential of solar cells.
Analysis of Cell to Module Loss Factor for Shingled PV Module
Sanchari Chowdhury,Eun-Chel Cho,Younghyun Cho,Youngkuk Kim,Junsin Yi 한국신재생에너지학회 2020 신재생에너지 Vol.16 No.3
Shingled technology is the latest cell interconnection technology developed in the photovoltaic (PV) industry due to its reduced resistance loss, low-cost, and innovative electrically conductive adhesive (ECA). There are several advantages associated with shingled technology to develop cell to module (CTM) such as the module area enlargement, low processing temperature, and interconnection; these advantages further improves the energy yield capacity. This review paper provides valuable insight into CTM loss when cells are interconnected by shingled technology to form modules. The fill factor (FF) had improved, further reducing electrical power loss compared to the conventional module interconnection technology. The commercial PV module technology was mainly focused on different performance parameters; the module maximum power point (Pmpp), and module efficiency. The module was then subjected to anti-reflection (AR) coating and encapsulant material to absorb infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light, which can increase the overall efficiency of the shingled module by up to 24.4%. Module fabrication by shingled interconnection technology uses EGaIn paste; this enables further increases in output power under standard test conditions. Previous research has demonstrated that a total module output power of approximately 400 Wp may be achieved using shingled technology and CTM loss may be reduced to 0.03%, alongside the low cost of fabrication.
Electrical Loss Reduction in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Assembly: A Review
Sanchari Chowdhury,Mallem Kumar,Minkyu Ju,Youngkuk Kim,Chang-Soon Han,Jinshu Park,Jaimin Kim,Young Hyun Cho,Eun-Chel Cho,Junsin Yi 한국태양광발전학회 2019 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.7 No.4
The output power of a crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) module is not directly the sum of the powers of its unit cells. There are several losses and gain mechanisms that reduce the total output power when solar cells are encapsulated into solar modules. Theses factors are getting high attention as the high cell efficiency achievement become more complex and expensive. More research works are involved to minimize the “cell-to-module” (CTM) loss. Our paper is aimed to focus on electrical losses due to interconnection and mismatch loss at PV modules. Research study shows that among all reasons of PV module failure 40.7% fails at interconnection. The mismatch loss in modern PV modules is very low (nearly 0.1%) but still lacks in the approach that determines all the contributing factors in mismatch loss. This review paper is related to study of interconnection loss technologies and key factors contributing to mismatch loss during module fabrication. Also, the improved interconnection technologies, understanding the approaches to mitigate the mismatch loss factors are precisely described here. This research study will give the approach of mitigating the loss and enable improvement in reliability of PV modules.
A Brief Review of Passivation Materials and Process for High Efficiency PERC Solar Cell
김자은,이선화,Sanchari Chowdhury,이준신 한국전기전자재료학회 2022 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.23 No.1
PERC technology is the dominant over the last decade in global photovoltaic market due to its lower cost and higher efficiency. Research works are still counting to reduce recombination loss and the passivation layer is key issue for reducing recombination and improving efficiency. This paper tried to obtain the optimized passivating contact properties and deposition techniques by introducing high-k Hafnium oxide (HfO x ) material for high efficiency PERC solar cell. HfO x is not only used as monolayer, but also used as doped with other materials or used with SiNx :H capping layer. However, in order to compare the properties with other materials, this paper only mentions the single layer properties. A comparative analysis of interface trap density, fixed charge and lifetime was performed which are key properties to obtain higher passivation. It was confirmed that HfOx deposited using ALD has a low interface trap density (D it ) of less than 2.0×10 12 eV −1 cm −2 , and can be adjusted to negative and positive fixed charge by deposition conditions or post-treatment process. As a result of simulation using HfOx as a passivation layer, the efficiency is 22.01%. It is expected that it will be possible to manufacture a solar cell with higher efficiency if the actual cell is fabricated by optimizing HfOx as a passivation layer based on the simulation result.
Review on the Progress in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Materials and Module Technology
Muhammad Aleem Zahid,Sanchari Chowdhury,Kumar Mallem,조은철,이준신 한국신·재생에너지학회 2019 신재생에너지 Vol.15 No.4
A building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is an innovative, promising and practical technology for buildings with net zero CO2 emissions. This Review paper addresses the development of a curtain wall module, color module, lightweight module and anti-soiling techniques in BIPV Technology. Selecting the best material permits a high conversion efficiency and bright color of the module at the same time. Curtain wall and light weight solar PV cells fabricated using an established procedure could increase the applications of solar PV cells.
