트레드밀 운동이 당뇨병유도 쥐의 시상하부에서 nitric oxide synthase 발현에 미치는 영향

신말순(Mal Soon Shin),윤진환(Jin Hwan Yoon),김창주(Chang Ju Kim) 한국체육교육학회 2003 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.8 No.2

노화 쥐의 성별에 따른 트레드밀 운동이 공간기억력에 미치는 영향

신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),이수신(Su-Shin Lee),허유미(Yu-Mi Heo),김창주(Chang-Ju Kim),이삼준(Sam-Jun Lee) 대한스트레스학회 2012 스트레스硏究 Vol.20 No.1

성별에 따른 트레드밀 달리기가 노화 쥐의 공간기억력에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 2개월 된 암컷 쥐와 수컷 쥐를 젊은 쥐로 하였고, 15개월 된 암컷 쥐와 수컷 쥐를 노화 쥐로 하였다. 실험동물은 젊은 암컷 대조군(N=6), 젊은 암컷 운동군(N=6), 젊은 수컷 대조군(N=6), 젊은 수컷 운동군(N=6), 노화 암컷 대조군(N=6), 노화 암컷 운동군(N=6), 노화 수컷 대조군(N=6), 노화 수컷 운동군(N=6)의 8군으로 나누었다. 운동군은 소형동물용 트레드밀에서 하루 일회 30분간 4주 동안 트레드밀 달리기를 실시하였다. 노화 쥐는 젊은 쥐와 비교하였을 때 공간기억력의 감퇴를 나타내었고 해마에서 신경세포 생성은 억제된 반면 세포 사멸은 증가되었다. 노화 쥐에서 트레드밀 달리기를 시행하였을 때, 공간 기억력의 감퇴가 억제되었고 해마의 신경세포 생성은 증가된 반면 세포사멸은 억제되었다. 해마에서의 myostatin과 follistatin 발현은 뇌화 쥐에서 억제되었으나, 트레드밀 달리기에 의하여 증가되었다. 그러나 트레드밀 달리기의 이러한 효과는 성별에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구를 통하여 트레드밀 달리기는 해마에서 myostatin과 follistatin의 발현을 억제함으로써 신경세포 생성을 증가시켜 노화에 의한 기억력 감퇴를 경감시킴을 알 수 있었다. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise according to gender on spatial memory in old aged rats. Two month-old female rats and male rats were used as the young-aged groups, meanwhile 16-month-old female rats and male rats were used as the old-aged groups. The rats were divided into 8 groups (N=6 in each group): young-aged female control group, young-aged female exercise group, young-aged male control group, young-aged male exercise group, old-aged female control group, old-aged female exercise group, old-aged male control group, old-aged male exercise group. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. In old-aged rats, spatial memory was disturbed, in contrast treadmill exercise improved spatial memory in the old-aged rats. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus was decreased and apoptosis was increased in the old-aged rats. In contrast, treadmill exercise increased neurogensis and decreased apoptosis in the old-aged rats. Myostatin and follistatin expressions in the hippocampus were increased in the old-aged rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed myostatin and follistatin expressions in the old-aged rats. There was no gender difference in these effects of treadmill exercise. We showed that treadmill exercise is a very useful strategy for ameliorating age-induced memory loss by increasing neurogenesis through suppressing myostatin and follistatin expressions. (Korean J Str Res 2012;20:51∼60)

청심포자음(淸心蒲子飮)의 구속 스트레스 및 절개 통증에 대한 항스트레스 작용과 진통효과

윤정환,고일규,신말순,김창주,이충열,Yoon, Jeong-Hwan,Ko, Il-Gyu,Shin, Mal-Soon,Kim, Chang-Ju,Lee, Chung-Yeol 대한동의생리학회 2007 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.21 No.4

The aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum has been used to treat palpitation, anemia, chronic fatigue, hypertension, and stroke. It also possesses various pharmacological effects including hypotensive, blood circulating, sedative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and anti-stress activities. In the present results, the latency time of plantar test was decreased in the immobilization stress and incusion pain-induction group. However the paw withdrawal latency values were increased in the immobilization stress and incision pain-induction groups after treatment with the aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum. The c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe were enhanced in the immobilization stress and incision pain-induction groups. However, the treatment with the aqueous extract of Chungsimyeonja-eum suppressed the immobilization stress and incision pain-induced increase of c-Fos, 5-HT, and TPH expressions. Here in this study, we have demonstrated the protective effects of Chungsimyeonja-eum on immobilization and incision pain-induced stress. The present study revealed that Chungsimyeonja-eum treatment diminishes immobilization and pain stress.

