초등학교 급식소에서의 HACCP 적용을 위한 계절별 환경미생물학적 위해분석

권성희,이헌옥,정덕화,신원선,엄애선 한국조리과학회 2003 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.19 No.5

Foodservice at elementary schools has been povided nation-wide. It is predictable that foodborne diseases would increase continuously. Formation of a counterplan is urgently needed. This study was designed to identify the stage which contains the critical control points (CCPs) for the microbiological management of HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) at the foodservice provided at elementary schools. Foodservice places at four elementary schools in Seoul were sampled and the overall hygiene of cooking, utensils and equipment, employees, and environment by season were examined. The results showed that the number of bacteria in overall samples was increased and that E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus by biochemical test emerged in more diverse samples in summer than in spring. Particularly, the number of aerial bacteria in summer was three-fold greater than that in either spring or winter. E. coli 0157 was not detected, although Salmonella was identified by PCR analysis in the meat Knives, chopping boards, waste bins and meat dish at elementary school foodservice. According to this data, cross-contamination should be managed in the stage of mixing up the ingredients with improper equipments and insanitary treatments. Thus, the establishment of SSOP (Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures) and GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) at elementary school foodservice is stringently required, along with sanitation education for workers and employees as CCPs.

소규모 베이커리에서의 HACCP적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해도 평가

엄애선,권성희,정덕화,오상석,이헌옥 한국조리과학회 2003 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Recently, the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system has been emphasized in food processing industries throughout the world. However, the system has, as yet, not been applied very well to domestic food industries. Due to the increase in the consumption of bakery products, more studies are required on the application of HACCP to establish the system in small-scale bakeries. This study was designed to provide basic data for setting management standards for HACCP, based on microbiological hazard evaluations of bakery products. Red bean paste filled breads, custard cream filled breads and cakes covered with fresh whipping cream were collected, and microbiological evaluations conducted on the raw materials, the manufacturing processes and potential hazards. The result showed the presence of coliforms in fresh cream of cakes and the soybean paste of soybean paste breads at levels as high as 105 CFU/g on the hazard analysis of the raw materials. Moreover, the general levels of bacteria and coliforms were over those of the standards during the intermediate fermentation and molding processes. Furthermore, high levels of coliforms were detected on the hands of the salesmen and bakers themselves. This suggests that the CCPs (Critical Control Points), such as fresh cream and red bean paste manufacturing process desperately require better management. There is also a requirement for education relating to personal hygiene for the production of hygienic bakery products and for the publics health.

시스템 다이내믹스를 이용한 간호단위별 간호인력 산정에 관한 연구

김문실,성영희,권경자,김도형,김정아,신덕신,유인자,유재국,이현숙 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to forecast manpower by building the nursing manpower-staffing model(surgical-medical nursing unite). Method: The system dynamics approach was adapted to build a simulation model for calculating medical-surgical nursing manpower-staffing. The model was built up on Venism 5.0b DSS. Result: The results in the basic circumstance are in following. The level of nursing service quality, patientsatisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction maintains higher at medical-surgical nursing unit of the tertiary hospitals with the ratio of bed to nurse 2.5:1-3.0:1 than at any other situations. The level of nursing service quality, patient satisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction maintains higher at madical nursing unit of the secontary hospotals with the ratio of bed to nurse 3.0:1 and at surgical nursing unit of the secondary hospitals with the ratio of bed to nurse 3.0:1-3.5:1 than at any other situations in the fundamental from. The results in the simulation circumstance are in following, As author raises the operating rate of bed into 95-100%, and cut skilled nursing staff down, the level of nursing-service quality, patient satisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction drops slightly. Conclusion: In terms of economic efficiency on tertiary hospotals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable medical-surgical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.0:1. In terms of economic efficiency on secondary hospitals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable medical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.0:1 and surgical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.5:1

임신 생식관련인자와 비만위험

장기홍,권혁찬,이득주,유희석,이은주,한인권 대한비만학회 1995 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.4 No.1

It is thought Omt there is a close relationship between obesity and pregnancy, but there are not any concrete studies in Korea. Therefore, a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate how factors surrounding pregnancies affect the body mass index. 385 women who had no history of disease or medication as a cause of obesity were randomly selected, and factors vlated to pregnancy vi ere compared between a normal body mass index group and a group where the body mass index was more thsn one standard deviation from the average. The average age of the study group was 44,25 years(S.SS) and the average body mass index was 23.09 kg/m2(3.00). 4 the obese group the average age was statistically higher, the level of education was statistically lower, but there was no statistica] difference with regard to smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise. Age showed to be statistically significant positive correiation with body mass index, but the level of education showed negative correlation. The age of first pregnancy, age of first delivery, and the mterval between menarche and first pregnancy showed statistieally significant negative correlation with the body mass index, whereas the duration of lactation, total number of pregnancies showed statistically significant positive correlation with body mass index. There was statistical1y significant more deliveries in the group where the body mass index was more than one standard deviation frvm the average, the risk for obesity was 2.5 times higher in women who had three or more deliveries compared to those who had less than three deliveries, and the risk was 1.5 times higher in women who had their first delivery before the age of 25 years compared to those over the age of 25 years. But other factors were found not to be different between the two study group and were independent of age, level of education, aleohol consumption and smoking. It can be seen from these results that pregnancy related factors are related to obesity, and that especially age, level of education, alcohol consumption and smoking independantly increase the risk for obesity. Also those women who have had more than three deliveries or who had their first pregnancy before the age of 25 years were at risk, and there should be a formulative plan for these women. It is hoped that in-depth study of pregnancy factors contributing to obesity be determined with further study and research.

