홧병 경험군과 홧병 비경험군간의 홧병의 질병개념에 대한 비교연구

홍진표,김창윤,이창화,김성윤,박인호,이철,한오수 울산대학교 의과대학 1995 울산의대학술지 Vol.4 No.2

Objective The concept of Hwa-byung in terms of illness entity remains vague. In order to clarify such illness entity, this study was conducted to find out differences and similarities in subjects who experienced Hwa-byung and those who did not experienced Hwa-byung from a wide distribution within the general population. Method (1) Test Material The questionnaires were made up with reference to previously published articles on Hwa-byung, to SCL-90-R and to diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅲ-R. The questionnaires included the subject's demographic variables, their awareness of Hwa-byung, their experience of Hwa-byung, and also their opinions about its possible causes, precipitating factors, symptomatology, effective treatment modalities, course and prognosis of Hwa-byung. Such questionnaires were given to 50 subjects, all of whom are psychiatric out-patients at Asan Medical Center, for determining its validity and reliability before selecting 27 questionnaires. (2) Subject Subjects were recruited from among patients and their family members who visited the out-patient clinics of seven different departments at Asan Medical Center in Seoul a large metropolis (N=334), the out-patient clinics of seven different departments of Hae Sung General Hospital in the industrial city of Ulsan, Korea (N=299) and the seven branches of the public health center of Yeonchun county, Korea (N=262), a rural area. From these 895 subjects, 67 subjects who don't know about Hwa-byung and 34 subjects who didn't answered to the question on experience were eliminated from study subjects. The final number of study subjects was 794. (3) Methods of analysis The subjects were divided into the Hwa-byung experienced group and the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. The demographic data and the concepts of Hwa-byung were statistically analyzed by the student t-test or the chi-sq test. Results and Discussion The mean age of the Hwa-byung experienced group is significantly higher than that of the Hwa-byung inexperienced group. MOre women experienced Hwa-byung than men and lesser educated subjects experienced significantly more Hwa-byung. The place of residence, the place of upbringing and socioeconomic status have no significant difference statistically between the two groups. Both groups considered the primary cause of Hwa-byung as being psychological origin. However in the Hwa-byung experienced group, more subjects considered that the supernatural factor was the primary cause of Hwa-byung. One of the primary precipitating events causing Hwa-byung in both groups is conflict in interpersonal relationships ; however, the Hwa-byung inexperienced group exhibited more experiences in the realm of economical losses such as "failure of business" or "loss of capital" as precipitating factors causing Hwa-byung. Both groups consider that the symptoms of Hwa-byung are a combination of multiple physical and mental symptoms. With particular respect to in mental symptoms, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and hostility are thought to be prominent features. As effective treatment modalities, subjects in both groups consider that both himself and his family members should make effort to resolve intrafamilial conflicts. But in contrast with the Hwa-byung inexperienced group, the Hwa-byung experienced group requires more concrete and more attention-giving modalities as important treatment strategies. The Hwa-byung experienced group considers its prognosis more grave than the Hwa-byung inexperienced group.

박화성 소설의 탈식민적 페미니즘 연구 : 『벼랑에 피는 꽃』을 중심으로

이미화(Lee Mi-hwa) 우리문학회 2014 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.42

박화성의 소설『벼랑에 피는 꽃』은 페미니스트 현석란이 가부장제 사회 속에서 일본 제국주의에 대한 저항을 일생의 목표로 하여 살아온 이야기를 수미상관의 기법으로 전개한 작품이다. 17세부터 36년 동안에 현석란은 ‘우리만의 힘으로 대한의 딸들을 기르리라’는 목표를 실현하기 위해 고군분투하였다. 이런 현석란의 삶은 독립을 목표로 싸운 조선의 36년과 같았다. 즉 근대 초기 여류작가로만 인식되고 있는 박화성은 해방 이후에도 계속적으로 항일저항의식을 간직하는 작품을 집필한 현대적 작가였던 것이다. 본고는 『벼랑에 피는 꽃』에 나타난 언어제국주의 비판과 민족주의적 여성정체성, 이중 억압에 대한 저항으로서의 자매애와 형제애, 식민지 여성의 양면적 섹슈얼리티를 통해 이를 밝히고자 한다. Park Hwa-sung the『Flowers blooming on a cliff』 is a feminist in a patriarchal society hyeonseokran is the resistance to Japanese imperialism, and lived the life story of Sumi aims to do the work of development of the technique. 36 years from 53 years old to 17 years old during the Hyeonseokran is "the power of our own will bring up the daughters" were struggling to achieve the goal. Hyeonseokran goal of this struggle is fought independence of Korea and the like may be 36 years. That is recognized as the only female writer in the early modern Park Hwa-sung anti-Japanese resistance continued even after the liberation thus keeping the ceremony was the work will be written by a modern writer. This paper is a 『Flowers blooming on a cliff』 appears in the language of nationalist criticism and female identity, imperialism, dual sisterhood and brotherhood as the resistance to oppression, colonial ambivalent sexuality of women who were saying it over.