트레드밀 운동이 외상성 뇌손상에 의하여 유발된 흰쥐의 단기기억 장애와 신경세포생성에 미치는 영향

김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),조정완(Jung-Wan Cho),이희혁(Hee-Hyuk Lee),김창주(Chang-Ju Kim) 대한스트레스학회 2013 스트레스硏究 Vol.21 No.2

외상성 뇌손상은 많은 신경정신과적 이상을 유발시키며, 특히 기억 상실은 외상성 뇌손상의 많은 증상 중 하나이다. 외상성 뇌 손상에 대한 뚜렷한 치료법이 아직 없는 반면, 운동이 신경세포의 보호 작용이 있음은 여러 연구들에 의하여 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐를 이용하여 외상성 뇌 손상을 유발시켰고, 트레드밀 달리기가 외상성 뇌 손상에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 외상성 뇌 손상은 기억력의 감퇴를 초래하였고, 해마 치상회에서 신경세포생성과 해마에서의 뇌유래 신경영양인자(brain-derived neurotrophic factor)의 발현을 감소시켰다. 트레드밀 달리기 운동은 해마 치상회에서 신경세포생성과 해마에서 뇌 유래 영양인자발현을 증가시켰으며, 외상성 뇌손상에 의한 기억력의 감퇴를 경감시켰다. 본 연구를 통하여 외상성 뇌 손상에 의한 신경계 후유증에 트레드밀 달리기 운동이 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces many neuropsychiatric disorders, and memory loss is the most frequent symptom of TBI. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on the short-term memory in relation with cell proliferation in the hippocampus following TBI in rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (N=10 in each group): sham-operation group, sham-operation and treadmill exercise group, TBI-induction group, and TBI-induction and treadmill exercise group. TBI was induced by an electromagnetic-controlled cortical impact. The animals in the treadmill exercise group were forced to run on the treadmill machine for 30 min once daily, for ten consecutive days. Induction of TBI deteriorated short-term memory and inhibited cell proliferation with suppressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise alleviated TBI-induced short-term memory impairment and also increased cell proliferation with enhancing BDNF expression in the hippocampus. The present results revealed that treadmill exercise overcame the TBI-induced memory impairment through enhancing cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Herein, we suggest that treadmill exercise may be used as the useful strategy for the functional recovery following traumatic brain damage.

트레드밀 운동이 6-OHDA로 유발된 파긴슨병 흰쥐 흑색질 내 염증지표에 미치는 영향

조한삼 ( Han Sam Cho ),신말순 ( Mal Soon Shin ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ),백성수 ( Seung Soo Baek ) 한국운동생리학회(구-한국운동과학회) 2012 운동과학 Vol.21 No.1

본 연구에서는 트레드밀 운동이 파킨슨병 쥐의 혹색질에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 6주령의 수컷 쥐를 사용하였으며, 파킨슨병은 뇌정위 수술(stereotaxic surgery) 후 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)를 주입하여 유발하였다. 각각 가성수술군(sham-operation group; n=10). 가정수술 운동군(sham-operation and exercise group; n=10), 파킨슨병군(6-OHDA-injection group; n=10), 파킨슨병 운동군(6-DHDA-injection and exercise group; n= 10)으로 나누어 파킨슨병 유발 4주후부터 운동군은 하루 30분 총 14일간 트레드밀 달리기를 하였다. 흑색질의 염증반응은 cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) 및 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNCG) 면역조직화학법으로 분석하였다. 흑색질의 COX-2 양성세포수는 가정수술군이 54.19±3.68. 운동군이 42.94±3.0l, 파킨슨병 유발군이 98.22±4.73. 파킨슨병 유발 운동군이 61.78±3.86을 나타내었으며, iNOS 양성세포수는 가성수술군이 57.93±3.38. 운동군이 51.64±5.l7. 파킨슨병 유발군이 126.56±7.04, 파킨슨병 유발 운동군이 92.69±8.28을 나타내었다. 본 실험을 통하여 6-OHDA 처치로 인해 염증반응이 증가하였으며, 트레드밀 운동이 COX-2 및 iNOS의 발현을 유의하게 감소시켜, 운동이 파킨슨병으로 인한 뇌신경세포의 염증반응을 완화시키는 긍정적인 효과를 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra of the Parkinson`s rats. Parkinson`s disease was made by injection of 6-hydroxyckJpamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum using 6-week-old male rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups: sham-operation group (n=10), sham-operation and exercise group (n=10), 6-OHDA-injection group (n=10), and 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group (n=10). The animals in the exercise groups were put on the treadmill to run for 30 minutes once a day for 14 consecutive days, starting 4 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. For the detection of inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNCG) was performed The number of CQX-2-positive cells in substantia nigra was 54.19±3.68 in the sham-operation group, 42.94±3.0l in the sham-operation and exercise group, 98.22±4.73 in the 6-OHDA-injection group, and 61.78±3.86 in the 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group. The number of iNOS-positive cells in sull3tantia nigra was 57.93±3.38 in the sham-operation group, 51.64±5.17 in the sham-operation and exercise group, 126.56±7.04 in the 6-OHDA-injection group, and 92.69±8.28 in the 6-OHDA-injection and exercise group. In the present results, 6-OHDA injection increased inflammatory reaction in the substantia nigra, and treadmill exercise alleviated the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in the sull3tantia nigra. These results suggest that treadmill exercise may ameliorate inflammatory reaction in the Parkinson`s disease patients.

