한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

임베디드 시스템 응용을 위한 리눅스 커널 구조

정갑중,김기범 경주대학교 정보전자기술연구소 2006 情報電子技術論叢 Vol.5 No.-

This paper describes the architecture and operation of the linux kernel,for embedded system applications, which is used for an embedded system. It shows and analyzes the operations of the linux kernel to investigate the functions and components for new intelligent embedded systems. The requested functions and operations adaptable for the new intelligent embedded system will be applicable to develop a new small size operating system that supports intelligent operations for the embedded system used for intelligent personal information services.

레저스포츠 참여와 여가만족의 관계

김용인,정갑석,장호중,김정묵,정석현 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in leisure sport activities of leisure satisfaction. To accomplish this research purpose, there were two research questions; Firstly, Is there difference on leisure satisfaction according to the participation in leisure sport activities?, Secondly Will the degree of participation in leasure sport activities influence the leisure satisfaction? The population for this study was participants in Leisure sports activity program located in Seoul. The final 227 responses (participation 163, non-participation 114), collected by cluster random selecting method, were used in the data analysis procedure. The items for measuring leisure satisfaction were largely based on Lee(1992)s study, and the degree of participation in leisure sport activities was measured by the period and frequence of participation. To analyze the final data (277), the reliability analysis, analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used. The conclusions for this study were as followings; Firstly, leisure satisfaction is partially different by participation yes or no of the leisure sports activity. That is, leisure satisfaction is higher participation of leisure sports activity than non-participation Secondly, leisure satisfaction is partially influence by the participation of degree of leisure sports. That is, period and frequence are influence on leisure satisfaction.

하악전돌증 환자의 악교정 수술후 하악과두의 위치변화와 안정성에 관한 연구

오정환,김여갑 慶熙大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶熙齒大論文集 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of this sutudy was twofold; the first purpose is to ascertain the direction of condyla displacement and changes of joint space in patient receiving mandibular ramus osteotomy for the inandiNll' prognathism. the second purpose is to determine whether a significant relation exists between joint changes and postoperative skeletal changes. The material of this study was composed of 16 patients vno operated for mandibular prognathism by sagittal split osteotomy(n=fi) and vertical ramal osteotomy (n=8). Ead patient had a radiographic taken. Cephalometric radiographs were performed preoperatively, imniediatt postoperatively, andat least 6 months after surgery. TMJ tomograms were taken within 1 week preoperati and 6-24months later after the surgery. The results were as follows 1. On lateral cephalogram, there were significant decreases in posterior facial height, SNB angle, SNPo angle and correction of anterior crossbite, as the mandible was surgically retruded. 2. The `mandibular condyles had tendencies for displacement to anterosuperior direction in SSRO group and t anteroinferior direction in VRO group. 3. On TMJ tomogam, although there were tendencies for decreases anterior, posterior joint space, and inch posterior joint space in SSRO group, there were noe statistically significant(p>0.05). In VRO group, alth uu; there were tendencies for increases anterior, superior, and posterior joint space, there also were nc significant(p>0.05). 4. There were existed some correlation between joint space change due to condylar displacement and skelet relapse. It seemed that postoperative skeletal relapse was influenced by condylar displacement afte mandibular setback by ramal osteotomy. 5. The bony changes after mandibular ramus osteotomy for mandibular prognathism were noted as doi,hl contour on the posterior part of the condylar head, and flattening on the anterosuperior part of the cond; 1, head.

조류 도입에 의한 가로수 체계 선호도 분석

박인환,김영희,장갑수,정보광,김태호 慶北大學校農業科學技術硏究所 2007 慶北大農學誌 Vol.25 No.-

This research to streets at Daegu, and view adjective how people react when draw a bird into interior in city utilize and examine becoming direction of street trees system. Findings on survey, citizens appear by average 2.87 in management degree of street trees and average 2.76 in various of species of trees, discontent thing more or less by average 2.91 in satisfaction of the beauty, and demonstrate high shame from satisfaction for season stuff to comparative high 3.24, generally, citizens appear by there are parts to improve by do dissatisfaction about street trees system at Daegu. Also, street trees 2 lines plantings for a bird is average 3.05, shows affirmative feedback about that shrub utilization for a bird see high numerical value by average 3.4 and people draw a bird to space of city. Therefore, construct street trees friendly to the nature and be considered to need to re-establish set street trees environment in citizens preference to recover city ecosystem. As result that examine reaction which treat in street trees planting programs to draw birds into city through view adjective, Likert scales about 2 lines plantings of street trees and additional planting of shrub show affirmative feedback by average 3.4 both ordinary people and specialist group, if people want to draw birds into city by various of method, various research should be accomplished.