華夷觀과 조선조 사대부의 對外認識

조명화(Cho Myung-Hwa) 한국중어중문학회 2012 中語中文學 Vol.51 No.-

“The sense of Hwa- Yi”(華夷觀) - The distinction of China Civilization vs Outer Civilization - is not only the ideology needed to govern China domestically, but the principle of the international relationship which China demanded to surrounding nations, It had a far-reaching influence on the internal systems of many East -Asian countries as well as China. Therefore, we can find that “The sense of Hwa-Yi”(華夷觀) is the major topics of many realms related to East-Asian nations, not to mention China-related realms. This study aims to examine how “Sadaebu(士大夫)” - the ruling class of Chosun dynasty - accepted “The sense of Hwa-Yi”(華夷觀) which originated in China, how they applied it in governing the nation and formulating the diplomatic relation with China, and especially how it affected the perception on foreign nations among Chosun Sadaebu. “Sadaebu” of the later Chosun dynasty advocated Chosun-Sinocentrism, belief that since the Ming dynasty was perished the Sinocentric civilization remained only In Chosun, It was intended in part as a means to exalt the national self-respect. Contrary to some criticism that to judge the latter part of the Chosun dynasty from this point of view is a sort of nationalism, Chosun-Sinocentrism among the ruling class of the later Chosun dynasty is Quite different from the aggressive nationalism which was prevalent in Europe and Japan, It served mainly as a means to enhance the cultural self-respect. We can point out the mistakes of Chosun-Sinocentrism that it degraded to the empty idealism by placing lOa much emphasis on self-identity, and that it was recognized as a general principle, though the true nature and intention of Chosun-Sinocentrism was only a means to encourage the self-respect. Due to revulsion against the fact that other race than the Han occupied the home of the Sinocentric Civilization, the ruling class of the later Chosun dynasty rejected the Qing dynasty firmly and continuously, The sentiment of revulsion lasted too long, and it resulted in the distorted foreign relations of the Chosun dynasty. Owing to the perverted perception, Korean people spent nearly 100 years without understanding China exactly. It is very important for Korean people to understand China exactly in the first place, in order to get the correct perception on the foreign countries, It is possible by exactly understanding the perception on China in the past. Therefore, we need to comprehend the cause and effect of the distorted recognition on China among Chosun Sadaebu.

양격산화탕(凉膈散火湯)의 항염증(抗炎症) 효과에 대한 연구

탁미진,탁명림,강경화,고우신,윤화정,Tak, Mi-Jin,Tark, Myoung-Rim,Kang, Kyoung-Hwa,Ko, Woo-Shin,Yoon, Hwa-Jung 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2010 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Objective: Yang Geouk San Hwa - Tang (YGSHT) has been widely used in Sasang Constitutional Medicine of Korea for treatment of acute inflammatory symptom, such as palatine tonsillitis, polydipsia, headache, papule, pimple however, the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity has not been clarified. In this study, therefore, we investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of YGSHT on LPS-induced inflammation. Materials and methods: The effect of YGSHT was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results: We found that YGSHT suppressed not only the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$), the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (PGE)2, but also the mRNA expression of pre-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, YGSHT was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 and the activation and translocation of NF-kB from cytosol to nuclear in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that YGSHT exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the regulation of the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathway and NF-kB pathway, thereby decreasing production of pre-inflammatory cytokines, NO, and PGE2.

화병(火病)을 동반한 갱년기 환자 치험 5례

송유림 ( Yu-rim Song ),박경미 ( Kyung-mi Park ),양승정 ( Seung-jeong Yang ),이은규 ( Eun-kyu Lee ),김혜화 ( Hye-hwa Kim ),조성희 ( Seong-hee Cho ) 대한한방부인과학회 2016 大韓韓方婦人科學會誌 Vol.29 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Korean traditional treatments for Climacteric Syndrome Patients with Hwa-Byung. Methods: From February 2015 to May 2015, We treated 5 Cases Patients with Korean traditional treatments for a month. We measured treatment effects by Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), Beck`s Depression Inventory (BDI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI). Results: After treatment, First, the scores of MRS, BDI were decreased. Second, the symptoms such as hot flush, pantalgia, palpitation, insomnia, fatigue were significantly improved. Also, the difference of ?中 (CV17, Danjung) and 關元 (CV4, Guanyuan) temperatures were significantly decreased after treatment. Conclusions: This study suggests that Korean traditional treatments such as Gamicheonglijagam-hwan, acupuncture, moxibustion are effective on Climacteric Syndrome Patients with Hwa-Byung.