Amyloid Beta에 의한 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐의 단기 기억장애에 미치는 트레드밀 운동의 영향

김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),이수신(Su-Shin Lee),김재등(Jae-Deung Kim),박준기(Joonki Park),이삼준(Sam-Jun Lee),성윤희(Yun-Hee Sung),김영표(Young-Pyo Kim) 대한스트레스학회 2012 스트레스硏究 Vol.20 No.4

알츠하이머 질환은 기억장애와 인지력의 감퇴를 동반하는 매우 심각한 퇴행성 뇌질환이다. 해마의 신경세포는 알츠하이머 질환에 취약한 부위이다. 신체운동은 뇌 손상 시 세포의 생존을 높이고 기능회복을 향진시킨다. 본 실험에서 이밀로이드 베타 전구물질에 의한 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐에서 트레드밀 운동이 단기 기억력과 해마의 치상회에서 세포사멸에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 체중 180±10 g인 6주령의 암컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, 실험군은 대조군, 대조-트레드밀 운동군, 이밀로이드 베타 주사군, 이밀로이드 베타 주사-트레드밀 운동군의 4군으로 분류하였다. 알츠하이머 질환은 대뇌뇌실에 이밀로이드 베타25-35를 주사하여 유발하였다. 트레드밀 운동군은 주사 후 2일 후부터 하루 30분씩 주 5회 4주간 트레드밀 운동을 시행하였다. 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐의 단기기억력이 감소되었고 트레드밀 운동은 이러한 단기기억력의 감소를 경감시켰다. 알츠하이머 질환 유발 흰쥐 해마에서 세포사멸이 증가되었고 트레드밀 운동은 이러한 세포사멸을 억제하였다. 본 연구 결과, 트레드밀 운동은 알츠하이머 환자에서 뇌 신경세포의 사멸을 억제함으로써 기억력의 감퇴를 경감시키는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있으며, 따라서 운동은 알츠하이머질환과 같은 퇴행성 뇌질환의 예방 및 재활과정을 촉진할 수 있는 효과적인 치료로 활용될 수 있다고 생각되어진다. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders, and this disease is characterized by severe memory impairment and decline of cognition. Physical exercise is known to promote cell survival and functional recovery after brain injuries. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory and apoptosis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus using β-amyloid precursor-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180±10 g (6 weeks old) were used in this experiment. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 in each group): the sham-operation group, the sham-operation and treadmill exercise group, the Aβ25-35-injection group, and the Aβ25-35-injection and treadmill exercise group. The rats model of Alzheimer’s disease was induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of amyloid β25-35 peptide using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once daily, 5 times per week, for 4 consecutive weeks, starting at 2 days after ICV injection of Aβ25-35. The short-term memory in the step-down avoidance test was decreased by Aβ25-35 injection, whereas treadmill exercise alleviated short-term memory impairment induced by Alzheimer’s disease. The apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly increased by Aβ25-35 injection, in contrast, treadmill exercise suppressed apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by Alzheimer’s disease. The present results show that treadmill exercise may provide therapeutic value for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease through suppressing apoptosis.