Optimal Selection of Sedative Drug during Gastroduodenoscopy in Cirrhotic Patients to Avoid Minimal Encephalopathy: Interim-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial

( Jeong-ju Yoo ),( Hyeon Jeong Goong ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Soung Won Jeong ),( Jae Young Jang ),( Sae Hwan Lee ),( Hong Soo Kim ),( Baek Gyu Jun ),( Young Don Kim ),( Gab Jin Cheon 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: The indiscriminate use of sedative drug during endoscopy can pose a risk of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patient with liver cirrhosis, . However, it has not been studied yet which drugs are safest and most inviting on these patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate which one among midazolam, propofol, or combination therapy, was the least likely to cause complications including MHE by using Stroop application in cirrhotic patients. Methods: This randomized prospective study included consecutive 32 patients who underwent upper GI endoscopy at tertiary hospitals in Korea. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups, midazolam, propofol, or combination group, and underwent Stroop test before endoscopy, and 2 hours after the completion of endoscopy. The vital signs was checked before and after the drug administration and the patient / physician / nurse satisfaction was scored after endoscopy. Results: Mean age of the patients was 54.0 ± 9.30 years and 81.3% were male. Fifteen patients (46.9%) were child-pugh class A, and 17 (53.1%) were child-pugh class B or C. Alcohol was the most common etiology (21, 65.6%). Patients did not show significant changes in Ontime, Offtime on Stroop test before and after drug administration, and there was no significant difference between the three treatment groups. Also, there was no significant vital sign changes after drug use in all groups. However, with respect to subjective indicators, the satisfaction scores of patient and nursing staff was higher in the combined group than in the other two groups, and time to recovery was shorter in propofol than other groups. Conclusions: In patients with cirrhosis, sedative endoscopy using midazolam, propofol, or combination therapy is relatively safe, and was not associated with increased risk of MHE. However, since there is subjective satisfaction or recovery time difference among sedative agents, it should be considered according to each individual patient.

Risk of Overestimation of Renal Function Using Estimated GFR in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

( Jeong-juyoo ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Bora Lee ),( Soung Won Jeong ),( Jae Young Jang ),( Sae Hwan Lee ),( Hong Soo Kim ),( Young Don Kim ),( Gab Jin Cheon ),( Boo Sung Kim ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: In the clinical context of the patients with liver cirrhosis, accurate evaluation of the renal function is potentially crucial. Serum creatinine (SCr) is widely used to estimate glomerular fitration rate (GFR), but discrepancy between measured GFR (mGFR) and estimated GFR (eGFR) in cirrhotic patients has not been evaluated yet. In this study, we compared performance of two common eGFR formula compared with mGFR, and evaluated factors associated with overestimation of renal function in cirrhotic patients. Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive 458 patients who were diagnosed as liver cirrhosis. 51Cr-EDTA was used for assessing actual GFR and eGFR was calculated by two different formulas; i) Modification of Diet and Renal Disease equation (MDRD), ii) CKD-EPI cystatin C equation. eGFR increase by more than 10% of mGFR in each patient was defined as overestimation of GFR. Sarcopenia was defined as an L3 skeletal muscle index of ≤38.5cm2/m2 for women and ≤52.4 cm2/m2 for men using computed tomography. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with overestimation of renal function. Results: Mean age of the patients was 53.6±11.5 years and 76.6% were male. Mean SCr was 1.1±0.9mg/dL, and the mean eGFR was 81.8±25.8ml/min by MDRD and 87.3±29.9ml/min by cystatin C. The mean mGFR was 76.0±26.6ml/min, which was significantly lower than eGFR. Cystatin C-eGFR showed better correlation and performance with mGFR compared with MDRD-eGFR (R 0.58 vs. R 0.48). MDRD-eGFR overestimated mGFR among 47% of the patients with liver cirrhosis. A multivariate analysis showed that male gender (hazard ratio [HR〕 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI〕 1.03-2.56; P=0.04) and Child-Pugh class (HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.89-5.80; P<0.001) were independent risk factors associated with overestimation of renal function, but not associated with sarcopenia (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.56-2.36; P=0.09). Conclusions: In patients with cirrhosis, overestimation of the GFR is common when using SCr and creatinine clearance. Isotopic measurement of GFR or eGFR by cystatin C rather than SCr can be more useful when greater accuracy is required, especially in patients with impaired liver function or male gender.