정조(正租)의 화성행차(華城行次)에 나타난 의장(儀仗)과 복식(服飾)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

이혜영 ( Hye Young Lee ),심하진 ( Hwa Jin Shim ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2002 패션 비즈니스 Vol.6 No.2

Honor guards` dress represented by royal carriage parade. This thesis studies the ceremonial dress worn by the ceremonial troops during the Hwa-sung Hang-hang Ban-cha drawing (華城幸行班次圖) in the Chosun dynasty of King Jung-jo. The purpose of this study is to understand the national level ceremony by closely looking into the traditional ceremonial dress and the various signs that were used at these events thereby enhancing the cultural status of the Jung-jo King period. The Hwa-sung Hang-hang Ban-cha drawing(華城幸行班次圖) has its characteristics and also has commonality between the garments worn at these ceremonies. These garments are a traditional heritage brought down from many ages before and is a reflection of the changes that have occurred within our everyday life. Among these many records the Bancha-do(班次圖) is a representation of records that show what was worn by both nobles down to the ceremonial troops. The uniforms of the ceremonial troops were not only huge in size but also very diverse according to rank and grade. They used strong true colors with colorful flags, ceremonial items and musical instruments. These all added to the grandeur of the ceremony. The ceremonial flag was itself a symbol and was the core of the whole ceremony and parade. These ceremonial flags represented the heaven, sun, moon, hill and animals as well as supernatural gods. All these showed change in shape, color and content by age and time. Also the Yongmun Gichi(Dragon flag: 龍紋旗幟) is a supernatural being representing the power and wish of the ruler. The Chunsang-mun represents the indivisible relationship between man and heaven and also a metaphor for absolute power. A close look at ceremonial instruments show a direct representation towards power such as an axe, spear and sword and integrated with other large ceremonial items not only provided a shade but was also a representation of worship. These all were a more or less representation of authority. The musical instruments expressed the absolute authority of the ruler and maintained the marching order and also added grandeur to the parade. A summary of the ceremonial troops in the As seen above, these national ceremonies were a representation of the present power of authority and the will to rule. These ideas and the philosophy of "ruled by heaven" is represented here in the uniforms and the ceremony itself. The Bicentennial anniversary of the Nung - hang of February 1795 will be an excellent opportunity to show and inherit the tradition and recreation of our heritage. In this view we must look at the color and shape of traditional dress to be able to inherit and learn from our ancestors.

청간소요산으로 호전된 설통 환자 3례

김연진,양승보,김정화,이상화,조승연,박성욱,박정미,고창남,Kim, Yeon-jin,Yang, Seung-bo,Kim, Jeong-hwa,Lee, Sang-hwa,Cho, Seung-yeon,Park, Seong-uk,Park, Jung-mi,Ko, Chang-nam 대한한방내과학회 2017 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

Objectives: This clinical study reports the effects of Cheonggansoyo-san (CSS) on three patients with glossodynia. Methods: Three patients with glossodynia were treated with CSS (i.e., an herbal medicine) and acupuncture. Numeric rating scales (NRSs) for glossodynia and dry mouth and hwa-byung questionnaire scores were evaluated, and the results from heart rate variability (HRV) evaluations were analyzed. Results: After treatment with CSS, three patients' glossodynia symptoms, such as burning sensations, tingling, and numbness of the tongue, were improved. NRS ratings for glossodynia and dry mouth and the hwa-byung questionnaire scores also improved, and HRV parameters were closer to the normal range. Conclusion: Cheonggansoyo-san could be used to treat glossodynia.

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity

Hwa-Jung Choi 질병관리본부 2018 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.9 No.6

Osong Public Health Res Perspect > 9(6); 2018 > Article Original Article Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2018;9(6):348-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.09 Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity Hwa-Jung Choi* Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju, Korea *Corresponding author: Hwa-Jung Choi, Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju, South Korea, E-mail: rerived@kwu.ac.kr Received April 30, 2018 Revised November 23, 2018 Accepted November 27, 2018 Copyright ©2018, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/): This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Abstract Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils (100 μg/mL) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 μg/mL) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC–MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

논문(論文) : 동해 해전과 독도의 전략적 가치 -러일전쟁과 일본의 독도 강탈을 중심으로 한 고찰-

김화경 ( Hwa Kyong Kim ) 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.103 No.-

