홧병 경험군과 홧병 비경험군간의 홧병의 질병개념에 대한 비교연구

홍진표,김창윤,이창화,김성윤,박인호,이철,한오수 울산대학교 의과대학 1995 울산의대학술지 Vol.4 No.2

Objective The concept of Hwa-byung in terms of illness entity remains vague. In order to clarify such illness entity, this study was conducted to find out differences and similarities in subjects who experienced Hwa-byung and those who did not experienced Hwa-byung from a wide distribution within the general population. Method (1) Test Material The questionnaires were made up with reference to previously published articles on Hwa-byung, to SCL-90-R and to diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅲ-R. The questionnaires included the subject's demographic variables, their awareness of Hwa-byung, their experience of Hwa-byung, and also their opinions about its possible causes, precipitating factors, symptomatology, effective treatment modalities, course and prognosis of Hwa-byung. Such questionnaires were given to 50 subjects, all of whom are psychiatric out-patients at Asan Medical Center, for determining its validity and reliability before selecting 27 questionnaires. (2) Subject Subjects were recruited from among patients and their family members who visited the out-patient clinics of seven different departments at Asan Medical Center in Seoul a large metropolis (N=334), the out-patient clinics of seven different departments of Hae Sung General Hospital in the industrial city of Ulsan, Korea (N=299) and the seven branches of the public health center of Yeonchun county, Korea (N=262), a rural area. From these 895 subjects, 67 subjects who don't know about Hwa-byung and 34 subjects who didn't answered to the question on experience were eliminated from study subjects. The final number of study subjects was 794. (3) Methods of analysis The subjects were divided into the Hwa-byung experienced group and the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. The demographic data and the concepts of Hwa-byung were statistically analyzed by the student t-test or the chi-sq test. Results and Discussion The mean age of the Hwa-byung experienced group is significantly higher than that of the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. MOre women experienced Hwa-byung than men and lesser educated subjects experienced significantly more Hwa-byung. The place of residence, the place of upbringing and socioeconomic status have no significant difference statistically between the two groups. Both groups considered the primary cause of Hwa-byung as being psychological origin. However in the Hwa-byung experienced group, more subjects considered that the supernatural factor was the primary cause of Hwa-byung. One of the primary precipitating events causing Hwa-byung in both groups is conflict in interpersonal relationships ; however, the Hwa-byung inexperienced group exhibited more experiences in the realm of economical losses such as "failure of business" or "loss of capital" as precipitating factors causing Hwa-byung. Both groups consider that the symptoms of Hwa-byung are a combination of multiple physical and mental symptoms. With particular respect to in mental symptoms, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and hostility are thought to be prominent features. As effective treatment modalities, subjects in both groups consider that both himself and his family members should make effort to resolve intrafamilial conflicts. But in contrast with the Hwa-byung inexperienced group, the Hwa-byung experienced group requires more concrete and more attention-giving modalities as important treatment strategies. The Hwa-byung experienced group considers its prognosis more grave than the Hwa-byung inexperienced group.

In_0.5(Ga_1-xAl_x)_0.5P/GaAs 이중 이종접합 구조의 Contactless Electroreflectance에 관한 연구

김정화,조현준,배인호,Kim, Jeong-Hwa,Jo, Hyun-Jun,Bae, In-Ho 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.2

Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD)법으로 성장된 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{1-x}Al_x)_{0.5}P$/GaAs 이중 이종접합 구조의 특성을 contactless electroreflectance (CER) 분광법으로 조사하였다. CER 측정은 변조전압($V_{ac}$), 온도 및 dc 바이어스 전압($V_{bias}$)의 함수로 수행하였다. 상온에서는 5개의 신호가 관측되었는데, 이 신호들은 각각 GaAs, $In_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.73}Al_{0.27})_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.5}Al_{0.5})_{0.5}P$ 및 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.2}Al_{0.8})_{0.5}P$ 전이에 관련된 것이다. CER 스펙트럼의 온도 의존성으로부터 Varshni 계수 및 평탄인 자를 구하였다. 그리고 인가전압에 따른 신호의 진폭은 순방향 바이어스 전압 인가시 점차로 감소하나, 역방향 바이어스 전압 인가시에는 반대의 경향을 보였다. We have investigated the contactless electroreflectance (CER) properties of $In_{0.5}(Ga_{1-x}Al_x)_{0.5}P$/GaAs double heterostructures grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The CER measurements on the sample were studied as a function of temperature, modulation voltage ($V_{ac}$), and dc bias voltage ($V_{bias}$). Five signals observed at room temperature are related to the GaAs, $In_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.73}Al_{0.27})_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.5}Al_{0.5})_{0.5}P$, and $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.2}Al_{0.8})_{0.5}P$ transitions, respectively. From the temperature dependence of CER spectrum, the Varshni coefficients and broadening parameters were determined and discussed. In addition, we found that the behavior of the CER amplitude for the reverse bias is larger than that of the forward.

