"덕은 가르쳐질 수 있는가?"라는 물음의 도덕교육적 함의

김상돈 ( Sang Don Kim ) 한국윤리교육학회 2009 윤리교육연구 Vol.0 No.20

소크라테스는 『프로타고라스』와 『메논』에서 "덕은 가르쳐질 수 있는가?"라는 물음을 제시한다. 프로타고라스와 메논은 미묘한 차이가 있기는 하지만 모두 덕은 가르쳐질 수 있다고 주장한다. 하지만 소크라테스는 덕의 교육가능성과 덕의 지식가능성을 논리적으로 연결시키면서 만약 프로타고라스와 메논이 덕의 지식가능성을 입증하지 못한다면 그들은 부당 전제의 오류를 범하게 되는 것임을 주장한다. 왜냐하면 덕의 교육가능성은 덕의 지식가능성에 의존하기 때문이다. 덕의 지식가능성에 대한 논의는 "덕이란 무엇인가?"라는 물음에 관한 논쟁으로 이어진다. 그러나 두 대화편 모두에서 덕의 본질에 대한 최종적인 결론은 발견되지 않는다. 따라서 덕의 교육가능성 역시 미해결의 과제로 남게 된다. 소피스트의 상대주의적 관점을 비판하고 이성에 근거한 객관적인 지식을 추구한 것으로 알려진 소크라테스가 덕의 지식가능성과 교육가능성에 대해 확신하지 않았다는 점은 다소 의아한 것이다. 그렇다면 프로타고라스, 메논과의 논쟁에서 보여준 소크라테스의 의구심은 어떤 의미로 해석될 수 있는가? 본 논문은 덕의 교육가능성에 대한 물음과 논쟁을 분석하여 그것에 담긴 도덕교육적 함의를 탐색한다. This study is focused on Socratic question, "Can be virtue teachable", in Protagoras and Meno. In Protagoras, Protagoras insists that he can teach virtue, in particular, civic virtue, and he know what it is. But Socrates presents some questions to him. According to Socrates, we cannot have a conviction about the possibility, if we don`t have the knowledge about what virtue is. Similarly in Meno, Meno also ask a question to Socrates. The teachability of virtue and the possibility as knowledge of virtue are correlated. Socrates examines two theses. But the conclusion is disappointed. Socrates still open the question those two possibilities. This means that he, too, has not a cogent argument on what virtue is. Socrates`s hesitation shows a lot of implications about moral education. Can we teach morals? What is the moral that we intend to teach. Is it the same as Socratic virtue? Or, Is it different with ancient Greek virtue. Greek, arete, can it be interpreted as virtue, modern language? We can find the answer about these questions, by distinguishing and moral. Virtue can be totally reduced into moral. It has some different logical structure. Here, we can find the true meaning of virtue ethics. In moral education, moral virtue and moral principle or moral rule have competed each other. Nevertheless, without principle, virtue cannot be justified as contents of moral education, because teaching is possible by principle. Moral principle, moral rule, and moral knowledge cannot be separated in concept. Contrarily, moral knowledge with virtue is ineffective in moral education.

Protective Effects of N-acetylcystenine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats

Yeo-sung Yoon,Sun-don Kim,Min-hye Lee,Heung-shik S.Lee,In-se Lee,Je-kyung Sung,Eun-sung Park 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in RatsEun-sung Park, Sun-don Kim1, Min-hye Lee, Heung-shik S. Lee, In-se Lee, Je-kyung Sung and Yeo-sung Yoon*

장이간 이뇨제 남용중인 특발성 또는 자가획득 부종간의 병태생리의 차이

민경환(Kyung Hwan Min),김호중(Ho Jung Kim),유준호(Jun Ho Ryu),한상웅(Sang Woong Han),강석우(Seok Woo Kang),문중돈(Jung Don Mun) 대한신장학회 2000 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.19 No.1