Muhammad Quddamah Khokhar,Sanchari Chowdhury,Duy Phong Pham,Shahzada Qamar Hussain,Eun-Chel Cho,Junsin Yi 한국신재생에너지학회 2021 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
High conversion efficiency can achieve by superior surface passivation and material quality. In this study, a novel passivation contact structure based on nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc-SiOx) films was investigated. Traditionally, poly silicon junctions in tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells possess exceptional junction characteristics, but current losses are noted due to their optical absorption if they are applied in solar cell devices. In this study, we replaced the poly-Si layer in TOPCon solar cells with nc-SiOx to enhance transparency. By employing the cn-SiOx layer, effective surface passivation, carrier selectivity, electrical properties and optical transmission can be used to improve, all are vitally important in devise operation. We optimized the deposited nc-SiOx layer on an ultra-thin (~1.5 nm) silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) tunnel oxide layer to improve recombination current density and carrier lifetime. The passivation characteristics were improved by varying the annealing temperature and thickness of the nc-SiOx layer. The 50 nm thick nc-SiOx layer was capable of yielding a high implied open-circuit voltage (i-Voc) of 739 mV and low contact resistivity (ρ) of 14.2 (mΩ/cm<sup>2</sup>) in addition to a low depleted recombination current density (Jo) of 1.1 fA/cm<sup>2</sup> with a post-deposition annealing temperature up to 950℃. Improved passivation characteristics are the result of a more prominent annealing temperature.
A Brief Review on Variables and Test Priorities of Photovoltaic Module Life Expectancy
Siva Parvathi Padi,Sanchari Chowdhury,Muhammad Aleem Zahid,Jaeun Kim,Eun-Chel Cho,Junsin Yi 한국태양광발전학회 2021 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.9 No.2
To endorse the reliability and durability of the solar photovoltaic (PV) device several tests were conducted before exposing to the outdoor field in a non-ideal condition. The PV module has high probability that intend to perform adequately for 30 years under operating conditions. To evaluate the long term performance of the PV module in diversified terrestrial conditions, one should use the outdoor performance data. However, no one wants to wait for 25 years to determine the module reliability. The accelerating stress tests performing in the laboratory by mimicking different field conditions are thus important to understand the performance of a PV module. In this review, we will discuss briefly about different accelerating stress types, levels and prioritization that are used to evaluate the PV module reliability and durability before using them in real field.
저비용 고효율 TOPCon 태양전지를 위한 파워 손실 한계 분석
김홍래(Hongrae Kim),Sanchari Chowdhury,주민규(Minkyu Ju),이준신(Junsin Yi) 한국신재생에너지학회 2021 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
TOPCon(Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contacts) 태양전지 에서의 선택적 에미터 구조는 고효율 부분에 있어 사용된다. 하지만 선택적 에미터에 대한 치명적인 단점인 단가 측면에 있어서 TOPCon 태양전지의 homogeneous emitter 부분을 전기적 손실에 따른 에미터 재결합의 효율의 한계에 대해 분석을 해 보았다. M2 사이즈 웨이퍼의 면저항을 먼저 50 Ω/□로 고정을 한 뒤 contact fraction에 따른 직렬저항과 optical loss에 대한 특성을 보았다. 전기적 손실이 증가할수록 metal contact fraction 증가하였고 그림자(shading)에 대한 영향이 커졌다. 이후 면저항에 대한 수치 들을 바꿔 파워 손실에 대한 특성을 보았으며 이를 통하여 면저항과 개방전압과의 관계를 알 수 있었다. 개방전압에 대한 손실은 대부분 면저항이 주도하였으며 이는 셀의 파워 즉 효율을 떨어뜨리는 원인이라고 볼 수 있었다. 전기적인 손실이 증가할수록 직렬저항(series resistance)와 컨텍저항(contact resistance)은 줄었으며 metal contact fraction이 증가하였기 때문에 컨텍 재결합(contact recombination)은 동시증가 할 수밖에 없었다. 따라서 TOPCon 태양전지의 homo-geneous emitter 구조에서 최적화된 컨텍 재결합(Contact recombination)의 전극 설계와 면저항에 대한 파워 손실의 최적화를 위해 시뮬레이션을 진행해 보았다.