노화 쥐의 성별에 따른 트레드밀 운동이 공간기억력에 미치는 영향

신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),이수신(Su-Shin Lee),허유미(Yu-Mi Heo),김창주(Chang-Ju Kim),이삼준(Sam-Jun Lee) 대한스트레스학회 2012 스트레스硏究 Vol.20 No.1

성별에 따른 트레드밀 달리기가 노화 쥐의 공간기억력에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 2개월 된 암컷 쥐와 수컷 쥐를 젊은 쥐로 하였고, 15개월 된 암컷 쥐와 수컷 쥐를 노화 쥐로 하였다. 실험동물은 젊은 암컷 대조군(N=6), 젊은 암컷 운동군(N=6), 젊은 수컷 대조군(N=6), 젊은 수컷 운동군(N=6), 노화 암컷 대조군(N=6), 노화 암컷 운동군(N=6), 노화 수컷 대조군(N=6), 노화 수컷 운동군(N=6)의 8군으로 나누었다. 운동군은 소형동물용 트레드밀에서 하루 일회 30분간 4주 동안 트레드밀 달리기를 실시하였다. 노화 쥐는 젊은 쥐와 비교하였을 때 공간기억력의 감퇴를 나타내었고 해마에서 신경세포 생성은 억제된 반면 세포 사멸은 증가되었다. 노화 쥐에서 트레드밀 달리기를 시행하였을 때, 공간 기억력의 감퇴가 억제되었고 해마의 신경세포 생성은 증가된 반면 세포사멸은 억제되었다. 해마에서의 myostatin과 follistatin 발현은 뇌화 쥐에서 억제되었으나, 트레드밀 달리기에 의하여 증가되었다. 그러나 트레드밀 달리기의 이러한 효과는 성별에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구를 통하여 트레드밀 달리기는 해마에서 myostatin과 follistatin의 발현을 억제함으로써 신경세포 생성을 증가시켜 노화에 의한 기억력 감퇴를 경감시킴을 알 수 있었다. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise according to gender on spatial memory in old aged rats. Two month-old female rats and male rats were used as the young-aged groups, meanwhile 16-month-old female rats and male rats were used as the old-aged groups. The rats were divided into 8 groups (N=6 in each group): young-aged female control group, young-aged female exercise group, young-aged male control group, young-aged male exercise group, old-aged female control group, old-aged female exercise group, old-aged male control group, old-aged male exercise group. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. In old-aged rats, spatial memory was disturbed, in contrast treadmill exercise improved spatial memory in the old-aged rats. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus was decreased and apoptosis was increased in the old-aged rats. In contrast, treadmill exercise increased neurogensis and decreased apoptosis in the old-aged rats. Myostatin and follistatin expressions in the hippocampus were increased in the old-aged rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed myostatin and follistatin expressions in the old-aged rats. There was no gender difference in these effects of treadmill exercise. We showed that treadmill exercise is a very useful strategy for ameliorating age-induced memory loss by increasing neurogenesis through suppressing myostatin and follistatin expressions. (Korean J Str Res 2012;20:51∼60)

수영 운동이 외상성 뇌손상 유발 흰쥐에서의 c-Fos 발현에 미치는 영향

김보균(Kim Bo-Kyun),윤성진(Yoon Sung-Jin),김승희(Kim Seung-Hee),서진희(Seo Jin-Hee),김대영(Kim Dae-Young),성윤희(Sung Yun-Hee),김창주(Kim Chang-Ju),신말순(Shin Mal-Soon),윤진환(Yun Jin-Hwan),이희혁(Lee Hee-Hyuk) 한국체육과학회 2009 한국체육과학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Traumatic brain injury is known to cause severe neurological damage and has a high mortality rate. c-Fos expression is recognized as a marker of increased neuronal activity, however, excessive c-Fos expression represents apoptotic neuronal cell death. In the present study, the effect of swimming exercise on traumatic brain injury-induced c-Fos expression in rats was investigated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The rats were divided into 3 groups: the sham-operation group, the traumatic brain injury-induction group, and the traumatic brain injury-induction and swimming exercise group. The animals in the exercise group were forced to swim for 30 min once a day during 14 consecutive days. The present results showed that traumatic brain injury enhanced the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) regions and that swimming exercise significantly suppressed the traumatic brain injury-induced c-Fos expression. In the traumatic brain injury rats, swimming exercise exerted inhibitory effect on the c-Fos exepression in the PVN and vlPAG regions. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that swimming exercise has a neuroprotective against traumatic brain injury by suppressing c-Fos expression.

