가람 時調에 나타난 自然觀 考察

강관진(Kang, Kwan-Jin) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.40 No.-

본고는 가람의 시조에 나타난 자연관을 살펴봄으로써 가람이 자연을 인식하고 시조에 구현하는 방식을 구체적으로 파악하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 다음과 같이 크게 두 가지 관점에 집중한다. 첫째는 현실의 비극을 비추는 거울로서의 자연이요, 둘째는 그러한 현실의 비극을 극복하고 초월하고자 하는 매개체로서의 자연이다. 가람이 시조 속에 구현하고 있는 자연은 때로는 현실의 비극을 드러내는 역할을 한다. 이 현실의 비극을 크게 세 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있는데 (1) 망국의 비극, (2) 사회의 비극, (3) 문명의 비극이 그것이다. 첫째, 亡國의 悲劇은 일제 강점기의 비극적 현실인식을 나타낸다. 〈봄(二)〉의 경우 망국의 현실을 되새기는 내용으로서 인간사의 비극과는 무관하게 자연은 평화롭게 그려져 있어 대조적인 모습을 드러낸다. 〈解放前〉, 〈洪原低調〉 등에서도 망국민의 눈에 비친 현실의 비극이 표현되고 있다. 둘째, 자연은 사회적인 비극을 드러내는 매개체로도 활용된다. 〈農村의 明朗〉에서는 농촌의 평화로운 풍경과 범죄가 난무하는 도시를 비교하는 구조를 통하여 자연과 멀어진 사회의 비극을 드러낸다. 〈農村畵帖(二)〉, 〈途中點景〉, 〈발[簾]〉 등에서도 인간 사회의 비극이 부각되고 있다. 셋째, 文明의 悲劇 또한 자연을 매개로 나타난다. 〈냉이꽃〉이 대표적인 작품으로서 냉이꽃 한 잎에도 생명을 불어넣지 못하는 인류 문명을 질타하는 내용이다. 水素彈이나 原子彈 등의 인공물과는 달리 자연은 변화를 가져오고 새로움을 창조하는 위대한 존재다. 가람은 현실의 비극을 드러내는 한편, 그러한 비극의 현실을 극복하고 초월하기 위한 매개체로서 자연을 활용하기도 했다. (1) 자연을 동경하고 (2) 자연에의 회귀를 염원하였으며 (3) 일상에서의 초월을 꿈꾸기도 했다. 첫째, 自然에 대한 憧憬과 沒入의 자세를 찾을 수 있다. 〈蘭草(四)〉에서는 자연의 아름다움을 통하여 자신을 갈고 닦고자 하는 자세를 보이며, 〈蘭草(二)〉의 경우 난초와 동일화를 이루며 황홀경에 사로잡혀 있는 장면이 나타나고, 〈蘭草(三)〉의 경우 자연물과의 내밀한 대화가 그려져 있다. 둘째, 自然回歸를 志向하는 자세를 볼 수 있다. 〈새벽〉에서는 자연에 안주하고 의지하고 싶은 심리를 그리고 있으며, 〈蘭과 梅〉에서는 영예나 신앙보다 자연을 귀하게 여기는 마음이 나타나 있다. 〈芭蕉〉에서는 자연을 통한 고향회귀 의식을 나타내고 있다. 셋째, 日常에 內在된 超越性을 누리는 모습이 나타난다. 〈故鄕길에〉의 경우 현실을 초월하여 다른 세계에 속해 있는 기분을 나타내고 있다. 〈萬瀑洞〉에서는 속진을 벗어 버린 별세계에서 화자는 ‘神仙’이 된 듯 ‘물소리를’ 듣는다. 이와 같이 동양적 자연관이 배어 있는 가람의 시조는 시조문학에 시사하는 바가 많다. 우리는 그 정신을 보존하고 계승할 필요가 있다. 그러한 면에서 가람의 자연관에 대한 보다 깊고 넓은 연구가 필요하다. This study is going to examine the Garam Yi, Byung-Gi’s poetic values by watching his view of nature which appeared in his Sijo, a kind of Korean traditional poetry. The study mainly focuses on two aspects: firstly, nature as a mirror that reflects tragedy in real world and secondly, nature as a medium through which the tragedy could be overcome. Nature appeared in Garam’s Sijo sometimes to do with a role to show tragedy in the real world. The tragedy of real world which Garam shows in his Sijo can be classified by three types: (1) Tragedy of ruined country, (2) Tragedy of society and (3) Tragedy of civilization. Firstly, tragedy of ruined country represent Garam’s understanding of tragic situation of his country caused by Japanese