여성호르몬 대체요법후 체중변화와 베타3 아드레날린 수용체 유전자형의 연관성에 관한 연구

이기호,김상만,이득주,최희정,한인권 대한비만학회 2003 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.12 No.3

연구배경: 폐경 전후에서의 체중 증가와 여성호르몬과의 연관성이 지속적으로 논의되어왔다 교감 신경계는 지방대사를 촉진하여 대사적 열생산을 증가시키는 작용을 가지고 있으므로 이와 관련하여 베타3아드레날린 수용체의 유전자형이 폐경여성에서 여성호르몬 대체요법 이후의 체중증가와 연관이 있는지를 밝히고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 1995년부터 2002년 5월까지 삼성제일병윈 비만클리닉 및 갱년기 클리닉에 방문하여 여성 호르몬 대체요법을 시행 받았으며, 폐경에 관련한 과거력, 여성 호르몬 투여 전후의 체중, 체질량 지수에 대한 자료를 확보할 수 있곤, 베타3 아드레날린 수용체 유전자의 다형성을 분석한 92명을 최종 연구 대상자로 하였다. 결과: 베타3 아드레날린 수용체 유전자 다형성 분포는 Trp64Trp형 39.1%, Trp64Arg형 25.0%,Arg64Arg형 34.8%,로 나타났다 여성호르몬 투여 전 체중의 평균은 61.07±7.06이었으며, 여성 호르몬대체요법 후 체중 변화의 평균은 1.28±3.20 증가로 나타났으나, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다 β3 아드레날린 수용체 유전자 아형에 따른 체중의 평균 변화는 Trp64Trp형에서 1.86±2.94 증가, Trp64Arg형 0.74±2.97 증가, Arg64Arg형 1,00±3.61 증가로 나타났으나 이들 모두 통계적 유의성은 없었으며, 세 아형간의 변화량도 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 폐경여성에서 여성호르몬 대체요법 후 체중이 증가하였으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, β3아드레날린 수용체 유전자 아형에 따른 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다. Background: The study results to determine the relationship between postmenopausal estrogen use and weight gain have not been consistent. Genetic studies have reported the association of BMI with the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorhism. This study as designed to indentify association of beta3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorhism with weight gain related to HRT in postmenopausal women. Methods: 192 postmenopausal women at a general hospital, Bariatric and climacteric clinic have been collected. Subtypes of beta3 adrenergic receptors were measured and physical, anthropomeric data including body fat and BMI was obtained before and after HRT. Results: Arg/Arg group was 34.8%, Trp/Arg group was 25.0%, Trp/Trp group was 39.1%. Mean weight gain in 192 postmenopausal women was 1.28±3.20 kg and the percent changes in weight gain between initial and final point was 2.32±5.66% but these resulst had no statistical significance (p>0.05). Weight gain(%) were 2.24%(95% C.I 0.35~4.13) in Arg/Arg group, 1.08%(-1.17~3.29) in Trp/Arg group and 3.18%(1.49~4.92) in Trp/Trp, but these results did not show statistical significance(F=1.13, p=0.03). Conclusion: Polymorphism of beta3 adrenergic receptor gene was not associated with weight gain after HRT in postmenopausal women. From these results, we may conclude that polymorhism of beta3 adrenergic receptor may not be the predicting factor to understand the weight gain after HRT in postmenopausal women.

The Effect of the Transparency of an Overdense Plasma on Proton Beam Generation by an Intense Ultra-Short Laser Pulse

Kwon Duck-Hee,Jeong Young-Uk,Kitae Lee,Park Seong-Hee 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.1

The interaction of an ultra-short intense laser with an overdense plasma is numerically studied from the point of view of accelerated proton beam generation. We use a one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code for simplicity. The laser intensity is about 1018 1019 W/cm2, the pulse width is a few tens of fs, and the plasma density is about 4nc 10nc (nc !2me0/e2). Various forces to accelerate proton ions are investigated as the light intensity and the plasma density are varied . One of the main forces is light pressure, and another is the space-charge-field force induced by rapid electron dispersion. Different behaviors of the energy distribution of the accelerated proton beam are observed under different conditions for the transparency and the opacity of the laser pulse. When the laser light is mostly reflected in front of the plasma slab, the proton ion beams is more collimated by the light pressure. In addition, the kind of polarization of the laser affects the energy spectrum of the accelerated protons, and circular polarization is preferred to linear polarization for effective collimation of an accelerated proton beam.