Effects of treadmill exercise on the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the dorsal raphe of the rats with streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease

You-Mi Kim(김유미),Il-Gyu Ko(고일규),Dong-Hyun Kim(김동현),Dae-Young Kim(김대영),Bo-Kyun Kim(김보균),Mal-Soon Shin(신말순),Chang-Ju Kim(김창주),Eun-Sang Ji(지은상),Yong-Seok Ji(지용석),Hee-Hyuk Lee(이희혁) 한국코칭능력개발원 2009 코칭능력개발지 Vol.11 No.1

트레드밀 운동이 당뇨병유도 쥐의 시상하부에서 nitric oxide synthase 발현에 미치는 영향

신말순(Mal Soon Shin),윤진환(Jin Hwan Yoon),김창주(Chang Ju Kim) 한국체육교육학회 2003 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.8 No.2

장거리 육상 경기 선수에서 심박수를 이용한 무산소 역치의 추정

김성수(Kim Sung Soo),오창석(Oh Chang Seuk),이창규(Lee Chang Kyu),신말순(Shin Mal Soon),박준기(Park Joon Ki),한종우(Han Jong Woo) 한국체육교육학회 1998 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of heart rate as a new method to determine anaerobic threshold and compare predicted running time using heart rate deflection point(HRDP) to actual running time. the anaerobic threshold determined by heart rate(HR) was compared to those determined by lactate(LT) or ventilation variables(VT) in laboratory and field tests, and running time predicted from HRDP was compared to actual running time. The subjects were 16 long distance runners who were of average age, height and weight were 20.1±3.81years, 170.6±5.28cm and 57.8±5.33kg respectively. They were examined to determine their LT, VT in laboratory tests and HRDP in field test. The following results were obtained. 1. V˙O₂max was 80.0˙5.30ml/kg/min. Maximal heart rate in laboratory test and field test were 188.1±6.60 and 186.9±5.46 respectively. 2. Oxygen consumption in LT, VT and HRDP lab test were 71.8±6.90ml/kg/min(89.7 of V˙O₂max), 65.6±4.9ml/kg/min(82.1% of V˙O₂max), 72.9±5.0ml/kg/min(91.2% of V˙O₂max). Respectively, there were no differences among the results. 3. Heart rate in LT, VT and HRDP lab tests were 177.9±5.20bpm, 163.7±8.30bpm and 179.6±5.60bpm respectively. There were no differences among the results. 4. V˙O₂ in HRDP in lab tests showed high correlation with V˙O₂ in LT and VT lab tests(r=0.77 r=0.66 respectively. p$lt;0.01). 5. HR in HRDP field test showed high correlation with HR at HRDP in lab tests(r=0.83, p$lt;0.001). The results suggested that the HRDP was a useful method to determine AT of endurance athletes in the field and a useful parameter for predicting distance running performance.

트레드밀 운동이 당뇨 어미 쥐에서 태어난 새끼 쥐의 해마 치상회와 외측부 뇌실에서 신경세포생성에 미치는 영향

김보균(Kim Bo-Kyun),고일규(Ko Il-Gyu),김창주(Kim Chang-Ju),신말순(Shin Mal-Soon),윤진환(Yoon Jin-Hwan),이희혁(Lee Hee-Hyuk),서태범(Seo Tae-Beom) 한국체육과학회 2009 한국체육과학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders in humans. During pregnancy, diabetes mellitus exerts detrimental effects on the development of the fetus, especially on the central nervous system. In the present study, the effects of treadmill exercise on the cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of rat pups born from the diabetic maternal rats was investigated. To accomplish this, the rat pups were divided into four groups: the maternal control group, the maternal STZ-injection group, the maternal control and postnatal exercise group, and the maternal STZ-injection and postnatal exercise group. The rat pups in the exercise groups were made to run on treadmill for 30 min five times per week for 2 weeks starting 4 weeks after birth. Cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone was investigated Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. In the present results, the rat pups born from the maternal rats with diabetes showed decreased Ki-67 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone, whereas postnatal treadmill exercise increased Ki-67 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the rat pups born from the maternal rats with diabetes. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that postnatal treadmill exercise may be useful for the treatment of neurodevelopmental problems in children born from the mothers who have experienced diabetes during pregnancy.