수술실 손 소독제의 종류에 따른 균주 수의 변화

홍성윤,김정민,김소영,이수정,오은실,양서인,김화실,김남초 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The present study purposed to compare the hand washing effect of 7.5% powidone-iodine, which is used in the operation room of C university hospital in Seoul, with that of Ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture recommended by the US Association of Operating Room Nurses (2002) and to adopt a more effective hand disinfectant. Method: In a quasi-experimental design, 48 medical staff who participated in operations during the period from November 2004 to February 2005 had hand washing using the two kinds of hand disinfectants: 7.5% povidone-iodine and the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. Their palms were swabbed and cultured just after hand washing and again after taking dff sterile gloves after the operation. The number of colonies from the two occasions were counted and compared. Result: The number of general bacillus increased significantly in the group using 7.5% povidone-iodine compared to that in the group using the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. The number of general bacillus increased signficantly in doctors compared to that in nurses. The factors affecting the increase of the number of general bacillus were disinfectants and medical personnel. The number of general bacillus was expected to increase 9.41 times with 7.5% povidone-iodine than with the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture and 14.87 times in doctors than in nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that the ethyl alcogol-CHG mixture has a stronger hand disinfection effect than 7.5% povidone iodine. Thus we need to change the hand disinfectant used in operating rooms as soon as possible in order to minimize the infection of wounds resulting from operations.

