In-direct localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based nanosensors for highly sensitive and rapid detection of cortisol

Jeon, Jinwoo,Uthaman, Saji,Lee, Jiyoung,Hwang, Hyejin,Kim, Gibum,Yoo, Pil J.,Hammock, Bruce D.,Kim, Christine S.,Park, Yeon-Su,Park, In-Kyu Elsevier 2018 Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Vol.266 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Over-secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex is closely related to acute and chronic stress; thus, rapid and sensitive detection of cortisol in serum is of critical importance for preventing the progression of stress-related diseases. The binding of a biological molecule to the surface of metallic nanoparticles changes the local refractive index and in turn induces a shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength. Utilizing this phenomenon, we designed a novel disposable LSPR-based cuvette-type sensor for detecting cortisol in serum. The developed cuvette-type nanosensor consists primarily of an assembly of plastic unit sensors coated with gold nanoparticles on a single layer wherein cortisol-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA) is immobilized. In this system, a redshift in LSPR wavelength is induced by the binding of cortisol antibody onto cortisol-conjugated BSA immobilized on a gold nanoparticle surface in the nanosensor. In a competitive assay, the nanosensor could rapidly detect cortisol in both a PBS solution and serum (within 20 min) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/mL (2.759–3 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> nmol/L), which is comparable to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which typically requires longer than 4 h and complex sample preparation. Thus, we demonstrated that the LSPR-based nanosensor system developed in this study can provide a useful toolkit for a rapid, highly sensitive and reliable detection of cortisol hormone in a commercially available manner.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Novel disposable LSPR-based cuvette-type sensor for detecting cortisol in serum. </LI> <LI> Rapid, convenient, and sensitive method for detecting cortisol hormone in serum. </LI> <LI> Detect cortisol in both PBS solution and serum within 20 min at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 ng/mL. </LI> </UL> </P>

실험적 부자 시신경병증에서 Methylprednisolone의 효능

신재필,이상희,서형덕,김인택 경북대학교 병원 1998 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.1

동물실험에서 aconite 또는 aconitine은 신경계통에 독성을 나타낸다고 이미 알려져 있다. 그러한 독성은 시유발전위와 병리조직에서 탈수초증으로 나타난다. 저자들은 실험적으로 aconite을 주입하여 탈수초신경증을 일으킨 후 고용량이 methylprednisolone(MP)투여가 효능이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. Aconite를 복강내 주입하고 곧 이어 가토의 이연정맥으로 MP를 주입한 군과 aconite만을 주입한 군으로 나누었고 이들을 서로 비교하였다. 그리고 이 두 군을 정상군과도 비교하였다. 시유발전위에서 aconite를 주입후 MP를 투여한 군에서 aconite만을 주입한 군에 비하여 onset latency와 peak latency 그리고 진폭 모두에서 2주째에 통계학적으로 의미있게 회복되었으나 (p<0.05) 정상군과 비교하여 의미있는 차이를 나타내지 아니하였다. 그러나 정상군과 비교하여 1개월과 2개월에서 onset latency은 의미있게 지연되었고 (p<0.05) peak latency와 진폭은 다소 회복되었으나 정상군의 평균값에는 미치지 못하였다. 병리조직에서 MP으로 치료한 군과 aconite만을 주입한 군 모두에서 수초의 탈수초변화가 관찰되었으나 MP으로 치료한 군은 상대적으로 탈수초변화가 현저하지 아니하였다. 본 연구에서 실험적으로 가토에 aconite를 전신에 투여하여 시신경병증을 일으킨 후 고용량의 MP를 즉시 투여한 경우에 시신경의 기능을 정상상태까지 회복시키는데는 한계가 있으나 부분적으로 시신경의 기능을 회복시키는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다(한안지 37:1730~1740, 1996). Studies in animals indicate that aconitine or aconite has toxic effects in the visual system of a rabbit model. Such a toxic effects causes myelo-optic neuropathy in the visually evoked cortical potential(VECP) and histopathologic studies. Whether the administration of intravenous high-does of methyprednisolone(MP) in the myelo-optic neuropathy caused by aconitine(1.5㎖/㎏, equivalent to 0.7㎎/㎏ of aconitine) is experimentally effective remains uncertain. The group treated with MP(daily 30㎎/㎏×2 for 3 days followed by 15㎎/㎏ for 3 days) in addition to aconite was compared with the aconite alone group and the normal control group. In the MP treated group, increased recovery of onset latency, peak latency, and amplitude in VECP in comparision with the aconite alone group was recorded at 2 weeks(p<0.05). The MP treated group in comparision with the normal control group showed a significant delay in onset latency at 1 month and 2 months(p<0.05). But, the amplitude in both the MP treated group and the aconite alone group increased at 2 months and did not show a significant difference in comparision with the normal group(p<0.05). In histopathologic study, pathologic findings of myelin sheath in the MP treated group were less severe than in the aconite alone group generally. The true benefit of high-does MP was at least clear within 2 weeks. The authors conclude that treatment with intravenous high-does MP immediate after aconite injection may have some beneficial effects in recovery of neurologic function although such a treatment do no have the definite recovery in aconite induced myelo-optic neuropathy(J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 37:1730~1740, 1996).

