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Mazzucato, E.,Bell, R.E.,Ethier, S.,Hosea, J.C.,Kaye, S.M.,LeBlanc, B.P.,Lee, W.W.,Ryan, P.M.,Smith, D.R.,Wang, W.X.,Wilson, J.R.,Yuh, H. International Atomic Energy Agency 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.5
<P>Various theories and numerical simulations support the conjecture that the ubiquitous problem of anomalous electron transport in tokamaks may arise from a short-scale turbulence driven by the electron temperature gradient. To check whether this turbulence is present in plasmas of the National Spherical Torus Experiment, measurements of turbulent fluctuations were performed with coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves. Results from plasmas heated by high harmonic fast waves show the existence of density fluctuations in the range of wave numbers <I>k</I><SUB>⊥</SUB>ρ<SUB>e</SUB> = 0.1–0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length of the order of the collisionless skin depth. Experimental observations and agreement with numerical results from the linear gyro-kinetic GS2 code indicate that the observed turbulence is driven by the electron temperature gradient. These turbulent fluctuations were not observed at the location of an internal transport barrier driven by a negative magnetic shear.</P>
Launcher Study for KSTAR 5GHz LHCD System
Y. S. Bae,H. Park,J. Wilson,J. Hosea,조무현,R. Ellis,S. Bernabei,남궁원 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
A 5 GHz Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system with 2 MW is under development for the steady-state operations of the KSTAR. The present design of fully active waveguide launcher gives very good spectral directivity of more than 90 % for the phase shift of 90 degrees and a wider Nk range of 1.4 to 3.6 with a width Nk = 0.54. For the steady-state operations of the KSTAR, a Glidcop/SS sandwiched grill is proposed with consideration of heat and disruption loads. A PAM (Passive-Active Multi-junction)-type launcher is also studied for the possibility of use for the KSTAR. The PAM-type launcher provided good coupling properties even at lower edge densities in FTU 8 GHz PAM launcher tests. However, it gives a lower current drive efficiency compared with the conventional grill because of reduced directivities. The Passive/Active grill has 30 % less directivity than the Fully Active grill from the characteristic studies on the directivity and coupling. On the other hand, it gives a good coupling property with weak dependence on the phase shift between adjacent waveguides.
Bioactive carbazole alkaloids from Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schumach)
Angeline Atieno Ochung,Lawrence Arot Oyango Manguro,Phillip Okinda Owuor,Isaac Ogoche Jondiko,Regina Achieng’ Nyunja,Hosea Akala,Pauline Mwinzi,Sylvia Awino Opiyo 한국응용생명화학회 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.6
Phytochemical and biological evaluation of the stem bark of Alysicarpus ovalifolius led to the isolation of three carbazole alkaloids identified as mohanimbine (1), koenimbine (2) and koenidine (3) along with quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside (5), orientin (6), apigenin (7), quercetin (8), plumbagin (9) and stigmasterol (10). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using physical and spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with the literature data. Compound 3 showed strong activity against chloroquine-sensitive strain I (D6) and the multi-drug resistant Indochicha I (W2) of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 63.07 – 0.01 and 54.19 – 0.04 ng/mL, respectively. Compound 1 on the other hand exhibited moderate larvicidal against Anopheles gambiae larvae as well as antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.
Maximization of ICRF power by SOL density tailoring with local gas injection
Jacquet, P.,Goniche, M.,Bobkov, V.,Lerche, E.,Pinsker, R.I.,Pitts, R.A.,Zhang, W.,Colas, L.,Hosea, J.,Moriyama, S.,Wang, S.-J.,Wukitch, S.,Zhang, X.,Bilato, R.,Bufferand, H.,Guimarais, L.,Faugel, H.,H IOP 2016 Nuclear fusion Vol.56 No.4
<P>Experiments have been performed under the coordination of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) on several tokamaks, including ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), JET and DIII-D, to characterize the increased Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antenna loading achieved by optimizing the position of gas injection relative to the RF antennas. On DIII-D, AUG and JET (with the ITER-Like Wall) a 50% increase in the antenna loading was observed when injecting deuterium in ELMy H-mode plasmas using mid-plane inlets close to the powered antennas instead of divertor injection and, with smaller improvement when using gas inlets located at the top of the machine. The gas injection rate required for such improvements (~0.7 × 10<SUP>22</SUP> el s<SUP>−1</SUP> in AUG, ~1.0 × 10<SUP>22</SUP> el s<SUP>−1</SUP> in JET) is compatible with the use of this technique to optimize ICRF heating during the development of plasma scenarios and no degradation of confinement was observed when using the mid-plane or top inlets compared with divertor valves. An increase in the scrape-off layer (SOL) density was measured when switching gas injection from divertor to outer mid-plane or top. On JET and DIII-D, the measured SOL density increase when using main chamber puffing is consistent with the antenna coupling resistance increase provided that the distance between the measurement lines of sight and the injection location is taken into account. Optimized gas injection was also found to be beneficial for reducing tungsten (W) sputtering at the AUG antenna limiters, and also to reduce slightly the W and nickel (Ni) content in JET plasmas. Modeling the specific effects of divertor/top/mid-plane injection on the outer mid-plane density was carried out using both the EDGE2D-EIRENE and EMC3-EIRENE plasma boundary code packages; simulations indeed indicate that outer mid-plane gas injection maximizes the density in the mid-plane close to the injection point with qualitative agreement with the AUG SOL density measurements for EMC3-EIRENE. Field line tracing for ITER in the 15 MA <I>Q</I> <SUB>DT</SUB> = 10 reference scenario indicates that the planned gas injection system could be used to tailor the density in front the antennas. Benchmarking of EMC3-EIRENE against AUG and JET data is planned as a first step towards the ITER SOL modelling required to quantify the effect of gas injection on the SOL density in front of the antennas.</P>
Bioactive carbazole alkaloids from Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schumach)
Ochung', Angeline Atieno,Manguro, Lawrence Arot Oyango,Owuor, Phillip Okinda,Jondiko, Isaac Ogoche,Nyunja, Regina Achieng',Akala, Hosea,Mwinzi, Pauline,Opiyo, Sylvia Awino 한국응용생명화학회 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.6
Phytochemical and biological evaluation of the stem bark of Alysicarpus ovalifolius led to the isolation of three carbazole alkaloids identified as mohanimbine (1), koenimbine (2) and koenidine (3) along with quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside (5), orientin (6), apigenin (7), quercetin (8), plumbagin (9) and stigmasterol (10). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using physical and spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with the literature data. Compound 3 showed strong activity against chloroquine-sensitive strain I (D6) and the multi-drug resistant Indochicha I (W2) of Plasmodium falciparum with $IC_{50}$ values of $63.07{\pm}0.01$ and $54.19{\pm}0.04ng/mL$, respectively. Compound 1 on the other hand exhibited moderate larvicidal against Anopheles gambiae larvae as well as antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.