N/A Patients suffering from idiopathic or self-induced edema are uniformly characterized by chronic use of furosemide, which leads to vicious cycle of edema. Among chronic furosemide users who don't have any other specific edema forming diseases, 9 patients from the outpatient clinic(OC) and 6 patients examined at the emergency room(ER) used it mainly for weight reduction and for cyclical edema, respectively. All of the ER group patients were presented with severe hypokalemia(2.04±0.2mEq/L; range 1.3 to 2.7 mEq/L) and alkalosis(748±0.01; range 7.44 to 7.51) but none from the OC group showed such results. Other baseline parameters including Plasma renin activity(PRA) and aldosterone level on recumbency, and FEn₂were similar in both groups. In contrast, daily working hours(6.1±0.5 vs 10±0.6hr, p<0.01), average body weight gain between AM and PM(0.4±0.1 vs 0.9±0.lkg, p<0.01), peak weight gain interval(9±0.8 vs 5±0.1day, p<0.05), PRA(7.6±1.5 vs 23.5±7.2ng/ml/h, p<0.05) and aldosterone level(22.1±4.2 vs 64.8±10.4 ng/dl, p<0.01) on ambulation, and FEk. on normokalemia(ll±2A vs 36±7.7%, p<0.01) were statistically different between the two groups. In comparison to the OC group, both the amout of urine(617±39 vs 358±26ml, p<0.01) and the percent change of PRA(-14±4 vs -3±2%, p<0.05) and al-dosterone level(-17±5 vs -4±3%, p<0.05) after saline loading(lL over 1hr, IV) following ambulation were smaller in the Elt group. Moat of the ER group patients(5/6) required aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone) added to K(+) supplement, but all of the OC group patients were managed to maintain an edema-free status with conservative treatment. In conclusion, patients with idiopathic edema seem to have more fluid transudation out of intravascular space during orthostasis with a prominent degree of deranged renin-aldosterone axis and K(+) metabolism than those with self-induced edema.

Intraarterial Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Mitomycin-C, Vincristine, and Cisplatin in Patients with Stage 2b Bulky Cervical Carcinoma

( Sang Yoon Park ),( Byoung Gie Kim ),( Jeung Ihn Kim ),( Je Hoo Lee ),( Eui Don Lee ),( Kyeong Hee Lee ),( Kee Bock Park ),( Byung Hee Lee ),( Kie Hwan Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 1994 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.73 No.-

Electrochemical and in vitro neuronal recording characteristics of multi-electrode arrays surface-modified with electro-co-deposited gold-platinum nanoparticles

Kim, Yong Hee,Kim, Ah Young,Kim, Gook Hwa,Han, Young Hwan,Chung, Myung-Ae,Jung, Sang-Don Springer-Verlag 2016 Biomedical microdevices Vol.18 No.1

STABILIZED1 Modulates Pre-mRNA Splicing for Thermotolerance

Kim, Geun-Don,Cho, Young-Hee,Lee, Byeong-Ha,Yoo, Sang-Dong American Society of Plant Biologists 2017 Plant Physiology Vol.173 No.4

<P>High-temperature stress often leads to differential RNA splicing, thus accumulating different types and/or amounts of mature mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. However, regulatory mechanisms underlying plant precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing in the environmental stress conditions remain elusive. Herein, we describe that a U5-snRNP-interacting protein homolog STABILIZED1 (STA1) has pre-mRNA splicing activity for heat-inducible transcripts including HEAT STRESS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORs and various HEAT SHOCK PROTEINs for the establishment of heat stress tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Our cell-based splicing reporter assay demonstrated STA1 acts on pre-mRNA splicing for specific subsets of stress-related genes. Cellular reconstitution of heat-inducible transcription cascades supported the view that STA1-dependent premRNA splicing plays a role in DREB2A-dependent HSFA3 expression for heat-responsive gene expression. Further genetic analysis with a loss-of-function mutant sta1-1, STA1-expressing transgenic plants in Col background, and STA1-expressing transgenic plants in the sta1-1 background verified that STA1 is essential in expression of necessary genes including HSFA3 for two-step heat stress tolerance in plants. However, constitutive overexpression of the cDNA version of HSFA3 in the sta1-1 background is unable to execute plant heat stress tolerance in sta1-1. Consistently our global target analysis of STA1 showed that its splicing activity modulates a rather broad range of gene expression in response to heat treatment. The findings of this study reveal that heat-inducible STA1 activity for pre-mRNA splicing serves as a molecular regulatory mechanism underlying the plant stress tolerance to high-temperature stress.</P>