응급 의료 센터내 사망 환자의 분석

유인술,김준식,진재우,이철주,민영기,조준필 대한응급의학회 1995 대한응급의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

We need the constitute of Emergency medical system that connect prehospital care of inhospital care effectively for optimal treatment of emergency patient. The analysis of actual condition of our emergency medical system, through study of mortality case in emergency medical center will be a aid to the constitute. The authors performed a review on the records of 60 cases who died in Ajou university Emergency medical center during management, since June 1994 to september 1995. Among the 60 patient, 72% were male and 28% were female. In nontrauma patient, 6th decade was many, in trauma patients, 3rd and 5th decade was many. Among the 60 patient, 33% were traumatic cases, 66% were nontraumatic cases. Among the traumatic patients, more than half of the cases were due to motor vehicle accidents. The most frequent time interval from onset of emergent situation to arreving at emergency center was more than 2 hours. The most common transfer method was by 119 ambulance. In most cases, prehospital treatments were not taken. In most cases, initial mental status was comatose, and systolic blood pressure was less than 60 mmHg. Most cardiovascular resuscitation was done in 30 min. to an hour. In cases as traffic accident of ischemic heart disease, where rapid transportation of the patient is critical for the patient's survival, however, in most cases it took more than two hours to bring such patients to hospital, and first aid treatment before arrival to hospital was rare. No prehospital treatment was done to nearly all patient. In many cases the patient was already in under coma or shock state. The inhospital care at emergency center was made relatively quickly and adequately. The mean duration of cardiopulmonary resustation was 30min to one hour. From this study, we could notice the poor quality of prehospital care in the region ,near Ajou university hospital, and we came to know that the improvement of quality of prehospital care was the most important factor to reduce the motality of emergency department patient. that is, in the treatment of emergency patients, weak points has been revealed in the pre-hospital treatment, the improvement of which is important factor for the survival of emergency patients.

Endoscopy and Imaging Modalities/Basic Science of Gastrointestinal Disorders/Miscellaneous : Changing Pattern Of Digestive And Liver Disease In Korea, 1990-2006 Year; A Single Center Study

( Jung Hyun Kwon ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( In Sik Chung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Kwan Woo Nam ),( Jung Pil Suh ),( Jae Hyuck Chang ),( Won Haing Hur ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( Jae Myung Park ),( In Seok Lee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 SIDDS Vol.9 No.-