The Battle of East Sea and Dokdo`s Strategic Value -Focused on the Russo- Japanese War and the Forced Seizure of Dokdo by Japan Kim, Hwa-kyong [Abstract] This study is to prove out that Japan seized Dokdo forcedly by its strategic value at the Battle of East Sea during the Russo-Japanese War. Additionally, this study aims at asking some researchers to reconsider who take no account of the fact that Japan`s forced seizure of Dokdo was committed as a step toward complete colonization of Korea. That is to say, Japan`s forced seizure of Dokdo was just not an incident to capture an island but Japan`s intentional forced seizure for the victory at the Battle of East Sea and further at the Russo-Japanese War. Actually, Japan won the Russo-Japanese War, and then Japan was able to colonize Korea completely and successfully. Above all, it is pointed out that Japan`s justification for the forced seizure of Dokdo, that is, Japan`s insistence on the acceptance of Nakai Yosaburo`s petition to incorporate Dokdo into Japan`s territory is just a fiction. He already knew that Dokdo was an annexed island to Ullengdo of Korea. For his fishing business, he planned to ask for a lease from the Korean government via the Ministry of Trade and Commerce of Japan. However, it is found out that he submitted the petition abetted by officers, who fronted for Japanese overseas invasion, like Maki Naomasa(Director of the Fisheries Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), Kimotsuki Kaneyuki(Hydrographic Director of Japanese Navy), Yamaza Enzaburo(Director of Governmental Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The submission of the petition abetted by these officers tells us that Japanese government power intervened in the forced seizure of Dokdo. To inquire into why the national power as mentioned above intervened into that matter, the battle situations of the Vladivostok Fleet in the East Sea are examined out. The Fleet was defeated in the battle in the coastal waters of Ulsan. But previously, it damaged much the Japanese combined fleets. And hearing about the organization of the Baltic Fleet(the Second Pacific Squadron), Japan had to give the Battle of East Sea first thought. As a result, Japan government made Nakai Yosaburo submit the petition on the incorporation of Dokdo. The procedure of incorporating Dokdo led to the forced seizure of Dokdo by Japan. This study tries to clear out that the forced seizure of Dokdo is an indispensable step or measure of Japan for the victory of the Battle of East Sea. However, this writer admits frankly that the related evidences for that matter end up in circumstantial ones. However, under the circumstances that Japan refuses to go public with the related materials on the ground of the judgement of Japan`s Supreme Court that it is righteous not to go public with the disadvantageous materials to Japan government, it should be added that it is not easy to prove a logical inconsistency of the Japanese unilateral declaration for Dokdo.

〈장진주사〉의 공간 분할과 미학적 가치

김현화(Kim, Hyun-Hwa) 한국어문학회 2014 語文學 Vol.0 No.126

In this thesis, the meaning of the space shown in 〈Jangjinjoosa〉has been studied hermeneutically. Also, unique creational idea of Song Gang has been researched by studying his inventive poem, 〈Jangjinjoosa〉. Poet’s efforts and conflicts are described in question and answer structure in 〈Jangjinjoosa〉. The question and answer structure is shaped in conviviality space. In this thesis, the hidden audience drinking alcohol picking flowers is set up in this thesis instead of the exposed audience ‘You’. In the meantime, profound questions of life and death are sung by question and answer structure in conviviality. Three different levels of space in 〈Jangjinjoosa〉 are functioning as follows. ① promotion of narrative tension ② stereogram of multi-voice ③ demonstration of circular world. ① The space has been divided into four different types by the poet in order to promote narrative tension and deliver organic stories related to life and death. Narrative technique is described in tension by four different types of space such as conviviality space of living people, road space where dead bodies of the rich and the poor are passing, the deceased’s space where the rich and the poor are equal to each other, and realistic space. Furthermore, the space is divided in terms of ② stereogram of multivoice. Poetic attraction is strengthened more by evoking voice of describing subjects such as space where dead drunkeness and conviviality are overflowing, space where cry following poor bodies and roars of laughter following rich bodies coexist, and space where wind blows over graves and whistle of monkeys goes off. Poetic spaces are completed by evoking natural voice. ③ In terms of demonstration of circular world, the poet pays attention to the fact that the narrator’s consciousness comes back to the realistic world after expanding to the world after death , so as to elucidate the main subject of death. In other words, it is the investigation of the circularity that the essence of the existence doesn’t perish, but continues perpetually. The circular world is demonstrated again in the space of clamorous conviviality, dim shadows of flowers and dead place where a bier passes. Aesthetic value of space in 〈Jangjinjoosa〉is discovered in the way that the space of experiences are shaped in details by making use of separate and dynamic images. Aesthetic value of this poem is more remarkable since dynamic vitality is alive in the place where separate spaces are arranged in a row.