장월중선(張月中仙) 명창론

서인화 판소리학회 2005 판소리연구 Vol.19 No.-

장월중선(1925-1998)은 명창 장판개(1885-1937)의 조카로 판소리를 비롯하여 가야금, 아쟁 등 연주, 작곡, 연기, 춤 등에도 특출하였으며, 박동실(1897-1968)이 창작한 유관순열사가를 배워 이를 전승시켰고, 1963년부터 경주에서 국악계를 이끌어 오다 1993년 경상북도 무형문화재 제19호 가야금병창 기능 보유자가 되었다. 장월중선은 곡성군 오곡면 묘천리 4번지에서 출생하여, 곡성과 순창에서 살았던 백부 장판개에게 소리 공부를 시작했다. 소리꾼이었던 부친 장도순이 사망한 후, 모친 강인자는 운봉에 살기도 했다. 장월중선은 이후 13세 무렵부터 광주에서 박동실에게 심청가 전바탕과 춘향가, 유관순열사가를 비롯한 창작 열사가를 배웠다. 이 밖에도 장수향, 임석윤, 오태석, 정자선, 한갑득, 김윤덕, 이동안, 박송암 등 당대 최고의 명인명창들에게 동·서편의 판소리와 창극, 산조, 가야금병창, 범패, 춤 등을 학습하여 다양한 장르의 예술에 두루 통달하였다. 그러나 장월중선의 예술의 모체는 무엇보다도 판소리였다. 이중에서도 특히 장월중선이 박동실의 많은 제자들이 계속해 부르지 않았던 유관순열사가의 온전한 한바탕을 전수한 것은 그가 유관순열사가에서 요구되는 자유자재한 상청, 뚜렷한 리듬과 선율선, 빠른 극적 전개를 처리할 수 있는 테크닉과 강한 표현력을 소유했을 뿐 아니라, 창작판소리인 유관순열사가의 음악적 가치를 인정하고 이를 전승해야겠다는 의지를 가졌기 때문이었으리라고 생각된다. 1952년부터는 목포에서 목포국악원을 운영하면서 안향년, 신영희, 김일구 등 수 많은 판소리 명창들을 길러냈다. 장녀 정순임, 차녀 정경옥은 장판개제 수궁가를 각각 판소리와 가야금병창으로 연주하고 있으며, 특히 정순임은 장월중선이 박동실에게 전수한 심청가와 유관순열사가도 활발하게 공연하고 있다. 그러나 장월중선은 1963년부터 경주에서 생활하게 되면서, 약 30년 동안 경주 지역의 특성상 판소리보다는 기악과 춤을 많이 전수하였고, 1993년 경상북도 무형문화재 가야금병창으로 지정되었다. 장월중선이 그의 예술의 본령인 판소리로 문화재 보유자가 되지 않아 본인이나 그의 제자들에게 아쉬움을 남긴 것은 지역 문화재 제도 수행의 복잡한 양상, 판소리의 예술적 가치를 높이 평가하는 호남 예인들의 의식을 반영한다고 하겠다. Jang Wol-jung-seon(1925-1998), niece of the master singer Jang Pan-gae(1885-1937), was good at playing instruments including Gayageum and Ajaeng, and also good at music composition, acting, and dancing as well as Pansori singing. Jang learned Yugwansun-yeolsaga (the Song of a Patriot, Yu Gwan-sun) from its composer, Park Dong-sil, and transmitted it to her disciples. She began to live in Gyeongju of Gyeongsangbukdo Province in 1963. She was designated as a holder of the Intangible Cultural Assets No.19 in Gayageum-byeongchang by Gyeongsangbukdo provincial government in 1993. Jang Wol-jung-seon was born in 4 Myocheon-ri Ogok-myeon Gokseong-gun Jeollanamdo Province. She learned Pansori from her uncle, Jang Pan-gae who lived in Gokseong and Sunchang. After Jang Wol-jung-seon's father Jang Do-sun, who also was a Pansori singer, died early, her mother Gang In-ja lived in Unbong for some time. From the time she was about 13 years old, Jang Wol-jung-seon began to learn Pansori, including Simcheongga (the Song of Sim Cheong), Chunhyangga (the Song of Chunhyang) and songs of patriots, such as Yugwansun-yeolsaga from Park Dong-sil in Gwangju. In addition to Pansori in both the eastern and western schools, she also mastered a variety of music and dance, such as Changgeuk (folk opera), Sanjo, Gayageum-byeongchang, Beompae, and dance by learning them from the great master artists of the times, such as Jang Su-hyang, Im Seok-yun, 0 Tae-seok, Jeong Ja-seon, Han Gap-deuk, Kim Yun-deok, Lee Dong-an, Park Song-am. Among many different genres of arts, Pansori was the primary art practised by Jang Wol-jung-seon. Especially, the fact that Jang Wol-jung-seon sang the complete version of Yugwansun-yeolsaga, which was forgotten by many other disciples of Park Dong-sil, shows that she had a strong will to transmit a newly composed Pansori, Yugwansun-yeolsaga, and that she had a voice good at high range and the technique to perform fast passages, both of which are required to sing Yugwansun-yeolsaga. Jang Wol-jung-seon educated a lot of Pansori singers, such as An Hyang-nyeon, Sin Yeong-hee, Kim Il-gu in the Center of Korean Traditional Music she established in Mokpo in 1948. Sugungga in the school of Jang Pan-gae is transmitted by her daughters, Jeong Sun-im and Jeong Gyeong-ok, in the form of Pansori and Gayageum-byeongchang, respectively. Simcheongga and Yugwansun-yeolsaga that Jang Wol-jung-seon learned from Park Dong-sil is transmitted by her disciples, such as Jeong Sun-im. Jang Wol-jung-seon began living in Gyeongju in 1963. Since then, due to the people's tastes in the Geyonju area, she has had to transmit instrumental music and dance more than Pansori to her disciples for about 30 years. The fact that she became a holder of Intangible Cultural Assets No.19 in Gayageum-byeongchang didn't satisfy her and her disciples because they felt that her main art was not Gayageum-byeongchang but Pansori. It reflects a complicated aspect of the system of Intangible Cultural Assets of the provincial government and people's recognition of Pansori as a total art and a germ of many other form of arts.

공군사관생도의 심폐능력에 따른 심리 · 생리요인 비교

김인기(In-ki Kim),김건희(Gun-hee Kim),송성우(Sung-woo Song),최가람(Ga-ram Choi),엄장원(Jang-won Eom),곽재준(Jae-jun Kwak),유영남(Young-nam You),정덕화(Deok-hwa Jeong),강지훈(Ji-hun Kang) 육군사관학교 화랑대연구소 2019 한국군사학논집 Vol.75 No.2

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in psychological and physiological factors between groups by classifying groups based on the 3km running record of fourth grade Air Force Academy cadets. Among the top 46 Air Force Academy cadets who wanted to participate in the study, the study conducted an open survey of the top 13 and the bottom 15 who wanted to provide the data prior to the study. The subjects of the experiment and in-depth interview were studied by a total of 18 people, 9 of each upper and lower members who wished to participate in the study. Psychological factors were structured through inductive content analysis of data extracted from in-depth interviews, and physiological factors were conducted to verify differences between groups of body composition and cardiopulmonary function. The psychological factors of the upper and lower groups were found to be general areas of performance strategy, achievement motivation, emotional response, military spirit, situation perception, and basic physical strength. In the detailed areas, the subjects were also examined in 15 areas including physical fitness indicators, confidence, condition control, task orientation, and positive self-perception. As a result of comparison between upper and lower groups, the upper group was 2.2 times higher than the lower group and the lower group was 1.7 times higher than the upper group in the military spirit and performance strategy of the general area response rate. In general area response, the ratio of mental strength and confidence was different in the general area of military spirit. In addition, the upper group in the achievement motivation showed a high percentage of task tendency at 47%, while the lower group showed a high rate of zero motivation at 50%. In the emotional response, the upper group showed an equal ratio, while the lower group showed an 81% ratio of negative emotions. In the overall response by sub-region, the negative emotions of the subgroup were high at 28%. In the body composition, BFM showed a statistically significant difference between upper and lower groups, and Weight, FFM, and SMM did not show any significant difference between groups. In cardiopulmonary capacity, VO2max showed a statistically significant difference between upper and lower groups, and VE and LT did not show significant differences between groups.

임부(姙婦)의 산전위험요인평가연구(産前危險要因評價硏究): 일선(一線) 보건요원(保健要員)을 위한 산전관리용(産前管理用) 위험요인적용모형(危險要因適用模型) 개발(開發)

박인화 ( In-hwa Park ),주신일 ( Shyn Ii Joo ) 한국보건사회연구원 1985 保健社會硏究 Vol.5 No.1

1. Background and Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to develop a risk factor assessment chart that is simple to use by health workers at grass-root level and predictive enough to screen and allocate limited resources to high-risk pregnancy. A risk scoring chart, currently in use by the government sector in the field of maternal and child health in Korea, is based on arbitrary criteria for selection and scoring of risk factors. Therefore this chart has considerable limitations in the statistical sense including the validity of scoring system. Against this backstop, development of a risk factor assessment chart that is valid on statistical consideration is critically indicated for manpower situation as unique in Korea where nurse-aids account for the predominant work-force engaged in the maternal and child health care service at the grass-root level in the public sector. 2. Design of Study Materials: The current study, which is the second phase one, relates to the 3,838 pregnant women reviewed and edited out of the original 4,012 women observed in the first phase of the study (Joo et al., 1982) and is intended to attempt further in-depth analysis of the information on pregnancy and labour of the population. Information on the medical charts of pregnant women who were consecutively delivered at the Busan II Shin Hospital during the first six months in 1981 are the main data source. Relevant information on these medical charts were collected in standardized questionaire that was developed by a Korea Institute for Population and Health research team. Analysis of Data: In principle, four main analyses were undertaken. First, the significance of association between maternal variables and a defined outcome variable which relates to unwanted pregnancy complications and labor/delivery outcomes, was assessed by means of the adjusted chi-square test. A list of variables that were shown statistically significant on chi-square test were selected as risk factors. Therefore, pregnancies with risk factors were categorized as high-risk pregnancy, and those without any were grouped as non-risk pregnancy which, however, were subject to further analysis of next stage. In short, all those non-risk pregnancies found without risk factors under· went analysis of each succeeding stage up 10 final one, fourth stage. Second, odds ratio as an approximation to the relative risk, was calculated to assess the potency of different risk factors associated with the defined outcome variable. Third, validity of each stage of screening scheme was tested. interms 01 sensitivity, specificity and predictability. Finally, a revised risk assessment chart to screen high-risk pregnancy was developed for the use of health workers at grass-root level. 3, Findings First stage of analysis: Six maternal variables including obstetric danger signals identified over chief complaints of the pregnant were examined in relation to the unwanted pregnancy complications and labour/delivery outcomes. The first stage analysis showed that there were significant associat ion between four danger signals of edema, blurred visionf headache, convulsion and bleeding, and the adverse outcome. Risk factors with the highest association are convulsion and edema that are highly correlated with hypertensive disorder 01 pregnancy. The prevalence of the pregnancy with single or more of the four risk factors is found to be 16.3 percent and corresponding odds ralio is 4.59, as shown in Table 8. Second stage of analysis: Non-risk pregnancies that were not exposed to anyone of the statistically Significant danger signals of the first stage of analysis were further divided into two groups, ie., primiparas and multiparas. Six independent variables including age for the group of primiparas and 15 variables for multiparas including the former six for the primiparas were examined in relation to the adverse outcomes. For primipara, age and height are found to be risk factors and for multipara, age, height and seven va riables related to previous obstet ric history are proved to be risk factors. Each prevalence of primiparas and multipa ras who are exposed to single or more of risk factors in each defined group are 4.5 percent and 50.0 percent respectively. Corresponding odds ratios for primipara and multipara thus exposed to risk factors are 4.41 and 3.45 respectively, as shown in Table 11. Third stage of analysis: Those non-risk pregnancies that were continuously left out over the process of first and second stage of analysis underwent further examination. Seven maternal variables that can be easily identified over simple clinical check-up were examined of their effect on the defined outcome variable. Statistically significant are two factors of blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher) and presence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The prevalence of pregnancies with single or both of the two risk factors is 5.5 percent with corresponding odds ratio of 1.57, as shown in Table 13. It is comparatively weaker association in contrast with those found in the preceding stages of analysis. Fourth stage or analysis: Those non-risk pregnancies continuously left out over the three stages of analysis were further examined to find out what statistically significant risk factors were out of the 14 selected maternal variables during pregnancy of third trimester. These variables are divided into two groups. ie., one group of nine variables that are easily identifiable during clinical check-up and another group of five variables that would require examination of more skilled health personnel. Significant among the former group are found to be five risk factors including excessive weight gain and among the latter, three risk factors including abnormal size on abdominal examination. The prevalence of pregnancies with one or more of five risk factors in the former group accounts for 11.9 percent with corresponding odds ratio of 2.44, whereas the prevalence of pregnancies with single or more of the lauer`s three risk factors is 20.2 percent with corresponding odds ratio of 3.73. Thus, risk factors that would require expert examination seem to have higher degree of association, as shown in Table 15. Consequently the prevalance of pregnancies with single or more of the above eight risk factors combined. is 29.4 percent with corresponding odds ratio of 3. 19. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation Among the total of 48 maternal variables initially employed for analysis, 26 variables were selected as risk factors. Accordingly study pregnancies were screened at each stage of analysis, depending on the occurrence of the relevant risk factors. In this study, all those classified as high-risk pregnancy account for 41.5 percent-47.6 percent according to the type of screening scheme applied at fourth stage. The predictability of this screening scheme has, at all stages of screening, positive predictive power between 41.7 percent and 69.3 percent, and negative predictive power between 67.0 percent and 89.3 percent. Total correct classification which accounts for the percentage of true positive and negative cases combined among the cases observed, ranges from 67.3 percent to 73.8 percent, as shown in Table 19. High predictability is found of the fourth stage scheme with more complicated risk factors, and lower one, of the second stage scheme with risk factors of age, height, and previous obstetric histories. Positive predictive power of this screening scheme, by and large, is lower than negative predictive power. In conclusion, a risk factor assessment chart proposed in this study for the use of health workers at grass-root level is illustrated in Table 20. This revised scheme is modified out of study results in terms of statistical consideration between risk factors and the outcome variable, logical validation, and practical utility. In the future efforts, selection of risk factors and their cut-off points will be defined in view of balance between the seriousness of the false negative mistakes and the damage done to individuals by the needless use of resources on the false positives. This in turn raises a critical issue in the public health activities; how many and what kind of "mistakes" can be accomodated when resources are limited?

급성 SO_2중독이 임신흰쥐 및 태자간에 미치는 영향에 관한 조직화학적 연구

송인문,유진화,한갑수 慶熙大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

The purpose of present study was to clarify the effect of sulfur dioxide exposure on enzymatic activities of the liver in pregnant and fetal rats by histochemical method. Female pregnant rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) were used in this study. The animals were exposed to 50ppm SO_2 in gas. chamber for 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes and were sacrificed on 17 days, 19 days and full term of gestation period and fetal liver were taken. The changes of enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were observed by histochemical stainings. Significant data have been summarized as follows; 1. In the pregnant rat, 19th fetal rat and full term fetal rat, the enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposure group decreased in comparison with the control group. 2. In the pregnant rat, 19th fetal rat and full term fetal rat, the enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase of SO_2 exposure group increased in comparison with the control group. But alkaline phosphatase has showed a no significant changes in comparison with the control group. 3. In the 17th fetal rat, the changes of enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposed liver showed a mild positive activity as it was in the control group. However, acid phosphatase activities has showed a negative activity in the both group. 4. The enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposed liver showed a significant changes in the pregnant rat in comparison with the fetal rat.

이산화질소 및 아황산 가스에 노출된 흰쥐에 대한 連翹敗毒散과 수종 한약물에 대한 실험적 연구

崔仁和,蔡炳允 慶熙大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are two major air pollutants. As it has been well known, the former plays indispensible role in London type smog incident and the latter is one of major components of photochemical oxidants. In the of industrial toxicology these two noxious gases are classified as irritant gas physiologically. And many reports on the acute and chronic intoxication by these two gases have been filed. Especially,a strong irritating nitrogen dioxide effect on the epithelium of air way tract are the formation or methemoglobin has been known as the main toxic action. Clinically pulmonary edema and congestion are beli-eved to main causes of death. Yongyopaedoksan(연요패독산) has been used in the oriental medical treatment of acute and chrom respiratory diseases, including laryngeal disorders and ocular irritant symptoms such as congestion burning, itching and scratch and so on. In order to investigate the clinical effect of Yongyopaedoksan(연요패독산), Maekmundong(麥門冬) Saengjihwang(生地黃) and Ilhwangyon(日黃連) on the rats exposured to 50ppm SO_2 & NO_2 for 5 hours an experimental study was done on hematologic changes, organ water contents and histopathologic pictures. The experimental groupe are the normal group, control group, S-1 group(oral medication Yongyopaedoksan), S-2 group(oral medication of Maekmundong), S-3 group(oral medication of Saengjihwang) and S-4 group(oral medication of Ilhwangyon). The results were summarized as follows; 1. On the hematologic change in the rats exposured to SO_2 in the Yongyopaedoksan group compared to the control, the increase in the value of hemoglobin & leucocytes was significant. In Maekmundong group, the number of leucocytes & eosinophil ratio were different significantly. In Saengjihwang group, the hematocrit values were increased significantly. 2. On the hematologic change in the rats exposured to NO_2 in the Yongyopaedoksan group compared to the control the hemoglobin hematocrit values and eosinophil ratio were decreased significantly. However the number of leucocytes was increased significantly. In the Maekmundong group, the reduction of hemoglobin & hematocrit values was significant. In the Saengjihwang group, the value of hemoglobin was reduced significantly. In the Ilhwangyon group, the decrease of the eosinophil ratio was significant. 3. On the change of water contents of left lung in the SO_2 exposure group, the Yongyopaedoksan Maekmundong & Saengjihwang group as compared to the control. the reduction was significant. 4. In the laryngeal histopathologic changes of SO_2 exposure group, all the sample groups were admitted of significant difference at congestion & inflammatory infiltrates as compared to the control. The edema of trachea in Saengjihwang & Ilhwangyon group as compared to the control were improved significantly. The congestion & inflammatory infiltrates of trachea ti four sample groups as compared to the control were improved significantly. 5. In the case of NO_2 exposure group, the edema and inflammatory infiltrates of larynx in Ilhwangyon on group as compared to the control were improved significantly. The edema of trachea in Saengjihwang & Ilhwangyon group as compared to the control was improved significantly. And the congestion & inflammatory infiltrates of trachea in all the sample groups as compared to the control were improved significantly.

이태준의 『청춘무성』考 : 계몽의 서사와 여성(성)

송인화 한국여성문학학회 2003 여성문학연구 Vol.9 No.-

본 고는 1940년 발표된 이태준의 후기 장편 소설인 『청춘무성』을 대상으로 계몽성과 여성성과의 관계를 탐색하였다. 『청춘무성』은 이태준 장편 소설의 특징적인 계몽소설의 구조를 근간으로 하고 있다. 따라서 근대화 프로젝트의 이념이 서사를 추동하면서 감성/이성, 사적/공적, 육체/정신, 자연/문명, 개인/사회, 그리고 여성/남성 등의 이항대립적 개념이 작품의 주요한 갈등을 형성하고 있다. 본고에서는 이처럼 근대를 자기목적으로 추구하는 계몽적 서사에 내재된 여성 억압적 특징을 인물의 형상화와 계몽의 성취과정을 통하여 살펴보았다. 작품은 크게 전반부의 애정갈등과 후반부의 사회참여라는 두 부분으로 나뉘어져 있다. 이야기는 애정이라는 사적인 욕망을 제입한 세 남녀가 사회라는 공적인 영역에 참여하는 과정으로 진행된다. 여기에서 공간적인 영역의 이동은 시간적인 메타포로 전이되어 전자가 부정해야 할 사적인 영역으로서의 전근대적 세계라면 후자는 지향해야할 공적인 영역으로서 근대적 세계가 된다. 그런데 사적인 영역에서 제시되는 전근대성이 한결같이 여성적 젠더와 연결되어 있다는 점에 문제가 있다. 여성은 근대성에 미달된 영역으로서 계몽을 필요로 하는 열등한 대상일 뿐만 아니라 여성인물들의 자질로 구성되는 여성성은 그 자체로 근대성에 도달하기 데 위험한 방해물로 제시된다. 작품에 등장하는 여성인물은 소녀적 감상성에 매몰된 미숙한 인물이거나 육체적 열망에 사로잡힌 탕녀로 제시된다. 이들은 모두 비합리적이고 사적인 욕망에 사로잡힌 인물들로 이러한 이미지가 제공하는 감성성과 육체성은 전근대적인 것이자 동시에 여성적인 전유물로 제시되면서 계몽의 서사에 의해 끊임없이 억압되는 욕망의 주요한 내용이 된다. 따라서 전근대적인 표상들은 중립적인 것이라기보다는 여성적인 젠더 표상과 은밀히 내통한다. 그리고 결국 근대는 여성성을 억압함으로써 보장된다. 여성들은 성적 정체성이 제거되고 양육의 헌신성만이 강조된 모성과 교사 역할을 통해 공적인 영역에 참여하지만 가부장적인 젠더 경계의 성역할 모델은 엄존하여 영웅적인 남성의 부차적인 역할로 밖에 남지 않는 것이다. 성적욕망과 감성, 그리고 모성을 구성내용으로 하는 사적 영역이 공적 영역에 의해 통제되고 억압되는 이러한 계몽의 담론은 결국 총동원체제라고 하는 전체주의적 식민지 지배담론에 봉사하는 결과로 귀착된다. In this paper, I tried to examine the relation between the modernity and the femininity in the Lee tae joon's late novel 『Chung Choon Moo Sung』. This novel is based upon the structure of enlightenment narrative, that is notable trait of Lee Tat Joon's novel. So the Modernization project is a essential momentum of this narrative, and the binominal concepts like emotion/reason, private/public, physical/spiritual, natural/cultural, and male/female make the main struggle in this novel. Here I will check how the narrative that pursuits the modernity itself oppresses woman's desire and tries to restraint the woman's identity through the process of narrative and characterization. This novel divides into two part. the first half is made up a affection discord, and the latter half is constitute of participation in public affair. Moving onward the latter part, the characters suppress theirs sexual desire for social participation. Here we can find the spacial concept transfers to the metaphor for the time. The former private affection is metastasized to the premodern times, whereas the other turns into the modern world. The problem is here which premodern world is always related to the feminine gender. In this novel, the women are the person who need the lesson of enlightenment, all the more femininity that is constituted of woman's character is recognised of obstacle against getting to the modern world. The women in this novel are presented in a 'immature person' who is immersed in girlish loving affair or a 'prostitute' who is captured by sexual desire. They are all unreasonable and don't have any other concern without private passion. Such a images of emotionality and flesh are the woman's original characteristics in this novel. In the same time that are the object that enlightenment passion want to eliminate in the name of modernity. Therefore we can find the premodern symbols are not neutral but something in communicate secretly with the feminine gender in this novel. So the conclusion is that the modernity can be arrived by repressing the woman's identity. The women who get to the modernity eliminate their gender-identity and goes to the social sphere as the mother and teacher, but gender roll is derived from the patriarchism remains strongly. So they only do the secondary roll for heroic man. In the final analysis, the narrative of enlightenment in this novel that the public sphere completely controlled the private sphere serves to the ruling colonial narrative of 'Nation Mobilization Order'.

대형 밀폐 챔버를 이용한 파프리카(Capsicum annumm L.) 개체의 이산화탄소 소비량 측정 및 정량화

신종화(Jong Hwa Shin),안태인(Tae In Ahn),손정익(Jung Eek Son) 한국원예학회 2011 원예과학기술지 Vol.29 No.3

파프리카의 상하위엽의 광합성 속도 차이를 측정하고, 광합성 측정용 챔버를 이용한 광합성량 측정치와의 차이를 비교하여 보다 정밀한 파프리카 생육시의 CO₂ 요구도를 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 광합성측정장치(LI-6400)를 이용하여 위치 별 파프리카의 광합성속도를 측정하였다. 또한 파프리카 개체의 CO₂ 소모량의 정량화를 위하여 환경조절이 가능한 밀폐 챔버를 제작하고, 챔버 내부의 CO₂ 농도의 감소량을 측정하여 식물이 이용한 CO₂를 정량화하였다. 파프리카의 상위엽과 하위엽에서 광도증가에 따른 광합성 속도 상위엽에서 증가량이 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 제작한 챔버 내부의 CO₂ 농도를 1,500μ㏖ · ㏖?¹ 수준으로 설정한 후, 일사량 변화에 따른 챔버 내부의 CO₂ 농도를 이용하여 식물체에 의해 소모된 양을 계산하였다. 엽면적이 7,533.4㎠ 인 파프리카의 경우, 적산광(x)에 따른 CO₂ 소모량은 다음과 같은 광합성량 추정 모델식으로 추정되었다: y = -0.06234 + 3.671<SUP>*</SUP>x/(2.589 + x) (R² = 0.9966<SUP>***</SUP>). 300μ㏖ · m?² · s?¹ 광도범위에서 챔버를 이용한 파프리카의 광합성속도는 3.4 μ㏖ CO₂ · m?² · s?¹ 이었고, 상위엽과 하위엽에서의 광합성 측정기에 의한 데이터와 비교하여 중간 값을 나타내었다. 따라서 실제 대규모 농가에서 단위엽의 광합성 측정에 의하여 CO₂ 시비량을 계산하면 실제 필요량과 공급량 간에 큰 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 엽 광합성속도 이외에도 본 연구에서와 같이 챔버를 이용하여 파프리카 식물체 개체가 소비하는 CO₂량을 정량화한다면 상업용 온실에 필요한 CO₂ 시비량을 정확하게 추정할 수 있다. This study was carried out to clarify precise CO₂ demands of paprika plants (Capsicum annumm L.) by measuring photosynthesis rates of the leaves in high, low positions, and the CO₂ consumption of a whole plant in a large sealed chamber. A photosynthesis measuring system (LI-6400) was used to measure the photosynthetic rates of the leaves located in different positions. A large sealed chamber that can control inside environmental factors was developed for measuring CO₂ consumption by a whole paprika plant. With increase of radiation, photosynthetic rates of the leaves in higher position became larger than those in lower position. The CO₂ consumption by the plant was estimated by using decrement of CO₂ concentration from initial level of 1500 μ㏖ · ㏖-1 in the chamber with increase of integrated radiation. A regression model for estimating CO₂ consumption by the plant (leaf area = 7,533.4 ㎠) was expressed with integrated radiation (x) and was suggested as y = - 0.06234 + 3.671<SUP>*</SUP> x / (2.589 + x) (R² = 0.9966<SUP>***</SUP>). The photosynthetic rate of the whole plant measured in the chamber was 3.4 μ㏖ CO₂ · m?² · s?¹ under 300 μ㏖ · m?² · s?¹ light intensity, which is in-between photosynthetic rates of the leaves in high and low positions. For this reason, some differences between required and supplied CO₂ amounts in greenhouses might occur when depending too much on photosynthetic rates of leaves. Therefore, we can estimate more accurately CO₂ amount required in commercial greenhouses by using CO₂ consumption model of a whole plant obtained in this study in addition to leaf photosynthetic rate.