Background/Aims: Westernization in many Asian countries have changed lifestyles and diets, so once rare diseases have now become prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the changing pattern of digestive and liver disease in Korea, from 1990 to 2006. Methods: We extracted data specific gastrointestina (GI) disease based on the International Classification of Diseases code from the in-patients records at the Kangnam St. Mary`s Hospital in 1990, 1996 and 2006. This hospital is a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, Korea, which has a capacity of 800 beds. Results: The admission rate for GI disease increased between 1990 and 2006. Overall in-patients were 1,623 persons in 1990, 2,368 persons in 1996 and 4,166 persons in 2006. The mean age of in-patients increased as time went by. A stomach cancer was the most common diagnosis during all periods, but its prevalence has decreased. Colon cancer ranked the 7th in 1990, but markedly increased and now ranks the second. The third was a hepatocellular carcinoma. The bile duct and gallbladder cancer, pancreas and esophageal cancer ranking followed with little interval change. In cases of cancer patients, a regular admission dramatically increased for chemotherapy. The number of patients admitted with pre-malignant neoplasm of stomach and colon increased remarkably with the development of endoscopy. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel discase, and reflux esophagitis emerged form mid-1990s with greater frequencies, yet much below the levels found in the West. The admission rate for peptic ulcer, especially ulcer bleeding remained relatively stable, despite a decreased rate for ulcer perforation. Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis with cholecystitis-cholangitis, appendicitis, hemorrhoid and gastritis all decreased. Conclusions: The stomach cancer is the leading cause of admission, despite a recent decline. Colon cancer showed a marked rise. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel disease and reflux esophagitis were new diagnosis with an increased tendency.

이행성 협심증 환자에서 운동부하 심전도 검사

이정우,박형서,박용규,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 관상동맥의 경련에 의한 이형성 협심증환자에 있어서 운동부하 심전도 검사의 결과는 매우 다양하다. 이에 저자들은 충남대학교병원 순환기내과에서 관상동맥조영술상 이형성 협심증으로 확진된 환자를 대상으로 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이에 대한 결과를 연구하였다. 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 3월까지 흉통을 주소로 충남대학교병원 순환기 내과에 입원하여 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 관상동맥의 내경이 50% 미만의 협착이 있고, 에르고노빈(ergonovine) 유발검사도 이형성 협심증으로 진단을 받은 233명중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 183명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과의 판독시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄이기 위해서 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하기전 심전도상 ST분절의 상승(5예)이나 하강(8예)이 있는 경우 EH한 T파의 역위(19예)가 있는 32명의 환자를 제외한 총 151명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하는 Marquette사의 case 15 답차를 이용하였고, Bruce protocol에 따라 증상이 나타날 때까지 최대로 실시하였으며 각 stage 및 운동후의 혈압을 측정하고 12 유도 심전도를 기록하였다. 결과 : 1) 임상적 특성 - 내원시 임상 상은 안정형 협심증이 39예(25.8%), 불안정형 협심증이 103예(68.2%), 심근경색증이 9예(6.0%)이었다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과 양성 군과 음성군간에 있어서 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연 여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도, 연축의 수 등을 조사하였는 바 어떠한 인자들도 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) 운동부하 심전도 검사 - 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 151명의 환자중 음성인 경우는 134예(88.8%)이었고, 양성인 경우는 17예(11.2%)이었다. 양성 소견을 보인 환자들중 ST 분절의 상승이 4예(2.6%), ST 분절의 하강이 13예(8.6%)이었다. 3) 관상동맥조영술 - 관상동맥조영술상에서 혈관 경력 위치는 우관상동맥이 70예(46.1%), 좌전하동맥이 44예(28.9%), 좌회선동맥이 17예(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 예중 Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상 동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, V2-V4에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 2예중 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌전하행동맥에서 경련이 나타난 예는 1예이었으며 다른 1예는 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났고, V5-V6에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 V5 또는 V6에서 ST 분절의 하강이 있엇던 13예중 6예(46.1%)는 관상동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, 3예(23.1%)는 좌전하행동맥에서, 1예(7.7%)는 좌회선동맥에서, 나머지 3예(23.1%)는 2개의 혈관이나 기타 분지에서 경련이 발생하였다. 결론 : 1) 이형성 협심증 환자는 운동부하 심전도 검사에서 11.2%의 양성소견을 보였다. 이중 ST 분절의 상승은 2.6%이었고, ST 분절의 하강은 8.6%이었다. 2) 이형성 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 음성을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 3) 이형성 협심증 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 ST 분절의 상승을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 4) 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과에 대한 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도 등 어떠한 인자들도 3그룹(ST 분절의 상승, ST 분절의 하강, 음성)간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) ST 분절의 상승 부위와 관상동맥조영술상 관상동맥의 연축이 일어나는 혈관과의 상관관계는 매우 높았다. No reports in the literature describe the results of exercise testings in a large number of patients with pure variant angina(coronary stenosis <50%) in Korea. In this report, We present the results of treadmil exercise testing in 151 patients with variant angina. 151 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery spasm underwent a treadmil exercise test. The clinical characteristics of variant angina patients classified according to ST-segment response to exercise were analyzed. Of 151 patients underwent a treadmil exercise test, negative result was seen in 134 patients(88.8%) and positive result was in 17 patients(11.2%). Of 17 patients saw positive result, exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in 4 patients(2.6%) and ST segment depression was seen in 13 patients(8.6%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment response to exercise and the clinical variables(diabetes, hypertension, obesity, total cholesterol, current smoking, effort angina, clinical diagnosis, and degree of stenosis) assessed. Of 4 patients with ST segment elevation in treadmil exercise test, 1 patient with ST segment elevation in Ⅰ,Ⅲ,aVF had spasm in right coronary artery(100%) on coronary angiography, of 2 patients in V2-V4 had spasm in left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 patient(50%) and 1 patient in V5-V6 had spasm in left circumflex artery(100%). Positive treadmil exercise test was present in 11.2% of variant angina patient. If we have negative treadmil exercise result in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we may have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. If we have exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. Our result suggests that the correlation between the site of the ST segment elevation and the artery involved is quite good.