청심포자음(淸心蒲子飮)의 구속 스트레스 및 절개 통증에 대한 항스트레스 작용과 진통효과

윤정환,고일규,신말순,김창주,이충열,Yoon, Jeong-Hwan,Ko, Il-Gyu,Shin, Mal-Soon,Kim, Chang-Ju,Lee, Chung-Yeol 대한동의생리학회 2007 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.21 No.4

The aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum has been used to treat palpitation, anemia, chronic fatigue, hypertension, and stroke. It also possesses various pharmacological effects including hypotensive, blood circulating, sedative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and anti-stress activities. In the present results, the latency time of plantar test was decreased in the immobilization stress and incusion pain-induction group. However the paw withdrawal latency values were increased in the immobilization stress and incision pain-induction groups after treatment with the aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum. The c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe were enhanced in the immobilization stress and incision pain-induction groups. However, the treatment with the aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum suppressed the immobilization stress and incision pain-induced increase of c-Fos, 5-HT, and TPH expressions. Here in this study, we have demonstrated the protective effects of Chungsimyeonja-eum on immobilization and incision pain-induced stress. The present study revealed that Chungsimyeonja-eum treatment diminishes immobilization and pain stress.

Amyloid Beta에 의한 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐의 단기 기억장애에 미치는 트레드밀 운동의 영향

김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),이수신(Su-Shin Lee),김재등(Jae-Deung Kim),박준기(Joonki Park),이삼준(Sam-Jun Lee),성윤희(Yun-Hee Sung),김영표(Young-Pyo Kim) 대한스트레스학회 2012 스트레스硏究 Vol.20 No.4

알츠하이머 질환은 기억장애와 인지력의 감퇴를 동반하는 매우 심각한 퇴행성 뇌질환이다. 해마의 신경세포는 알츠하이머 질환에 취약한 부위이다. 신체운동은 뇌 손상 시 세포의 생존을 높이고 기능회복을 향진시킨다. 본 실험에서 이밀로이드 베타 전구물질에 의한 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐에서 트레드밀 운동이 단기 기억력과 해마의 치상회에서 세포사멸에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 체중 180±10 g인 6주령의 암컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 실험군은 대조군, 대조-트레드밀 운동군, 이밀로이드 베타 주사군, 이밀로이드 베타 주사-트레드밀 운동군의 4군으로 분류하였다. 알츠하이머 질환은 대뇌뇌실에 이밀로이드 베타25-35를 주사하여 유발하였다. 트레드밀 운동군은 주사 후 2일 후부터 하루 30분씩 주 5회 4주간 트레드밀 운동을 시행하였다. 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐의 단기기억력이 감소되었고 트레드밀 운동은 이러한 단기기억력의 감소를 경감시켰다. 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐 해마에서 세포사멸이 증가되었고 트레드밀 운동은 이러한 세포사멸을 억제하였다. 본 연구 결과, 트레드밀 운동은 알츠하이머 환자에서 뇌 신경세포의 사멸을 억제함으로써 기억력의 감퇴를 경감시키는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있으며, 따라서 운동은 알츠하이머질환과 같은 퇴행성 뇌질환의 예방 및 재활과정을 촉진할 수 있는 효과적인 치료로 활용될 수 있다고 생각되어진다. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders, and this disease is characterized by severe memory impairment and decline of cognition. Physical exercise is known to promote cell survival and functional recovery after brain injuries. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory and apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus using β-amyloid precursor-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180±10 g (6 weeks old) were used in this experiment. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 in each group): the sham-operation group, the sham-operation and treadmill exercise group, the Aβ25-35-injection group, and the Aβ25-35-injection and treadmill exercise group. The rats model of Alzheimer’s disease was induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of amyloid β25-35 peptide using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once daily, 5 times per week, for 4 consecutive weeks, starting at 2 days after ICV injection of Aβ25-35. The short-term memory in the step-down avoidance test was decreased by Aβ25-35 injection, whereas treadmill exercise alleviated short-term memory impairment induced by Alzheimer’s disease. The apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly increased by Aβ25-35 injection, in contrast, treadmill exercise suppressed apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by Alzheimer’s disease. The present results show that treadmill exercise may provide therapeutic value for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease through suppressing apoptosis.