뇌출혈 유발 흰쥐에서 수영운동이 nitric oxide synthase 발현에 미치는 영향

김보균(Bo-Kyun Kim),신말순(Mal-Soon Shin),김창주(Chang-Ju Kim),임백빈(Baek-Vin Lim),윤진환(Jin-Hwan Yoon),이희혁(Hee-Hyuk Lee) 한국생활환경학회 2009 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Intracerebral hemorrhage is one of the most devastating types of stroke. This disease is known to cause severe neurological damage and also has a very high mortality rate. Nitric oxide (NO) is synthetized from L-arginine by nitric oxide sy nthase (NOS). NO play many physiological functions, however excessive NO production induces neuronal cell death. There are three distinct isoforms of NOS: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). In the present study, we investigated the effect of swimming on nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampal CA1 region following intracerebral hemorrhage using rats. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by injection of collagenase into the hippocampal CA1 region using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats were divided into 3 groups: the sham-operation group, the hemorrhage-induction group, and the hemorrhage-induction and swimming group. The animals in the swimming group performed swimming for 30 min once a day during 14 consecutive days. For this experiment, Nissl staining, nNOS immunohistochemistry, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry were performed. In the present results, induction of intracerebral hemorrhage caused neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region, while swimming decreased hemorrhage-induced neuronal death (p<0.05). The numbers of nNOS-positive cells and NADPH-d-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region were significantly increased following induction of intracerebral hemorrhage (p<0.05). Swimming suppressed the numbers of hemorrhage-induced nNOS-positive cells and NADPH-d-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region (p<0.05). Here in this study, we have shown that swimming inhibited intracerebral hemorrhage-induced NOS expression and thus exerted neuroprotective effect against intracerebral hemorrhage.