입원진료비 상승요인 분석

한혜경 ( Hye-kyung Han ),이필도 ( Pil-do Lee ),노인철 ( In-chul Noh ) 한국보건사회연구원 1990 保健社會硏究 Vol.10 No.2

입원진료비의 상승은 높은 약제비 비중, 병원의 높은 수술률, 종합병원 이상의 검사비 등의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 횡단면 다중회귀분석에 의한 입원진료비 결정요인은 입원일수, 전문의수, 의료장비수, 연령, 수술여부 등인 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 45세이상 연령층의 만성질환으로 인한 입원진료비가 더욱 증가할 것이라는 전망에 따라 약제비 및 검사비에 대한 대책, 의료자원의 효율적인 사용을 위한 병원기능의 전문화 등 입원진료비의 경제성을 도모하기 위한 다양한 대책이 요구된다. The rapid increase in medical care costs have become a growing problems since health insurance was introduced. In particular, medical care costs for in-patients have tended to rise at a faster pace than those for out-patients. For example, while the out-patient costs in 1989 increased 3.32 times over those in 1983, the hospital care costs increased 3.75 times during the same period. Furthermore, the scale of hospital care costs continued to rise from about 33 percent in 1983 to 36 percent of the total expenditure in 1989. The principal cause of these increase was related to a considerable rise in medical care costs for out-patients less than 14 years old. Recently, however, the ratio of in-patient costs has risen markedly due to a sharp increase in the costs related to cancer and to chronic diseases of the circulatory system for those over 45. Since this age group continues to increase, it is expected that this pattern will continue as a leading factor in the increase in medical care costs. The concern over rising costs and a search for ways to control these costs are now stimulating interest in the development of public policies. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine factors giving rise to the cost escalation of hospital medical care and also to provide insight into the policy implications for containment of these costs. The data used here was obtained from a survey of the monthly insurance bills (13,532 cases) presented to the National Federation of Medical Insurance in February 1990. This group represented the employees and dependents of private companies as well as self-employed people. The main results and their implications are as follows : 1. The important factors which have influenced the increase in the medical care costs for in-patients was revealed as a high medication ratio, more examinations, a longer stay, and a high frequency of surgical procedures in the hospitals. 2. The portion of medication and injection costs was found to be extremely high. Medications constituted 37 % of total hospital care costs in excess of 500,000 Won per case. These extraordinarily high expenditures are due to excessive consumption and high prices. One alternative to limit expenditures on drugs is to establish a list of essential drugs as chosen for cost-effectiveness (low price with equal efficacy). Thus drugs not on this list would not be cove-red by insurance. Also important is the control of pharmacists` mark-ups, drug prices, and advertising expenditures by pharmaceutical firms for sales promotion. 3. The ratio of examination costs was about 30% of the total medical care costs per in-patient case, which was observed to be correlated mainly with the length of stay and the number of examinations, and the quantity of medical equipment in hospitals, so that in recent years the problem of excessive examinations has emerged particularly in both tertiary and general hospitals. The tertiary hospitals are prohibited from offering out-patient care. A committal order written by a physician in a clinic is required for a patient to receive hospital medical care. Both because of the poor flow of information between primary physicians and hospital physicians, and because outside physicians do not have access to superior hospital equipment, hospitals repeat many diagnostic examinations already performed by physicians prior to hospitalization. In fact, such duplication adds to the length of stay and ultimately to medical care costs. In addition, excess investments in such high- tech equipment as CT Scanner, MRI, and heart transplant equipment tend to result in new cost increases, so specialized central examination facilities with high-tech equipment should be established at the district level, both to share inforamtion and their use and to avoid duplication or excessive use of medical procedures and diagnostic tests. 4. The portion of medical procedure and operation costs in hospitals was relatively higher than those in both general hospitals and tertiary hospitals, which appeared to be associated with the high frequency of surgical produres in hospitals. The costs of medications and examinations were, however, shown to be highest in general and tertiary hospitals. One interesting result indicates that there is a negative correlation between surgical procedure costs and examination costs, suggesting that more examinations might reduce the frequency of surgery. 5. To cope with the soaring medical care costs, less expensive service facilities as are used in the developed countries ought to be developed or introduced into the health care sector. For example, there are day care centers, geriatric day hospitals, hospice systems, ambulatory surgical centers, nursing home care and home health care, which can be substituted for expensive hospital services. In addition, surgery and hospital admission and discharge can be managed in a rational manner to curb long-term hospital stays. For example, admission and discharge adjudication committees, composed of doctors including physicians in charge, and nurses and other medical care personnel should be set up in each hospital to check the condition of in-patients periodically to decide on whether they can be discharged.