트레드밀 운동이 6-OHDA로 유발된 파긴슨병 흰쥐 흑색질 내 염증지표에 미치는 영향

조한삼 ( Han Sam Cho ),신말순 ( Mal Soon Shin ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ),백성수 ( Seung Soo Baek ) 한국운동생리학회(구-한국운동과학회) 2012 운동과학 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구에서는 트레드밀 운동이 파킨슨병 쥐의 혹색질에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 6주령의 수컷 쥐를 사용하였으며, 파킨슨병은 뇌정위 수술(stereotaxic surgery) 후 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)를 주입하여 유발하였다. 각각 가성수술군(sham-operation group; n=10). 가정수술 운동군(sham-operation and exercise group; n=10), 파킨슨병군(6-OHDA-injection group; n=10), 파킨슨병 운동군(6-DHDA-injection and exercise group; n= 10)으로 나누어 파킨슨병 유발 4주후부터 운동군은 하루 30분 총 14일간 트레드밀 달리기를 하였다. 흑색질의 염증반응은 cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) 및 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNCG) 면역조직화학법으로 분석하였다. 흑색질의 COX-2 양성세포수는 가정수술군이 54.19±3.68. 운동군이 42.94±3.0l, 파킨슨병 유발군이 98.22±4.73. 파킨슨병 유발 운동군이 61.78±3.86을 나타내었으며, iNOS 양성세포수는 가성수술군이 57.93±3.38. 운동군이 51.64±5.l7. 파킨슨병 유발군이 126.56±7.04, 파킨슨병 유발 운동군이 92.69±8.28을 나타내었다. 본 실험을 통하여 6-OHDA 처치로 인해 염증반응이 증가하였으며, 트레드밀 운동이 COX-2 및 iNOS의 발현을 유의하게 감소시켜, 운동이 파킨슨병으로 인한 뇌신경세포의 염증반응을 완화시키는 긍정적인 효과를 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra of the Parkinson`s rats. Parkinson`s disease was made by injection of 6-hydroxyckJpamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum using 6-week-old male rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups: sham-operation group (n=10), sham-operation and exercise group (n=10), 6-OHDA-injection group (n=10), and 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group (n=10). The animals in the exercise groups were put on the treadmill to run for 30 minutes once a day for 14 consecutive days, starting 4 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. For the detection of inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNCG) was performed The number of CQX-2-positive cells in substantia nigra was 54.19±3.68 in the sham-operation group, 42.94±3.0l in the sham-operation and exercise group, 98.22±4.73 in the 6-OHDA-injection group, and 61.78±3.86 in the 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group. The number of iNOS-positive cells in sull3tantia nigra was 57.93±3.38 in the sham-operation group, 51.64±5.17 in the sham-operation and exercise group, 126.56±7.04 in the 6-OHDA-injection group, and 92.69±8.28 in the 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group. In the present results, 6-OHDA injection increased inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra, and treadmill exercise alleviated the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in the sull3tantia nigra. These results suggest that treadmill exercise may ameliorate inflammatory reaction in the Parkinson`s disease patients.