고온 환경에서의 트레드밀 운동이 흰쥐 뇌에서 세로토닌 발현, 신경세포 생성, 그리고 단기 기억력에 미치는 영향

서진희 ( Jin Hee Seo ),신말순 ( Mal Soon Shin ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ),이광식 ( Kwang Sik Lee ),임백빈 ( Baek Vin Lim ) 체육과학연구원 2009 체육과학연구 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구의 목표는 고온 환경에서의 운동으로 인한 열 스트레스가 세로토닌의 발현, 신경세포의 생성, 그리고 단기 기억력에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 열 스트레스와 뇌 기능과의 연관성을 규명하는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 7주령(평균체중 250±10g) Sprague-Dawley 계열의 수컷 흰쥐(n=40)를 사용하여, 무선배치 방식으로 상온 대조군(n=10), 상온 운동군(n=10), 고온 대조군(n=10),고온 운동군(n=10)으로 분류 하였으며, 상온군은 온도와 습도를 22℃(상대습도 40%)로, 열 스트레스군은 35℃(상대습도 20%)의 환경으로 설정 하였다. 모든 동물들은 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine-5`-monophosphate (BrdU, 50 mg/kg)을 트레드밀 운동 1시간 전 3일간 투여 하였다. 운동군은 하루 60분씩 3일간의 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였으며, 마지막 트레드밀 운동 후 동물을 희생시켰다. 단기 기억력은 수동회피 실험으로 평가하였으며, 면역조직화학법을 이용하여, 중추피로는 중뇌 봉선핵 부위의 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT) 발현 정도로 측정하였고, 새로운 신경세포의 생성 정도는 해마 치상회 부위에서 BrdU 양성세포의 수로 나타내었다. 이 실험 결과, 흰쥐의 중뇌 봉선핵 부위의 5-HT는 상온운동과 고온운동 그리고 열 스트레스에 의해 증가되어 상온과 고온에서의 트레드밀 운동과 열 스트레스는 중추피로를 증가시키는 요소 중 하나로 판단된다. 해마 치상회에서의 새로운 신경세포의 생성은 상온 트레드밀 운동에 의해 증가되었으나 고온 트레드밀 운동은 신경세포의 생성을 나타내지 못했다. 수동회피실험의 결과 상온과 고온에서의 트레드밀 운동은 단기 기억력에 유의한 차이를 나타내는 영향을 주지는 못했으며, 이는 단기 기억력은 3일간의 트레드밀 운동에 의해 영향을 받지 않음을 나타낸다. 이 실험의 결과, 트레드밀 운동은 상온에서 5-HT와 새로운 신경세포의 생성을 증가시켰으며 기억력의 감퇴를 나타내지 않은 반면, 열 스트레스에 노출된 고운대조군과 고온 운동군에서는 새로운 신경세포의 생성을 억제하고 중추피로를 증가시킴으로서 기억력을 저하시키는 결과를 보여 주었다. 본 실험을 통하여 신경세포의 생성을 증가시키는 트레드밀운동의 효과는 고온의 열 스트레스 환경에서는 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다. Heat stress arising from the thermal environment is of concern to sports medicine and to sports administration, because of the perceived risk of heat casualties, in particular heat stroke. In the present study, the primary aims of this study was to examine the effect of treadmill exercise under heat stress conditions on short-term memory, central fatigue, and cell proliferation. We attempted to evaluate the relationship of exercise with heat stress on brain functions. For this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250±10 g(7 weeks in age) were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups(n=10 in each group): the control in 22℃ group, the exercise in 22℃ group, the control in 35℃ group, and the exercise in 35℃ group. The environmental temperature at 22℃ set as the normal conditions and 3 5℃ was as the heat stress conditions. In the normal conditions, the temperature was 22℃ with relative humidity 40%. In the heat stress conditions, temperature was 35℃ with relative humidity 20%. All animals were injected intraperitionally with 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine-5`-monophosphate(BrdU, 50 mg/kg) one hour before the starting of treadmill exercise once a day for 3 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed immediately after finishing the last session of treadmill exercise on the 3rd day of the experiment. Short-term memory was evaluated by a passive avoidance task. The degree of central fatigue was determined by immunohistochemistry for 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT) in the dorsal raphe. New cell proliferation was detected by immunohistochemistry for BrdU in the dentate gyrus. The present results showed that treadmill exercise under normal and heat stress conditions exerted no signifiant effect on the latency time of passive avoidance task, representing that short-term memory was not effected by treadmill exercise for 3 days. However, heat stress significantly disturbed short-term memory of the rats. The 5-HT synthesis in the dorsal raphe was increased by both treadmill exercise and heat stress, showing that treadmill exercise and heat stress acted as the enhancing factor of central fatigue. The new cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus was increased by treadmill exercise under normal conditions, however, the increasing effect of treadmill exercise was not appeared under the heat stress conditions. The present study revealed that heat stress exerted deteriorative effect on memory capability through enhancing of central fatigue and suppressing of cell proliferation. However, treadmill exercise under heat stress conditions did not show significant recovery effect on memory impairment through enhancing of central fatigue and suppressing of cell proliferation.

12 주간의 수영훈련이 혈중 지질대사에 미치는 영향

김성수(Sung Soo Kim),신현재(Hyun Jae Shin),김영표(Young Pyo Kim),신말순(Mal Soon Sim),천병옥(Byung Ock Chun),유병규(Byung Kyu Yu),우도영(Do Young Woo) 한국사회체육학회 1999 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this study was examine to the effects of a long term swimming training on blood lipid metabolism. The subjects for this study were twenty-one healthy male university students who participated in this experiment voluntarily and didn`t have any disease. The subjects were divided into three groups: swim training group(N=10), control group(N=1-). Both the experimental groups were trained for 12 weeks. The subjects in the swim training performed 120 min in about, four times a week at the intensity of 60~80% HRmax. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise and post-12 weeks. The control subjects donated their blood at pre and post. The collected blood were analyzed for the TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C. The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows: In the swim training group, TC were decreased significantly after 12 weeks training while in control group were not changed. There were no significant differences between groups. In the swim training group. HDL-C were increased significantly after 12 weeks training while in control group were to changed. There were significant differences between groups. In the swim training group, LDL-C were decreased significantly after 12 weeks training while in control group all items were not changed. There were no significant differences between groups. In swim training group, TG were decreased significantly after 12 weeks training while in control group all items were not changed. There were no significant differences between groups. We conclude that swimming exercise group have a lipid profile that may be protective against the development of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.

뇌내출혈 유발 전후의 트레드밀 운동이 흰쥐의 세포사멸에 미치는 영향

이삼준 ( Sam Jun Lee ),고일규 ( Il Gyu Ko ),신말순 ( Mal Soon Shin ),심영재 ( Young Je Sim ),김창주 ( Chang Ju Kim ) 한국운동영양학회 2009 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.13 No.2