관상동맥 질환에서 SDF-1α의 농도

김보영,박용규,박형서,노상필,정승현,이유선,이정우,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

Atherosclerosis is now viewed as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. Expression of several chemokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1, MCP-4, RANTES(regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and interleukin-8(IL-8) are increased in human atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal vessels. They are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture by activating and directing leukocytes into the atherosclerotic lesions. However, some are involved in homeostatic functions such as normal leukocyte traffic and growth regulation. SDF-la is a multi-functional cytokine that is involved in myelogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and injured gastric mucosal regeneration in the gastric ulcer patient. SDF-la is recently shown to be highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and a potent platelet agonist. At least in high concentrations, SDF-la may mediate antiinflammatory and matrix stabilizing effects in unstable angina. Many studies are going on to know the function of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. I investigated the difference of the plasma level of SDF-la between control group and coronary artery disease group. Total 75 subjects were enrolled. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease was confirmed in all patients by coronary angiography. Control subjects in this study were confirmed normal by coronary angiography. Clinical profile and risk factors were also reviewed. Control subjects in this study were 27 (M=10, F=17). Plasma for the study was collected before the angiography and centrifuged. SDF-la analysis was performed by ELISA. Plasma level of SDF-la is significantly increased in patients with stable angina(n=20) and unstable angina group(n=28) compared with healthy control group(n=27). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. In this study, plasma level of SDF-la is increased in patients with stable angina and unstable angina groups compared with healthy control group(P<0.05). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases.

