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Jak-TGFβ cross-talk links transient adipose tissue inflammation to beige adipogenesis
Babaei, Rohollah,Schuster, Maximilian,Meln, Irina,Lerch, Sarah,Ghandour, Rayane A.,Pisani, Didier F.,Bayindir-Buchhalter, Irem,Marx, Julia,Wu, Shuang,Schoiswohl, Gabriele,Billeter, Adrian T.,Krunic, D AAAS 2018 Science signaling Vol.11 No.527
<P>The transient activation of inflammatory networks is required for adipose tissue remodeling including the 'browning' of white fat in response to stimuli such as. 3-adrenergic receptor activation. In this process, white adipose tissue acquires thermogenic characteristics through the recruitment of so-called beige adipocytes. We investigated the downstream signaling pathways impinging on adipocyte progenitors that promote de novo formation of adipocytes. We showed that the Jak family of kinases controlled TGF beta signaling in the adipose tissue microenvironment through Stat3 and thereby adipogenic commitment, a function that was required for beige adipocyte differentiation of murine and human progenitors. Jak/Stat3 inhibited TGF beta signaling to the transcription factors Srf and Smad3 by repressing local Tgfb3 and Tgfb1 expression before the core transcriptional adipogenic cascade was activated. This pathway cross-talk was triggered in stromal cells by ATGL-dependent adipocyte lipolysis and a transient wave of IL-6 family cytokines at the onset of adipose tissue remodeling induced by beta 3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Our results provide insight into the activation of adipocyte progenitors and are relevant for the therapeutic targeting of adipose tissue inflammatory pathways.</P>
Maximization of ICRF power by SOL density tailoring with local gas injection
Jacquet, P.,Goniche, M.,Bobkov, V.,Lerche, E.,Pinsker, R.I.,Pitts, R.A.,Zhang, W.,Colas, L.,Hosea, J.,Moriyama, S.,Wang, S.-J.,Wukitch, S.,Zhang, X.,Bilato, R.,Bufferand, H.,Guimarais, L.,Faugel, H.,H IOP 2016 Nuclear fusion Vol.56 No.4
<P>Experiments have been performed under the coordination of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) on several tokamaks, including ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), JET and DIII-D, to characterize the increased Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antenna loading achieved by optimizing the position of gas injection relative to the RF antennas. On DIII-D, AUG and JET (with the ITER-Like Wall) a 50% increase in the antenna loading was observed when injecting deuterium in ELMy H-mode plasmas using mid-plane inlets close to the powered antennas instead of divertor injection and, with smaller improvement when using gas inlets located at the top of the machine. The gas injection rate required for such improvements (~0.7 × 10<SUP>22</SUP> el s<SUP>−1</SUP> in AUG, ~1.0 × 10<SUP>22</SUP> el s<SUP>−1</SUP> in JET) is compatible with the use of this technique to optimize ICRF heating during the development of plasma scenarios and no degradation of confinement was observed when using the mid-plane or top inlets compared with divertor valves. An increase in the scrape-off layer (SOL) density was measured when switching gas injection from divertor to outer mid-plane or top. On JET and DIII-D, the measured SOL density increase when using main chamber puffing is consistent with the antenna coupling resistance increase provided that the distance between the measurement lines of sight and the injection location is taken into account. Optimized gas injection was also found to be beneficial for reducing tungsten (W) sputtering at the AUG antenna limiters, and also to reduce slightly the W and nickel (Ni) content in JET plasmas. Modeling the specific effects of divertor/top/mid-plane injection on the outer mid-plane density was carried out using both the EDGE2D-EIRENE and EMC3-EIRENE plasma boundary code packages; simulations indeed indicate that outer mid-plane gas injection maximizes the density in the mid-plane close to the injection point with qualitative agreement with the AUG SOL density measurements for EMC3-EIRENE. Field line tracing for ITER in the 15 MA <I>Q</I> <SUB>DT</SUB> = 10 reference scenario indicates that the planned gas injection system could be used to tailor the density in front the antennas. Benchmarking of EMC3-EIRENE against AUG and JET data is planned as a first step towards the ITER SOL modelling required to quantify the effect of gas injection on the SOL density in front of the antennas.</P>
Lee, Doh-Kwon,Fischer, Claus C.,Valov, Ilia,Reinacher, Jochen,Stork, Alexandra,Lerch, Martin,Janek, Juergen The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.13 No.3
<P>The mobility and electrochemical activity of nitrogen inside and/or at the surface of ionic compounds is of fundamental, as well as of possibly practical, relevance. In order to better understand the role of nitrogen anions in solid electrolytes, we measured the transference number of nitrogen in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) by a concentration cell technique as a function of oxygen activity at different temperatures in the range of 1023 ≤<I>T</I>/<I>K</I>≤ 1123. YSZ doped with 1.9 wt% of N (YSZ:N) turned out to have an appreciable nitrogen transference number, which increased from 0 to 0.1 with decreasing oxygen activity in the range of −20 < log<I>a</I><SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></SUB> < −14. The stability of N in YSZ:N, however, has yet to be elucidated under oxidizing conditions.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Solid state electrochemistry with (di-)nitrogen? EMF measurements with a zirconium oxide nitride (N-doped YSZ) solid electrolyte under reducing conditions reveal a significant transference number of nitrogen anions. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c003991h'> </P>
The detection of cavitation in hydraulic machines by use of ultrasonic signal analysis
Gruber, P.,Farhat, M.,Odermatt, P.,Etterlin, M.,Lerch, T.,Frei, M. Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2015 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.8 No.4
This presentation describes an experimental approach for the detection of cavitation in hydraulic machines by use of ultrasonic signal analysis. Instead of using the high frequency pulses (typically 1MHz) only for transit time measurement different other signal characteristics are extracted from the individual signals and its correlation function with reference signals in order to gain knowledge of the water conditions. As the pulse repetition rate is high (typically 100Hz), statistical parameters can be extracted of the signals. The idea is to find patterns in the parameters by a classifier that can distinguish between the different water states. This classification scheme has been applied to different cavitation sections: a sphere in a water flow in circular tube at the HSLU in Lucerne, a NACA profile in a cavitation tunnel and two Francis model test turbines all at LMH in Lausanne. From the signal raw data several statistical parameters in the time and frequency domain as well as from the correlation function with reference signals have been determined. As classifiers two methods were used: neural feed forward networks and decision trees. For both classification methods realizations with lowest complexity as possible are of special interest. It is shown that two to three signal characteristics, two from the signal itself and one from the correlation function are in many cases sufficient for the detection capability. The final goal is to combine these results with operating point, vibration, acoustic emission and dynamic pressure information such that a distinction between dangerous and not dangerous cavitation is possible.