고온 환경에서의 트레드밀 운동이 흰쥐 뇌에서 세로토닌 발현, 신경세포 생성, 그리고 단기 기억력에 미치는 영향

서진희 ( Jin Hee Seo ),신말순 ( Mal Soon Shin ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ),이광식 ( Kwang Sik Lee ),임백빈 ( Baek Vin Lim ) 체육과학연구원 2009 체육과학연구 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구의 목표는 고온 환경에서의 운동으로 인한 열 스트레스가 세로토닌의 발현, 신경세포의 생성, 그리고 단기 기억력에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 열 스트레스와 뇌 기능과의 연관성을 규명하는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 7주령(평균체중 250±10g) Sprague-Dawley 계열의 수컷 흰쥐(n=40)를 사용하여, 무선배치 방식으로 상온 대조군(n=10), 상온 운동군(n=10), 고온 대조군(n=10),고온 운동군(n=10)으로 분류 하였으며, 상온군은 온도와 습도를 22℃(상대습도 40%)로, 열 스트레스군은 35℃(상대습도 20%)의 환경으로 설정 하였다. 모든 동물들은 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine-5`-monophosphate (BrdU, 50 mg/kg)을 트레드밀 운동 1시간 전 3일간 투여 하였다. 운동군은 하루 60분씩 3일간의 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였으며, 마지막 트레드밀 운동 후 동물을 희생시켰다. 단기 기억력은 수동회피 실험으로 평가하였으며, 면역조직화학법을 이용하여, 중추피로는 중뇌 봉선핵 부위의 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT) 발현 정도로 측정하였고, 새로운 신경세포의 생성 정도는 해마 치상회 부위에서 BrdU 양성세포의 수로 나타내었다. 이 실험 결과, 흰쥐의 중뇌 봉선핵 부위의 5-HT는 상온운동과 고온운동 그리고 열 스트레스에 의해 증가되어 상온과 고온에서의 트레드밀 운동과 열 스트레스는 중추피로를 증가시키는 요소 중 하나로 판단된다. 해마 치상회에서의 새로운 신경세포의 생성은 상온 트레드밀 운동에 의해 증가되었으나 고온 트레드밀 운동은 신경세포의 생성을 나타내지 못했다. 수동회피실험의 결과 상온과 고온에서의 트레드밀 운동은 단기 기억력에 유의한 차이를 나타내는 영향을 주지는 못했으며, 이는 단기 기억력은 3일간의 트레드밀 운동에 의해 영향을 받지 않음을 나타낸다. 이 실험의 결과, 트레드밀 운동은 상온에서 5-HT와 새로운 신경세포의 생성을 증가시켰으며 기억력의 감퇴를 나타내지 않은 반면, 열 스트레스에 노출된 고운대조군과 고온 운동군에서는 새로운 신경세포의 생성을 억제하고 중추피로를 증가시킴으로서 기억력을 저하시키는 결과를 보여 주었다. 본 실험을 통하여 신경세포의 생성을 증가시키는 트레드밀운동의 효과는 고온의 열 스트레스 환경에서는 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다. Heat stress arising from the thermal environment is of concern to sports medicine and to sports administration, because of the perceived risk of heat casualties, in particular heat stroke. In the present study, the primary aims of this study was to examine the effect of treadmill exercise under heat stress conditions on short-term memory, central fatigue, and cell proliferation. We attempted to evaluate the relationship of exercise with heat stress on brain functions. For this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250±10 g(7 weeks in age) were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups(n=10 in each group): the control in 22℃ group, the exercise in 22℃ group, the control in 35℃ group, and the exercise in 35℃ group. The environmental temperature at 22℃ set as the normal conditions and 3 5℃ was as the heat stress conditions. In the normal conditions, the temperature was 22℃ with relative humidity 40%. In the heat stress conditions, temperature was 35℃ with relative humidity 20%. All animals were injected intraperitionally with 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine-5`-monophosphate(BrdU, 50 mg/kg) one hour before the starting of treadmill exercise once a day for 3 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed immediately after finishing the last session of treadmill exercise on the 3rd day of the experiment. Short-term memory was evaluated by a passive avoidance task. The degree of central fatigue was determined by immunohistochemistry for 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT) in the dorsal raphe. New cell proliferation was detected by immunohistochemistry for BrdU in the dentate gyrus. The present results showed that treadmill exercise under normal and heat stress conditions exerted no signifiant effect on the latency time of passive avoidance task, representing that short-term memory was not effected by treadmill exercise for 3 days. However, heat stress significantly disturbed short-term memory of the rats. The 5-HT synthesis in the dorsal raphe was increased by both treadmill exercise and heat stress, showing that treadmill exercise and heat stress acted as the enhancing factor of central fatigue. The new cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus was increased by treadmill exercise under normal conditions, however, the increasing effect of treadmill exercise was not appeared under the heat stress conditions. The present study revealed that heat stress exerted deteriorative effect on memory capability through enhancing of central fatigue and suppressing of cell proliferation. However, treadmill exercise under heat stress conditions did not show significant recovery effect on memory impairment through enhancing of central fatigue and suppressing of cell proliferation.