기혼여성의 스포츠와 여가만족도 규정요인에 관한 연구

김유수,안종학,최인순,안영필 東亞大學校附設스포츠科學硏究所 1998 스포츠科學硏究論文集 Vol.16 No.-

As society has been changing rapidly, so the evaluation of women's position and the value of leisure has been changing. Women's demanding of leisure activities is also increasing today. I studied on the factors which have effected on the satisfaction of leisure time's married women in cities with involvement of leisure and sports activities. The results are as follows ; 1. Married women's leisure and sports activities by ages & educational level. (a) As for married women in cities, the older they are the more they took experiences in sports activities for a year. I think it is desirable but in health care it is concerned that young married women in cities don't take part in sports activities. (b) The higher their ages are, the more time is required for exercise in a time. (c) The old age group at 60s expressed the most active attitudes in joining sports clubs. (d) The young age group of 20s preferred to join clubs in their work and public centers while the old age group of 60s, 88.9%, definitely prefered to join clubs in public centers. (e) In the joining sports clubs, married women in 30s will was highest, while the old age group of 60s and over was lowest. (f) In the last one year, housewife participating in 20s was comparatively lower. (g) In the satisfaction of leisure time, the old age group of 60s and over was highest while the young age group of 20s was lowest. That is, the more ages were highter the more the satisfaction of leisure time was. (h) In the percentage of participating in sports activities in the last one year, the married women who finished only middle school was highest, 95.7%, So the higher educational level is the lower the percentages of that is, (i) In the time required, the higher educational level is, the shorter the time became. (j) In the facilities, many married women who finished university used them in their works or schools, or public centers. (k) In the time of moving to the facilities, there was little difference in educational levels, but the time of married women who finished university was less than others. (l) In the participating in several lectures, the higher educational level was, the higher the percentage was. (m) In the satisfaction of leisure time, the higher educational level was, the lower the percentage was, So I don't think the programs and condition of leisure and sports activities satisfy married women of high educational level. 2. The list of factors which have effected on the satisfaction of leisure time, are as follows ; (a) the attitudes of leisure time or sports activities, (b) the result of leisure time or sports activities(treatment for hypochondria and anxiety) (c) the result of leisure time or sports activities(treatment for shoulder pain and backache, and relief of worries) (d) the time required in a time. (e) confidence of body activities (f) the result of leisure time and sports activities(they got confidence and satisfaction) (g) the frequency of participating in leisure and sports activities in the last one year. (h) the result of leisure time and sports activities(they became to be friendly with and became kind to others) (i) the result of leisure time and sports activities(they became to plan their life-styles actively) (j) health condition. From these lists I could understand the most important factor is the body activity-oriented leisure time activities of married women in cities.

순산소 순환유동층에서 로내 탈황 및 탈질법 적용에 따른 오염물질 거동특성

최경구(Gyung-Goo Choi),나건수(Geon-Soo Na),신지훈(Ji-Hoon Shin),길상인(Sang-In Keel),이정규(Jung-Kyu Lee),허필우(Pil-Woo Heo),윤진한(Jin-Han Yun) 한국청정기술학회 2018 청정기술 Vol.24 No.3

순산소 연소기술은 화력발전에 적용 가능한 유망한 온실가스 감축 기술로 평가되고 있다. 본 연구는 환경적 관점에서 순환유동층을 활용한 순산소 연소조건에 로 내 탈황 및 탈질법을 적용하여 NO 및 SO₂의 거동을 살펴보는 한편, SO₃, NH₃, 그리고 N2O의 발생 경향도 관측하였다. 이를 위해, 연소로 내 석회석 및 요소수를 투입하였다. 로 내 탈황법은 연소가스 내 SO₂ 농도를 ~403에서 ~41 ppm까지 저감하였다. 또한 SO₃ 형성의 주원료인 SO₂가 저감되면서 연소가스 내 SO₃ 농도도 ~3.9에서~1.4 ppm까지 감소되었다. 그러나 석회석 내 CaCO₃가 NO의 발생을 촉진하는 현상도 관측되었다. 연소가스 내 NO 농도는로 내 탈질법을 적용하여 ~26 - 34 ppm까지 저감되었다. 요소수 투입량 증가에 따라 연소가스 내 NH₃ 농도가 증가하여 최대~1.8 ppm으로 나타났으며, N₂O의 농도도 ~61에서 ~156 ppm까지 증가하였다. N₂O 발생량 증가 현상은 요소수의 열분해 과정에서 생성된 HNCO가 N₂O로 전환되어 나타난다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 로 내 연소가스 세정법을 적용할 경우 NOx 및 SOx의 저감뿐만 아니라, 다른 오염물질의 발생에 대한 주의가 필요할 것으로 보인다. Oxy-fuel combustion is considered as a promising greenhouse gas reduction technology in power plant. In this study, the behaviors of NO and SO₂ were investigated under the condition that in-furnace deNOx and deSOx methods are applied in oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed combustion condition. In addition, the generation trends of SO₃, NH₃ and N2O were observed. For the purpose, limestone and urea solution were directly injected into the circulating fluidized bed combustor. The in-furnace deSOx method using limestone could reduce the SO₂ concentration in exhaust gas from ~403 to ~41 ppm. At the same experimental condition, the SO₃ concentration in exhaust gas was also reduced from ~3.9 to ~1.4 ppm. This trend is mainly due to the reduction of SO₂. The SO₂ is the main source of the formation of SO₃. The negative effect of CaCO₃ in limestone, however, was also appeared that it promotes the NO generation. The NO concentration in exhaust gas reduced to ~26 - 34 ppm by appling selective non-catalytic reduction method using urea solution. The NH₃ concentration in exhaust gas was appeared up to ~1.8 ppm during injection of urea solution. At the same time, the N₂O generation also increased with increase of urea solution injection. It seems that the HNCO generated from pyrolysis of urea converted into N₂O in combustion atmosphere. From the results in this study, the generation of other pollutants should be checked as the in-furnace deNOx and deSOx methods are applied.