occupation. In his Sijo named 〈Spring (2)〉, Garam shows the reality of ruined country. In that Sijo, natural objects of background appears peacefully regardless of tragic status of human history. Some more works including 〈Before Liberation〉 and 〈Hong-Won-Joe -Jo〉 shows similar tragedies suffered by reality of colony. Secondly, the nature which Garam present in his Sijo is also used as mediator for uncover tragedy of society. In his work 〈Cheerfulness of a Farm Village〉, Garam exposes tragedy of society by comparing peaceful farm village and criminality of major city. 〈Scenery of Farm Village (2)〉 and other works also shows tragic reality of human society in similar ways. Thirdly, natural object also used to reveal tragic aspect of civilization. One of that kind of works is 〈Shepherd"s Pouch Flower〉 which contains a message of scolding human civilization that could not blows on life to a plant’s leaf. The artificial things like hydrogen bomb and atom bomb are useless for saving lives. In compare with that, nature is great existence which brings change and create newness. Garam utilized nature to reveal tragic life while using it as a mediator to transcend that tragedy. He (1) longed in nature and (2) desired recurrence to nature and (3) dreamed of transcendence in daily life. Firstly, he showed admiration and immersion to nature in his works. In series of work subjected on Orchid, he described his desire to live in nature through his behavior of caring, watching and feeling the plant. Secondly, he shows his willing to recurrence to nature. In 〈Dawn〉, he describe the mind to live in natural peace and to rely on it, and in 〈Orchid and Apricot〉, he reveals the mind that admire natural more than honor or faith. Thirdly, Garam’s figure enjoying transcendence characteristics that inherent in daily life is appeared in his works. 〈On the Road To Hometown〉 shows the feeling like be in another world above this world. In 〈Man-Pok-Dong〉, the poetic speaker hears “the sound of water” as “legendary hermit” in another world. In this way Garam feels transcendence in daily life in various ways and sublimate them into his many Sijo works. Gram’s poetic spirits are necessary to be preserved and be inherited for present and future Sijo literature. That is why Garam’s view of nature is necessary to be studied more deeply and widely.