웹 사이트 보안수준 확인을 위한 파일럿시스템

김문정 ( Moon Jeong Kim ),김상록 ( Sang-rok Kim ),조상현 ( Sanghyun Cho ),이민수 ( Min-soo Lee ),이준섭 ( Jun-sup Lee ),김인호 ( In Ho Kim ),김성훈 ( Sung Hoon Kim ),김영갑 ( Young-gab Kim ) 한국정보처리학회 2007 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.14 No.2

최근 몇 년 동안 피싱, 파밍, 크라임웨어에 의한 피해 사례 발생이 증가되고 있다. 현재까지의 피싱 관련 솔루션이 대부분 블랙리스트 방식이고 아직까지 피싱 사이트 판단 기준이 없으며 사람들이 이에 대한 인식의 부족으로 인해 이러한 위협을 대처하는데 많은 한계를 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 화이트 리스트 기반 웹사이트 보안수준 확인 시스템을 설계하고 이의 파일럿 시스템을 개발하였다. 각 사이트에 대해 피싱 관련 보안수준을 확인하여 신뢰할 수 있는 사이트들을 선별하고 보안수준 정보를 제공함으로써 안전한 인터넷 이용 기반을 제공할 수 있는 방안이 마련될 것으로 기대한다.

The Validity of Two-dimensional Shear Wave Ultrasound (GE Elastography) for Assessing Fibrosis Stage in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Jeong Joo Yoo ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Bora Lee ),( Soung Won Jeong ),( Jae Young Jang ),( Sae Hwan Lee ),( Hong Soo Kim ),( Young Don Kim ),( Gab Jin Cheon ),( Boo Sung Kim ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: Several real-time two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) have been developed to assess liver fibrosis with readily use of combining elastography and traditional ultrasound imaging. However, compared with transient elastography (fibroscan), the diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of these methods were not fully validated. In this study, newly developed 2D-SWE (LOGIQ E9, GE healthcare, UK) was evaluated for predicting liver fibrosis stage and compared with fibroscan. Methods: Out of 1,395 patients who received 2D-SWE during May 2015 to Apr 2016, seventy (5.0%) who failed to get available value of 2D-SWE due to obesity and 131 (9.4%) with high value of AST or ALT were excluded in the analysis. Liver biopsy was performed in 177 patients. 2D-SWE measurement was considered valid when homogenous color pattern in a region of interest of at least 10 mm was shown at 10 different sites. Diagnostic performance was calculated using area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). Results: Patients were male predominant (60.8%), their mean age was 50.4±12.4 years old and most common etiology of liver disease was hepatitis B (40.3%) followed by alcohol (26.1%). Liver fibrosis stage consisted of F0 (14.1%), F1 (12.4%), F2 (28.8%), F3 (18.1%) and F4 (26.6%). Overall, 2D-SWE was well correlated with transient elastography (r=0.788, P<0.001). 2D-SWE median values (kPa) increased with increasing stage of liver fibrosis [ F0 (5.0±1.5), F1 (6.4±2.3), F2 (6.5±2.0), F3 (9.0±2.7), F4 (12.7±2.9)] (p for trend <0.001). For the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, AUROCs and optimal cutoff of 2D-SWE were 0.928 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.890-0.967) and 10.1 kPa. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for predicting cirrhosis were 82.2%, 92.2%, 78.7% and 93.7% respectively. For diagnosing significant liver fibrosis (≥F2), AUROCs and optimal cutoff of 2D-SWE were 0.913 (95% CI, 0.870-0.956) and 7.99 kPa. Conclusions: With effective comparability to fibroscan and availability of a conventional ultrasound examination, 2D-SWE is an useful tool for stratifying liver fibrosis stage and diagnosing liver cirrhosis.

Impact of Tamoxifen on Development of NAFLD

( Min Sung Kim ),( Jeong-ju Yoo ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Soung Won Jeong ),( Jae Young Jang ),( Sae Hwan Lee ),( Hong Soo Kim ),( Baek Gyu Jun ),( Young Don Kim ),( Gab Jin Cheon ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AI) suppress the action of estrogen and are used in the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer patients. Recently, the use of these drugs is increasing, there are still few studies between the incidences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and these drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of NAFLD after tamoxifen and AI use and the high risk patients. Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive 702 patients taking tamoxifen or AI more than 2 years between 2007 to 2017 in a tertiary hospital. The occurrence of NAFLD was determined by ultrasound or pre-contrast CT. The primary outcome was the incidence of de novo NAFLD increase of fatty liver grade in ultrasound. Results: Mean age of the patients was 50.4 ± 10.3 years and 466 (66.4%) received tamoxifen, and 236 (33.6%) received AI. The incidence or worsening of NAFLD was 35.0 % during the median 37 months observational period, which was significantly higher in tamoxifen group than AI group (40.8% vs. 23.7%, P=0.039). In multivariate analysis, tamoxifen increased the risk or severity of NAFLD 1.50 times than AI [hazard ratio (HR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.03, P=0.009] as well as body mass index (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11, P<0.001). However, when analyzed for diabetic patients, tamoxifen did not significantly exacerbate NAFLD compared to AI. Conclusions: TMX significantly increases the incidence of de-novo NAFLD or severity of NAFLD, especially in non-diabetic breast cancer patients. Therefore, when tamoxifen is used for a long-term period, it is necessary to investigate and careful consideration the above side effects.