터널 영구 지보재로서의 숏크리트 고성능화 및 내구성 평가에 관한 연구

이상필(Sang-Pil Lee),류종현(Jong-Hyun Ryu),이상돈(Sang-Don Lee),전석원(Seokwon Jeon),이정인(Chung-In Lee) 한국암반공학회 2007 터널과지하공간 Vol.17 No.4

최근 국내 터널 분야에서는 현장타설 콘크리트 라이닝을 생략한, 이른바 무라이닝 터널을 적용하려는 시도가 수차례 있었으나 숏크리트가 영구 지보재로서의 성능을 확보하고 있는지에 대한 의구심으로 인해 시공으로는 이어지지 못하고 있다. 숏크리트는 시공 상 문제뿐만 아니라 강도기준이 유럽에 비해 현저히 낮고 내구성에서도 많은 문제를 내포하고 있는 것으로 파악되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 효율적인 배합개선을 통하여 압축강도 40 ㎫, 휨강도 4.5 ㎫ 이상의 고강도 숏크리트를 개발하였으며 급결제 종류와 실리카퓸 첨가량을 주 변수로 하여 최대 2년까지의 성능변화 추이를 분석하였다. 또한 단기 내구성 평가를 위해서는 동결융해, 중성화, 염해에 따른 실험실 촉진 실험과 투수시험을 실시하였으며 장기 내구성 검증을 위해서는 실제 운영 중인 고속도로 터널 내에 시편을 적치하여 복합 환경에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 분석결과 알칼리프리계만이 유일하게 고강도 목표기준을 만족하였으며, 또한 개발된 고성능 숏크리트가 내구성에 있어서도 매우 우수한 것을 확인하였다. Recently, many efforts have been made to construct the first unlined tunnel, without in-situ concrete lining, in Korea. However, the lack of reliability in the performance of shotcrete as permanent tunnel support prevented from its realization. Shotcrete has been regarded to have significant problems in field application and long term performance because of unsatisfactory strength level and durability compared to those of European countries. In this study, the high strength shotcrete satisfying compressive strength over 40 ㎫ and flexural strength over 4.5 ㎫ was developed from optimized mix design. The type of accelerators and the amount of silica fume were selected as the main factors in mixing process and the analyses were carried out up to the elapsed time of 2 years. In order to evaluate the short term durability of shotcrete, an array of laboratory test consisting of freeze-thaw, carbonation, chloride penetration and permeability test was performed. For long-term durability tests, specimens have been put in an operated highway tunnel to expose them to the similar environment when they are actually used as an unlined tunnel support. From the strength and durability tests, it was found that only alkali-free based accelerator satisfied the target strength of this study and also, the developed shotcrete showed very high performance in its durability.