Theoretical electron-impact-ionization cross section for Fe11+forming Fe12+

Kwon, Duck-Hee,Savin, Daniel Wolf American Physical Society 2012 Physical review. A. Atomic, molecular, and optical Vol.86 No.2

ASE-driven Shock Propagation in the Interaction of an Ultra-short Intense Laser with a C8D8 Foil

Duck-Hee Kwon,이성만,Sung-Ok Kwon,Hyungki Cha 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.2

The pre-deformed plasma profile of deuterated polystyrene (C8D8, DPS) foil with an ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) pedestal is investigated by means of radiation hydrodynamic simulations in the interaction with an ultra-short intense laser. The effect of ASE-driven shock propagation on the foil deformation is presented for various foil thicknesses and intensities of the ASE. As the intensity of the ASE pulse is increased, the rear side of the foil begins to expand due to shock-induced heating. The rear side of the foil maintains its initial sharp density gradient for thicknesses larger than the shock propagation length during the ASE pulse or at a very thin thickness, which results in a catch up of the shock by the leading edge at the ablation front. The behavior in this very thin DPS foil is quite different from that the rear side is expanded by a radiative heating in a very thin Al foil.

Low prealbumin levels are independently associated with higher mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis

( Kyung Hee Lee ),( Jang Hee Cho ),( Owen Kwon ),( Sang Un Kim ),( Ryang Hi Kim ),( Young Wook Cho ),( Hee Yeon Jung ),( Ji Young Choi ),( Chan Duck Kim ),( Yong Lim Kim ),( Sun Hee Park ) 대한신장학회 2016 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.35 No.3

Background: Prealbumin, a sensitive marker for proteineenergy status, is also known as an independent risk factor for mortality in hemodialysis patients. We investigated the impact of prealbumin on survival in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: In total, 136 incident PD patients (mean age, 53.0 ± 15.8 years) between 2002 and 2007 were enrolled in the study. Laboratory data, dialysis adequacy, and nutritional parameters were assessed 3 months after PD initiation. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to prealbumin level: high prealbumin (
40 mg/dL) and low prealbumin (< 40 mg/dL). Results: The patients in the low-prealbumin group were older and had more comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases compared with the patients in the high-prealbumin group. Mean subjective global assessment scores were lower, and the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were higher in the low-prealbumin group. Serum creatinine, albumin, and transferrin levels; percent lean body mass; and normalized protein catabolic rate were positively associated, whereas subjective global assessment scores and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were negatively associated with prealbumin concentration. During the median follow-up of 49 months, patients in the lower prealbumin group had a higher mortality rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that prealbumin < 40 mg/dL (hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.14e4.64) was an independent risk factor for mortality. In receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve of prealbumin for mortality was the largest among the parameters. Conclusion: Prealbumin levels were an independent and sensitive predictor for mortality in incident PD patients, showing a good correlation with nutritional and inflammatory markers.

Immunologic Monitoring of T-Lymphocyte Subsets and Hla-Dr-Positive Monocytes in Kidney Transplant Recipients : A Prospective, Observational Cohort Study

Cho, Jang-Hee,Yoon, Young-Deuk,Jang, Hye Min,Kwon, Eugene,Jung, Hee-Yeon,Choi, Ji-Young,Park, Sun-Hee,Kim, Yong-Lim,Kim, Hyung-Kee,Huh, Seung,Won, Dong-Il,Kim, Chan-Duck Wolters Kluwer Health 2015 Medicine Vol.94 No.44

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The clinical significance of circulating T-lymphocyte subsets and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-positive monocytes in the peripheral blood of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) remains unclear. We examined the efficacy of enumerating these cells for the immunologic monitoring of KTRs.</P><P>Blood samples were obtained before transplantation, 2 weeks after transplantation and at diagnosis, and 2 weeks after treating biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Serial flow cytometric analysis was performed using peripheral blood obtained from 123 patients to identify the frequencies of HLA-DR<SUP>+</SUP>, CD3<SUP>+</SUP>, CD4<SUP>+</SUP>, CD8<SUP>+</SUP>, and CD25<SUP>+</SUP> T-lymphocytes and HLA-DR-positive monocytes.</P><P>Frequencies of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP>/CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells, CD8<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP>/CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells, and HLA-DR-positive monocytes were significantly lower at 2 weeks after transplantation than before transplantation (all <I>P</I> < 0.001). This decrease was not correlated with clinical parameters. The frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP>/CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells was significantly higher in KTRs with acute rejection than in KTRs at 2 weeks after transplantation (9.10% [range 4.30–25.6%] vs 5.10% [range 0.10–33.3%]; <I>P</I> = 0.024). However, no significant differences were observed between stable KTRs and KTRs with CMV infection. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve adjusted by covariates showed that acute rejection could be predicted with 75.0% sensitivity and 68.4% specificity by setting the cutoff value of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP>/CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell frequency as 5.8%.</P><P>Circulating T-lymphocyte and monocyte subsets showed significant and consistent changes in their frequencies after immunosuppression. Of the various immune cells examined, circulating levels of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP> T cells might be a useful noninvasive immunologic indicator for detecting acute rejection.</P>