Oryza sativa heat-induced RING finger protein 1 (OsHIRP1) positively regulates plant response to heat stress

Kim, Ju Hee,Lim, Sung Don,Jang, Cheol Seong Springer-Verlag 2019 Plant Molecular Biology Vol.99 No.6

In vivo metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 availability-associated functional connectivity alterations in drug-naïve young adults with major depression

Kim, Jong-Hoon,Joo, Yo-Han,Son, Young-Don,Kim, Jeong-Hee,Kim, Yun-Kwan,Kim, Hang-Keun,Lee, Sang-Yoon,Ido, Tatsuo Elsevier 2019 European neuropsychopharmacology Vol.29 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>There has been increasing interest in glutamatergic neurotransmission as a putative underlying mechanism of depressive disorders. We performed [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 positron emission tomography (PET) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in drug-naïve young adult patients with major depression to examine alterations in metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) availability, and to investigate their functional significance relating to neural systems-level changes in major depression. Sixteen psychotropic drug-naïve patients with major depression without comorbidity (median age: 22.8 years) and fifteen matched healthy controls underwent [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 PET imaging and 3-T MRI. For mGluR5 availability, we quantified [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 binding potential (BP<SUB>ND</SUB>) using the simplified reference tissue model. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was performed using rs-fMRI data with regions derived from quantitative [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 PET analysis as seeds. In region-of-interest (ROI)-based and voxel-based analyses, the [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 BP<SUB>ND</SUB> was significantly lower in patients than in controls in the prefrontal cortex ROI and in voxel clusters within the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices, and supramarginal gyrus. The [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 BP<SUB>ND</SUB> seed-based functional connectivity analysis showed significantly less negative connectivity from the inferior parietal cortex seed to the fusiform gyrus and inferior occipital cortex in patients than in controls. The correlation patterns between [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 BP<SUB>ND</SUB> and functional connectivity strength (β) for the superior prefrontal cortex seed were opposite in the depression and control groups. In conclusion, using a novel approach combining [<SUP>11</SUP>C]ABP688 PET and rs-fMRI analyses, our study provides a first evidence of lower mGluR5 availability and related functional connectivity alterations in drug-naïve young adults with major depression without comorbidity.</P>

Retinal Vein Occlusion is Associated with Low Blood High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Kim, Jaeryung,Lim, Dong Hui,Han, Kyungdo,Kang, Se Woong,Ham, Don-Il,Kim, Sang Jin,Chung, Tae-Young Elsevier 2019 American journal of ophthalmology Vol.205 No.-

<P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P>To investigate association between the development of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).</P> <P><B>Design</B></P> <P>A retrospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>This study was set in the Republic of Korea and included 23,149,403 people ≥20 years of age who underwent the Korean National Health Screening Program examination between January 2009 and December 2012. Among them, the RVO group was composed of patients with an initial diagnosis of RVO made between 2009 and 2015 (n = 117,639). The earliest claim with an RVO diagnostic code was considered as the incident time. The predictive value of HDL-C level for RVO was analyzed using hazard ratios. The primary outcome measure was the incident cases of RVO.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Subjects with RVO were generally older; had high body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride values, and low glomerular filtration rate and HDL-C values; and were more likely to experience diabetes mellitus and hypertension compared with the non-RVO group. The fully adjusted hazard ratio of RVO was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.10–1.14) in the lowest quartile of HDL-C versus in the highest quartile. The association between the development of RVO and HDL-C was higher those with a younger age, male sex, current smoking habit, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, we observed a significant synergistic effect of low HDL-C level with obesity and hypertension.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>This is the first nationwide population-based epidemiologic study evaluating the association between HDL-C level and the risk of RVO development. A significant association between low HDL-C and RVO development was found.</P>