공기소총 사격시의 생체변화 분석

엄기진,이철규,박장평,이광재,문병용,홍관이,노성규,오수일,박기동 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所 1985 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.10

This study conducted for analyze the process of physiological variation during shooting, and produce the basic data for training prescription to the performance improvement in Air Rifle Shooting, 9 Elite Rifle shooters )College 3, High School 3, Middle School 3) in GangWeon province were tested the physiological parameter which are Electrocardiograph(E.C.G), Heart-rate(H.R), Respiratory pattern, and Trigger time by polygraph system 8 channel from Sept. 1st to Sept. 10th, 1985. Analyzed experimental results are as follows; 1. Firing at T-P wave in E.C.G, 77.68bpm in H.R)16.68% by resulting H.R), the deep size of inspiration-expiration was low, and 8.34 sec of trigger interval were appeared when the shooter acquired high score. 2. The most effective factor among physiological parameters for excellent shooting score is the inspiratory volume with decresc breathing pattern. 3. Shooting performances correlated with stability and static-dynamic balance, but flexibility effected on negative correlation.

충주시 농촌지역 주민들에 대한 보건교육 평가

권복규,양준호,송진범,이건세,이원진,장성훈 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1996 건국의과학학술지 Vol.5 No.-

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of health education program in Choongju rural area which had conducted by Public Health Doctor during winter in 1994 and 1995. We used two step sampling method for a household survey. First, six were selected from 12 Myuns, which were stratified by the level of health education activity. Second, we applied convenient sample method. Of the 307 respondents, most of them knew Health-subcenter's existence in their region. However, only 149 persons(45%) visited it during last year. They visited Health-subcenter because it was easy to travel and convenient. Some of them thought that Health-subcenter had very poorly equipped and supplied. About 32∼34% of respondents participated the health education program for hypertension and diabetes mellitus which was done last winter, and 59∼70% of participants of the program answered that it was very, moderately helpful. 82∼83% of participants recognized complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and 18∼20% of them did not know that medications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus should be continued one's whole life. The respondents want to receive health educations for cancer, arthritis, viral hepatitis and AIDS in orders. Many of rural residents utilize Health-subcenters because health clinics in Choongju rural area are very few.

모체 Thyroxine 투여가 태아알코올효과를 가진 흰쥐 대뇌겉질 및 해마에서 NPY함유 신경세포의 생후 발달에 미치는 영향

김복,박상기,박영란,김종중,문정석,김주수,문영민,현영식,천관영,정윤영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.2

Background and Objectives: Maternal alcohol abuse is considered to be one of the most prominent cause of neurobiological malformations in the postnatal and adult life of the offspring. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal alcohol drinking on the postnatal development of NPY-containing neuron, and, the influence of thyroxine treatment on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of alcohol abused mother. Materials and Method: Time-pregnant rats were divided into three groups. Alcohol-fed group A received 35 calories of liquid alcohol diet daily from gestation day 6; control pair-fed group B was fed a liquid diet in dextrin replaced alcohol isocalorically: alcohol + T4 group C received 35 calories liquid alcohol diet and exogenous thyroxine subcutaneously. Results: Group C showed prominent NPY immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex compared to group A and B at P7. In group C, NPY-containing neurons were widely distributed in the all layers of cerebral cortex after P14. Besides, numerical decrease of NPY-containing neuron as age increases was not found in group C. However, the decrease of NPY-containing neuron was clearly observed in group A compared to group C after P14. In hippocampus, group Band C were appeared similar patterns after P7. Additionally, in group C, NPY immunoreactivity was prominently appeared in CA2 and CA3 at P14 as compared to group B. Conclusions: The present results showed the increase of intensity and number of NPY-containing neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of exogenous T₄ supplemented alcohol-exposed dams as compared to control pair-fed and alcohol-exposed pups at P7. It presumably suggest that NPY-containing neurons might be regulated by the early postnatal growth stimulatory effect of the exogenously supplemented T₄. Therefore, the increase of NPY synthesis caused by maternal administration of exogenous thyroxine may ameliorate fetal alcohol effect, one of the ill effects as a result of the dysthyroid state following maternal alcohol abuse.

λ-경쇄형 다발성 골수종 1예

박용관,김태원,장영,김진호,강정원,천영욱,박유환,정춘해 조선대학교 1995 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.20 No.1

Multiple myeloma is a disease caused by neoplastic plasma cells that synthesize abnormal amouts of immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments. Light chain myeloma are regarded as a separate category characterized by a more malignant clinical course. Light chain myelomas are said to grow fastest of all and are associated with more osteolytic lesions, more hypercalcemia, and a higher incidence of renal failure and amyloidsis than either the IgG, IgA varienties The authors experienced a case of patients with λ-light chain myeloma. A 43-year-old male patient admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of both rib and lower back pain. The radiologic findings showed multiple pathologic fracture in ribs. osteolytic lesions in 2nd, 3rd cervical spineimmuture plasma cells. Serum electrophoresis showed normal finding. Urine electrophoresis evealed an M-spike. Urine immunoelectrophoress demonstrated λ-monoclonal protein. With the cycle of melphalan, prednisone and α-interferon chemotherapy improved of pain was observed. So we reported the case with brief review of previous literature.

중국의 WTO 가입이 광주·전남 지역경제에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

오진근,백초원,김관선 조선대학교 경영경제연구소 2001 經營經濟硏究 = Management and economics research Vol.24 No.1

운동선수의 임장불안에 대한 연구

홍관이,이광재,김두경,부기원,노성규,한상준,박기동,오수일,문병용,이철규,박장평,엄기진,박남환 江原大學校附設 體育科學硏究所 1984 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.9

This study is designed to grasp the elements and situations of stage fright in order to propose a part of ways to cope with it. We make 511 top-class high school players, male and female, in the central districts (Seoul, Inchon, Kyungki, Chungbuk, and Kangweon Province) on object of questionnaire, and get the following results. Through players generally have all-round characters they show weakness in the superiority and emotional stability while showing strength in the sonformity. This fact comes to be related to the elements which cause stage fright. Physiological changes also have many effects on the symptom of stage fright. Especially, stage fright increases when players show sensitive reaction to the self-consciousness of final consequence which comes from the tension or uneasiness of sympathetic nerve, Thus, it turns out that players make use of reducing psychological burden by physical exercise or adjusting the level of demanded result in order to release the stage fright.

직접추정법에서 작업평가에 대한 기준작업 변화의 영향 연구

양진석,이관석 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.2

Among various method in determining the maximum acceptable weights of lift(MAWL), the psychophysical method has been popularly used for the infrequent but repetitive lifting. This method still takes substantial amount of time in case there are many different combinations of tasks. To further shorten the time taken to determine MAWL's for different tasks, the direct estimation method which employs the ratio scale between the person's feeling of stress in lifting has been used. However, no study was conducted about the standard lifting task which is used as a basis for the scale in the direct estimation method. Therefore, the effect of different standard lifting tasks to the MAWL in certain lifting situations was studied in this research. Four lifting frequencies(1,2,4, and 6 lift/min) were tested in two different lifting situations(Floor to knuckle, Knuckle to shoulder) in a laboratory. It was found that the MAWL determined in the task of 1 lift/min showed the closest value to the MAWL determined by the psychopysical method in the floor to knukle lifting situation. The MAWL in the task of 4 lift/min also showed the closest value to the MAWL obtained by the psychophysical method in the knuckle tl shoulder lifting situation.

우수여자 유도선수들의 연간 트레이닝과 디트레이닝에 따른 무산소성 역치의 변화

홍관이,정정진,김학렬,김기진,조현철,손태열,노성규 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1992 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.1

The seasonal variance for estimate of exercise intensity, energy expenditure, maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold of elite women judo players(Group Ⅰ:4,Group Ⅱ: 4) was measured during 3,5,7,9,10month. The results of this study is as follows. 1. Exercise intensity by %HRmax during seasonal training was shown range of 56.45-73.62, 65.56-82.15, 80.03-86.62, 62.06-68.83%HRmax, respectiveley, from 3 to 9month in the warm up, additional exercise, main exercise and cooling down. 2. Energy expenditure per min during seasonal training was shown range of 4.09-7.96, 5.41-8.66, 8.95-9.90 and 5.05-6.41Kcal/min, respectiveley, from 3 to 9month in the warn up, additional exercise, main exercise, main exercsie and cooling down. 3. Changes of maximal oxygen uptake(VO₂max)during seasonal training and detraining not significant difference between both group, and in the seasonal variance. However, maximal heart rate during detraining expressed significant difference(p<0.05) between both group. 4. Anaerobic threshold levels during seasonal training and detraining not significant difference between both group, and in the seasonal variance. However, AT-VE(1/min) and AT- work time(min) of group Ⅱ expressed significant difference(p<0.01) in the seasonal variance.

견봉하 관절경 수술 후 진통 작용 : 모르핀과 국소마취제 혼합제와 위약의 점액낭 내 지속 주입에 대한 전향적 이중 맹검 연구 Prospective Double-blind Study of Continuous Mixed Intra-bursal Infusion with Morphine and Bupivacaine and placebo

박진영,이관우,김륜,유문집 대한견.주관절학회 2000 大韓肩.주關節學會誌 Vol.3 No.2