사회심리학적 관점에서 조명해 본 뷔히너의 『보이첵』

임호일 한국뷔히너학회 2003 뷔히너와 현대문학 Vol.20 No.-

In der vorliejenden Arbeit versuchte ich Bu¨chners letztes Drama Woyzeck anhand einer sozialpsychologischen Methode zu anlaysieren. Dabei dienten als Analyseraster Ich-Schwa¨che, Projektion, Su¨ndenbock-Strategie, Leerformel usw. Aus dem Streben nach Geborgenheit und Sicherheit schlieBen sich die Menschen zu Gruppen zusammen. Sie suchen sich daru¨ber hinaus aus Ich-Schwa¨che durch Identifikation mit der Macht des Kollektives einen Ersatz. Diese Unvollkommenheit und Schwa¨che ruft beim Einzelmenschen Angstgefu¨hl hervor. Wenn man solche Angst durch Projektion zu stillen und die Ich-Schwa¨che u¨berma¨Big zu verhu¨llen versucht, entsteht hier Gefahr, dem ideologischen Vorurteil zu verfallen. "Projektion" - so erkla¨rt der Sozialpsychologe Allport - " kann als Vermo¨gen definiert werden, das anderen Menschen fa¨lschich Motive oder Eigenschaften zuordnet, die nus zukommen oder unsere Motive und Eigenschaften erkla¨ren oder rechtfertigen." Die Schwa¨che, die tief im Inneren des Menschen versteckt ist, wird ihm zum Feind, wenn sich Unglu¨cks sei. Da er aber zu schwach ist, um diesen Feind in sich zu beka¨mpfen, sucht er einen schwa¨cheren, den er ohne weiteres schlagen kann. Auf diese Weise wird ein Schuldloser ohne irgendwelche legitimen Gru¨nde zum da¨monisierten Feind, d. h. Su¨ndenbock. Fu¨r die in Vorurteil befangenen Menschen bestect die Welt nur aus zwei Polen, und zwar aus dem Guten und dem Bo˝sen. Sie kennen die Vielfa¨ltigkeit der Welt nicht oder sie wollen von ihr nicht wissen. Sie bipolarisieren immer die Welterscheinungen, indem sie die vielfa¨ltigen Gesichtspunkte und Pha¨nomene in der Realita¨t auf ein Entweder -Oder, ein Fu¨r-mich oder Gegen-mich, ein Freund-Feind-Verha¨ltnis zu reduzieren versuchen. Um die bipolare Weltdeutung aufrechtzuerhalten, verhu¨llen sie die Wahrheit bzw. die Wirklichkeit. Ihre Aussagen richten sich nicht nach der Wirklichkeit, sondern sie sind durch ihre eigenen Interessen bedingt. Sie beruhen also nicht auf Vernunft, sondern auf Unvernunft(Affekt, Emotion usw.). Die Verhu¨llung kommt oft dadurch zustande, daB man interessenbedingte Werturteile im Gewand von Tatsachenaussagen auftreten la¨Bt. Es ist auch nicht zu u¨bersehen, daB die Sprache Zur Verhu¨llung der Wahrheit im groBen MaBe beitra¨gt. Die Sprache, die gewo¨hnlich im Alltag verwendet wird, entha¨lt mehr oder weniger a-theoretische komponenten. Diese sich gegen den Verstand wendenden Komponenten treten vor allem bei den Leerformeln in Erscheinung. Leerformel ko¨nnen pseudo-empirischer Natur sein, d. h. mit dem Anspruch aufterten, u¨ber die empirische Realita¨t zu informieren, obwohl sie tatsa¨chlich keinen na¨her angebbaren oder zumindest nur eine sehr geringen Informationsgehalt besitzen. Auf diesen sozialpsychlogischen Grundlagen wird untersucht, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen Vorurteile bei dem Drama Woyzeck entstehen und, wie sie sich entwickeln und schlieBlich welche Wirkungen sie ausu¨ben. Dabei spielt natu¨rlich der besitzlose Woyzeck(bzw. Marie) die Rolle desjenigen, der durch Vorurteile zum Opfer fallt, wa¨hrend die Reichen, na¨mlich der hauptmann und der Doctor als dessen Antipoden auftreten.

ERK1/2 activation in quercetin-treated BEAS-2B cell plays a role in Nrf2-driven HO-1 expression

이윤진,Jun-Hwan Song,Myung-Ho Oh,Yong-Jin Lee,김용배,Jae-Hyuk Im,이상한 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2011 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.7 No.4

Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids,has been heralded as chemopreventive agent, generally because of its free radical-scavenging and antiproliferative activities. In this process, NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) plays a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage; however, the exact mechanisms in which bronchial epithelial cells respond to quercetin by activating Nrf2 are not fully understood. Here, we report the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in response to quercetin. Quercetin treatment decreased the viability of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ERK1/2 was activated within 10 min of quercetin addition and then remained increased above control level throughout 48 h, whereas AKT phosphorylation was suppressed from the first 1 h of quercetin treatment. Inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation attenuated quercetin-induced loss of cell viability. Nrf2levels in both nuclear and whole cell lysates increased after quercetin treatment and was accompanied by the increase of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein level,indicating that increased HO-1 expression is Nrf2-mediated. Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 system after quercetin treatment was suppressed by the pretreatment with MEK inhibitor, PD98059. Also, silencing Nrf2 with siRNA decreased cell viability and augmented cytotoxic effect of anticancer drug LBH589. Overall, our results indicate that quercetin induces the up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression, at least in part, via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling, as an adaptive mechanism which may provide advantages for cell proliferation and enhance survival despite endogenous and/or exogenous oxidative insults.

Emerging Landscape, Same Old Theories in News Flows? : Two Case Studies of News Diffusion in Cyberspace

Im,Yung-Ho,Kim,Kyungmo,Kim,Eun-mee,Kim,Yeran 한국언론학회 2009 한국언론학회 심포지움 및 세미나 Vol.2009 No.8-2

의약품 특허와 강제실시제도의 국제 규범적 체계

임호 ( Ho¸ Im ) 한국지식재산연구원 2006 지식재산연구 Vol.1 No.2

Unclear provisions of compulsory licensing in the TRIPs Agreement allow the developed countries and multinational corporations to take trade measures or political pressure against developing countries and least-developed countries, though there have been several practices of compulsory licensing in some developed countries. But after adoption of the 'Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health' and the decision of 'Implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health', some developing countries such as the Brazil, Indonesia, Zambia etc. have done compulsory licensing in order to solve the crisis of public health, and some developed countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, Canada etc. have legislated regulations concerning compulsory licensing. Considering the fact that practice of compulsory licensing is witnessed not only by some developing countries but also some developed countries, it can not be denied that compulsory licensing is generally recognized and constitutes a subsequent practice under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and it clearly show the fact that compulsory licensing is already recognized universally.

토사터널 보조공법 중 마이크로파일공법의 적용성에 관한 기초적 연구

임종철,고호성,홍석우 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.55 No.-

본 연구에서는 토사지반에 터널을 굴착할 경우 보조공법으로서 사용되는 마이크로파일의 적용성을 검토하기 위해 그 보강효과를 모형실험을 통하여 분석하였다. 특히, 보강방향, 보강형태, 보강범위의 영향에 연구의 초점을 맞추었다. 실험의 결과는 당므과 같다. ① 마이크로파일의 효과적인 설치방향은 dε₃방향이며, 이때의 설치각도는 수평과 60°각도를 이룬다. ② 마이크로 파일설치형태를 볼 때, 개방형보다는 폐쇄형이 더욱 효과적이다. In this study, the reinforcing effect of micro-pile for the soft ground tunnel is analysed by the laboratory model tests. Especially, the effects of diretions, types, and range of reinforcement are focused. The results of tests are as follows: ① The effective installation direction of micro-pile is dε₃ direction, and the most effective installation angle is 60 degree for the horizontal direction ② the closed type is more effective than the opened type of micro-pile installation.

민중작가로서의 Georg Bu¨chner

林虎一 한국뷔히너학회 1988 뷔히너와 현대문학 Vol.1 No.-

敎俗의 鬪爭과 近代國家의 誕生

林湖洙 충남대학교 사학회 1987 忠南史學 Vol.2 No.-

고래회충유충증 107례 보고 및 어류감염 실태 조사

임경일,신호준,김병화,문승일 INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1995 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.26 No.1

고래회충유충증은 바다 포유동물에 기생하는 고래회충과(科)의 유충이 인체의 소화관 특히 위(胃)와 소장에 침입하여 발생되는 질병으로 범세계적으로 보고되고 있다. 급성복통을 호소하는 환자를 대상으로 바닷고기 생식여부를 조사하고 위내시경을 관찰하여 위점막내로 뚫고 들어가는 고래회충과 유충을 적출하여 동정함으로써 진단하였다. 1989년 6월부터 3년간 남자 60명, 여자 47명의 고래회충유충증 환자를 찾아내었다. 주요 증상은 상복부통, 급성복통, 구토 등이었고, 바닷고기를 생식하고 4시간 내지 1일 이내에 증상이 생겼고, 대부분 1-3일 후 유충을 제거하였다. 위내시경 관찰을 하였더니 유충들은 위의 몸체에서 제일 많이 발견되었고 유충이 침입한 위점막으로 부터 출혈, 부종, 미란 등이 관찰되었다. 적출된 유충 90마리 중 82마리가 고래회충(Anisakis simplex)의 유충이었다. 문진을 통해 확인된 환자가 생식한 어종으로는 조기, 바닷장어, 히라스, 오징어가 많았다. 농수산물센타에서 임의 로 구입한 5가지 바닷고기에서 고래회충과 유충을 조사하였더니 고등어와 우럭에서 검출되었고, 내장 및 복부 근육에서 고래회충(Anisakis simplex)과 물개회충(Pseudoterranova decipiens)의 유충 등이 검출되었다. Human anisakiasis may occur after ingestion of raw marine fish infected with nematode larvae of Anisakidae. Anisakiasis caused by the migration of the larva into the wall of stomach, small intestine and other portion has been reported in Korea. This prospective study was made of all cases referred to parasitological laboratory in Cheju-do between June 1989 and June 1992. Gastric anisakiasis was confirmed if larvae invading the gastric wall were in 30-49 years old. Most of the patients complained acute epigastric pain with history of eating raw marine fish. This symptom usually occurred about 12 hours to 1 day after ingestion of infected marine fish. Edema, erosion or ulcer of the mucosa and hemorrhage from the gastric wall were observed in the involved areas. Ninety larvae removed from the stomach were identified; the larva of Anisakis simplex was the most prevalent species, and the larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens was also detected. The important species of marine fish from which the patients became infected was demonstrated as yellow corvina, sea eel, ling, cuttle fish, yellowtail and others. Five species of marine fish as a possible source of infection were examined, and Anisakis simplex larvae and Pseudoterranova decipiens larvae were collected from the mackerel and rock cod. This study demonstrates that anisakiasis is recognized as a public health problem in Korea.

서사화의 관점에서 비교해 본 뷔히너와 브레히트

임호일 한국독일어문학회 2000 독일어문학 Vol.11 No.-

Zwischen Bu¨chner ( 1813-1827) und Brecht ( 1898-1956) gibt es viele Beruhru¨ngspunkte. obgleich ein relativ langer Zeitraum zwischen ihnen liegt. Zuerst stammen sowohl der eine wie der andere aus einer bu¨rgerlichen Familie. Trotzdem entzogen sich die beiden "der bu¨rgerlichen Behaglichkeit des Elternhauses. um wie die heilige Johanna den "Gang in die Tiefe zu suchen. Und ferner befassten sich die beiden mit der praxisbezogenen Literatur. d. h. dem (sozialistischen) Realismus. Sie halten na¨mlich die Gesellschaft bzw. die Menschen nicht fu¨r festgesetzt. sondern betrachten sie als einen sich dem Wandel ausgesetzten Gegenstand. Sie glauben, dass die Triebkraft dieses Wandels nicht die Idee. sondern die Materie ist. Und zum Schluss gibt es zwischen ihnen eine Gemeinsamkeit, insofern sie gegen Aristoteles das Drama zu episieren versuchten. Mit einem Wort ist Buchner ein Lehrmeister von Brecht. Trotz der Verschiedenheit der Zeit und des Raumes. in der und in dem sie lebten. lehnten sie beide den Dualismus von Literatur und Gesellschaft ab. indem sie ununterbrochen die erstere mit der letzteren in Verbindung zu setzen versuchten. Es gibt zwar viele Arbeiten. die einen Vergleich zwischen den beiden Dichtern ziehen. aber sie kommen in den meisten Fa¨llen nicht u¨ber den Ansatz hinaus: Sie beschra¨nken sich meistens entweder auf einen einfachen Vergleich zwischen bestimmten Werken der beiden Dichter oder auf eine kurze Erwa¨hnung einer Vergleichsmo¨glichkeit. Wenn ich in dieser Arbeit die oben erwa¨hnten Beru¨hrungspunkte der beiden Dichter etwas konkreter beleuchte. wollte ich damit zur Erweiterung des Horizontes der literarischen Welt G. Bu¨chners beizutragen versuchen.

中世末 英國의會의 誕生過程과 特質에 關한 硏究

林湖洙 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1976 인문학연구 Vol.3 No.2

In the 19th century, Mr, stubbs and many other scholars traced the fountainhead of the British Parliament influenced by the Germanic tradition. Folkmoot that was stated in Germania written by Tacitus in ancient Rome was a name of public (popular) meeting and it was constituted by free men of the German Race. At the meeting the proceedings of the pulblic affairs of state were discussed. Angles and Saxons who migrated to England in the 4th Century are the branch relations descended from Germanic Race between Rhine & weser. They foundeed 7 states. In the binginning of the 9th century, the 7 states were unified in Great Britain by the kingdom Wesex. Wesex was a name of one of the 7 states. In a large country such as Great Britain, it was impossible togother all the free men in one place, so, a few learned and wise men were called np to the conference to discuss the questions of state and gave counsels to the king. The meeting was called "witenagemot". It meent a meeting of wise men Compared with "Folkmoot" "witenagemot" was like the elder's meeting of "Folkmoot", Judging from the constituent members, but their functions were both the same. According to Mr, stubbs, as Folkmoot was changed into a county council what was called "shiremoot" as course of unification, so the unified kingdom, Great Britain had witenagemot as almost equal as the elder's meeting of "Folkmoot". Great changes have been effected in the History of England in the Mid-11th century. William I, the Duke of Normandy conqured England and dethroned the king and acceded to the throne by winning the election to legalize the crown at "witenagemot". He introdued the feudalism. After the feudal system for the purpose of discussing the questions of states, the king had a meeting called "Curia Regis" in Latin. It was composed of many vassals of his country. As the vassals lived separately from the capiteal. It was not easy to get together. Therefore, a small meeting composed of subjects of state near the king was brought into existence. It was very easy to meet and become a continual meeting. One of the greatest problems which the small meeting faced, was assisted by the other Barons who had not in particular to take part inthe conduct of state affairs, or to come in to Royal presence. It thus appears that it was called the great meeting. There were some differences in composition between great and small meetings, but they had the same functions. Later days, the great meeting was called parliament. The most important matters which parliament dealt with were trials. This has given origin to the institution. The "House of Lords" (an organization of parliaments.) owes into to origin to "curia Regis" At the same time, there came into existence another parliament to discuss the questions of taxes in the 13th century, feudal system was collapsed gradually, as a consequence, the age of money had come. Now, national finance was always insufficient. To discuss and suplement the shortage of national finance, besides the nobles, King called the representatives of each town and country. king wanted to gain the agrement of the nations about taxes. This was the origin of House of common (an organization of parlisments). Consequently, at the end part of the 13th century, two parliaments were existed. At the end of Edward I, these two parliaments were united into one. As king attended both the parliaments, so it was convenient for the king to unify. Barons and commons had no reasons to object unifying the two parliaments. As the result modern parliament come into being. This parliament went forward with the lapse of time, and was modernized and developed into the present parliament. At the end of middle Ages, Standerversammlung which was equivalent to the Britsih parliament came into existence in France, Germany, spain and in other countries. It was the same phenomena in history. The Standerversammlung was composed of such three status, so the clergy, the nobility, and commons Each part of the status was meeted separately for the purpose of discussing taxes and of assisting the shortage of national finance. In return, they could take part in the national goverment. But when the king strengthened his royal anthority enough, he neglected it. In the end of middle ages, the British parliament looked like the continental Standerversammlung. but it was entirely different from it. In England the consciousness of class was very weak so the noblilty and commons whose status was not equal, could meet, and discuss the qnestion of taxes together. At last the two parliaments was unified at the end of Edward I. The unified parliament had many strong points. It could check the rights of king as the occation demands. The different status and local colours were harmonized and they could be grown into one nation. Now, the theory, asserted by mr, stubbs that the British parliament was composed of three status like standeversammlung in European continent, is completly denied by mr. A. F. Pollard in the 20th century.