Effect of Korean Ginseng Extract on the Recovery of Heart Rate After Exercise and the Aerobic Capacity in Old Men

Kim, Tai Ho,Kim, Chun,Rhee, Sang Don 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1979 中央醫大誌 Vol.4 No.1

인삼 (고려인삼정)을 1회 투여했을 때와, 매일 2회씩 두달간 투여했을 때의 인삼작용을 11명의 노인을 통해 연구하였다. 1회 투여실험에서는 약 1.8g의 고려인삼정을 낮은 속도 경사와 단기간(1.5분)의 아최대(Submaximal)의 트레드밀(Treadmill) 달리기 30분 전에 투여하였다. 일상 복용 실험에서는 고려인삼가루(매번 1회분)를 아침 저녁으로 투여하였고, 최대 산소 소비량은 1개월 및 두달후에 측정하였다. 필요 산소 용량의 측정일에는 고려인삼을 투여하지 않았다. 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 1회분 고려인삼 복용후 아최대 운동을 할때, 달리기하는 동안의 심장 박동수는 앉은 상태의 대조 참고 심장 박동수의 172%에 달해서 대조 표준시의 175%보다 낮았다. 고려인삼 복용후 회복시간 3분경과시의 운동후 심장 박동수는 대조 심장 박동수의 106%로서 상당히 낮았다(P<.45). 2. 매일 고려인삼을 복용하는 동안 1개월 및 2개월이 경과 했을때의 최대 산소 섭취력은 실험자 2명의 경우 증가했고 다른 2명의 경우엔 감소했다. 초기 회복 단계에서의 최대 심장박동수와 회복 심장박동수는 대조 표준보다 약간의 감소를 보여 주었다. 매일 고려인삼을 두달 복용한 후 평균 혈압의 일정한 변화를 관찰할 수 없었다. 3. 그리하여 고려인삼을 아최대 운동(1회분)과 최대 운동(매일 2개월 동안 복용)을 할 때, 운동중일때와 운동 후 심장 박동수 회복에 adaptogenic한 작용을 했다. Gingseng (Korseng Extract) action of one dosafe administration and two times daily intake for 2 months was studied in 11 old men. In one dosage administration experiment about 1.8 grams of Korsrng Extract was given 30 minutes before submaximal treadmill run of low speed, indline and short duration (<1.5 min). In the daily intake experiment, Korseng Powder (one dosage each) was given in the morning and evening and maximal oxygen consumption was observed after 1 and 2 months. On the korseng was administered. The following results were obtained. 1. In the sumbmaximal exercise after intake of one dosage to 172% of the sitting control reference HR during run reached to 172% of the sitting control reference HR and was significantly less than control which was 175% of the reference HR(P</4). Postexercise HR at 3 minutes recovery after Korseng intake was 106% of the reference HR and was significantly (P<.45) smaller than that of the control. The BP also showed the same trend. During run and early phase of post-exercise recovery the difference between the control and experimental run was significant (P<.45). 2. Maximal oxygen uptake at 1 and 2 months an increase in 2 subjects and a decrease in another 2 subjects. Maximal and recovery heart rate during the early phase of recovery showed a slight decrease as compared to the control. No consistent change in the mean BP was observed after two months of daily Korseng intake. 3. Thus Korseng exerted an adantogenic action on exercise and post-exercise restoration of HR both in submaximal (one dosage) and maximal exercise (daily intake for 2 months). Korseng Extract and Korseng Powder were kindly supplied by the Korean Ginseng Products Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea.