갈대 생육지에서 질소 시비가 사초의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

서성,박진길,김원호,김맹중,이상학,정종성,박형수,성하균,이종경,Seo, Sung,Park, Jin Gil,Kim, Won Ho,Kim, Meing Jooung,Lee, Sang Hak,Jung, Jong Sung,Park, Hyung Soo,Sung, Ha Guyn,Lee, Joung Kyong 한국초지조사료학회 2013 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 질소(N) 시비가 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년에 충남 천안과 경기 안산지역에서 실시되었다. 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서는 N 무시비구, N 50 kg/ha구, N 100 kg구 등 3처리를 두고 4월 30일 시비, 6월 21일 수확하였으며, 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서는 N 무시비구, N 60 kg/ha구 등 2처리를 두고 5월 1일 시비, 8월 1일 수확하였다. 갈대의 초장과 엽색은 N 시비구에서, 그리고 N 시비수준이 높을 때 양호하였다. 건물률은 N 시비구에서 약간 낮아지는 경향으로 천안지역은 무시비구 39.8%, N 시비구 37.6%, 36.7%, 안산지역은 무시비구 39.4%, N 시비구 37.6%였다. 천안지역의 건물수량, 조단백질 수량 및 가소화 건물수량은 무시비구에서 ha당 각각 4,026 kg, 235 kg, 1,850 kg, N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 4,658 kg, 306 kg, 2,388 kg, N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 5,622 kg, 446 kg, 3,143 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 안산지역은 무시비구에서 각각 2,802 kg, 177 kg, 1,288 kg, N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 3,876 kg, 294 kg, 1,853 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 천안지역의 조단백질 함량, 건물 소화율 및 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 무시비구에서 각각 5.85%, 45.96%, 64.0 (품질 5등급), N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 6.58%, 51.27%, 72.3 (5등급), N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 7.94%, 55.91%, 72.7 (5등급)로 높아졌으며, 안산지역도 무시비구에서 각각 6.30%, 45.98%, 70.2 (5등급), N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 7.59%, 47.80%, 78.3 (4등급)으로 높아지는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 갈대 생육지는 시비가 가능한 조건이라면(하천변이나 강변 등 수질오염이 우려되는 지역이 아닌), ha당 N 60~100 kg을 생육기에 시용해 주는 것이 생산량과 사료가치를 크게 개선시켜줄 수 있어 바람직하였다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

2010 파주, 안산지역 갈대, 억새 등 야초류의 이용실태와 사료가치 평가

서성(Sung Seo),김원호(Won Ho Kim),정민웅(Min Woong Jung),박형수(Hyung Soo Park),심재진(Jae Jin Shim),박진길(Jin Gil Park),성하균(Ha Guyn Sung),김종덕(Jong Duk Kim),이종경(Joung Kyong Lee) 한국초지조사료학회 2011 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.31 No.2

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원의 이용을 활성화하여 수입사료를 줄이고 가축 사료비를 절감하고자 2010년도에 경기 파주 (민통선 지역)와 경기 안산 (시화지구)에서 갈대와 억새 등 야초자생지를 탐색하고, 수확?이용실태 조사와 함께 사료가치를 분석하였다. 파주 민통선 내억새 (Miscanthus sinensis)와 갈대 (Phragmites communis) 혼합 자생지는 90~100 ㏊ 규모로, 1차 곤포작업으로 사일리지 520톤 (㏊당 6톤), 2차로 380톤 (㏊당 4톤)을 조제하여, 연 사일리지 900톤 (㏊당 10톤)을 생산하였다. 곤포의 유통가격은 롤당 52~55천 원으로 ㎏당 130~137.5원이었다. 곤포는 자가소비 50~70%, 판매유통 30~50%로, 수익성은 인건비 정도로 추정되었다. 초장 70 ㎝의 재생 억새는 조단백질 9.6%, 상대사료가치 82.4 (건초 4등급), 건물 소화율 67.7%, 초장 70 ㎝의 재생 갈대는 각각 13.8%, 84.3 (4등급), 67.9%로 사료가치는 높았으며, 수확이 늦어짐에 따라 사료가치는 크게 낮아졌다. 안산 시화지구 (3공구)의 갈대 등 야초류자생지는 100 ㏊ 정도로 2009년도에는 50 ㏊에서 사일리지 550톤 (㏊당 11톤)을 생산하여 롤당 50천 원에 유통하였으며, 2010년도는 잦은 강우와 장마로 부분 이용에 그쳤다. 고초기의 갈대는 건물률 89.8%, 조단백질 2.2%, NDF 80.6%, ADF 55.4%, 상대사료가치 52.9 (5등급), 건물 소화율 36.4%로 볏짚에 비해서도 사료가치는 크게 낮았다. 초장 80 ㎝의 재생 갈대는 조단백질 12.9%, 상대사료가치 99.8 (3등급), 건물 소화율 66.6%로 사료가치는 양호하였으며, 개화기의 초장 150 ㎝ 갈대는 조단백질 4.5%, 상대사료가치 59.9 (5등급), 건물 소화율 42.2%로 볏짚의 사료가치와 비슷하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때, 갈대, 억새 등 야초류는 현 상태에서 최대한 수거?이용하되, 사료가치를 유지하고 가축 기호성을 고려한 시기에 수확하는 것이 중요하며, 최소한 볏짚과 비슷하거나 그 이상의 사료가치를 기대하기 위해서는 7월 중순 이전 (늦어도 7월까지)에 수확?이용하는 것이 권장된다. 본 연구에서 조사된 대부분의 야초류는 상대사료가치가 75 이하인 건초 5등급으로 사료가치는 매우 낮았으며, 키가 작은 영양생장기에 수확한 경우에만 4등급으로 나타났다. 부존 조사료자원의 이용은 양질의 사료작물 생산과 병행하여 추진하는 것이 바람직하였다. This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and nutritive value of native grasses, such as Phragmites communis and Miscanthus sinensis which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions within the Civilian Control Line in Paju and Sihwa region in Ansan were surveyed. In Paju, the yearly silage production was 900 MT harvested from 90 ha (10 MT/㏊). About 30~50% of these were sold out at the marketing price of 52,000~55,000 Won per roll (130~137.5 Won/㎏). Regrown Miscanthus sinensis of 70 ㎝ in length contained 9.6% of crude protein (CP), 82.4 of relative feed value (RFV), and 67.7% of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Regrown Phragmites communis of 70 ㎝ in length contained 13.8% of CP, 84.3 of RFV, and 67.9% of IVDMD. As harvesting was delayed, the quality was decreased dramatically. In Ansan region, Phragmites communis plantation covers 100 ha. The silage production was 550 MT from the area of 50 ha (11 MT/㏊) in 2009. And the marketing price was 50,000 Won per roll. But in 2010 only a small amount of grasses could have been baled due to frequent and much rainfall from spring to summer season. However, the good forage quality was observed from regrown Phragmites communis of 80 ㎝ in length, 12.9% CP, 99.8 RFV and 66.6% IVDMD, while that of late matured grasses was very low, 2.2% CP, 52.9 RFV and 36.4% IVDMD, greatly lower than forage quality of rice straw. The quality of grasses at bloom stage of 150 ㎝ in length was similar to that of rice straw, showing 4.5% CP, 59.9 RFV and 42.2% IVDMD. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses in this survey were very poor. Therefore, we recommend that Phragmites communis and Miscanthus sinensis should be harvested during June or July to obtain better forage quality which is richer in forage values than rice straw. Production of high quality forage crops was also desirable for self sufficiency of forage.

The Presence of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Rice Straw During the Earlier Spring of Korea

Ha Guyn Sung,Sung Guk Kim,Joung Kyong Lee 한국초지조사료학회 2009 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.08

Mycotoxin producing moulds are commonly in contact with forage in the field before harvest, during harvesting, drying and transport and during storage. Therefore, this study was to isolate and identify fungi contaminated rice straw in the earlier spring of Korea. The pure fungi colony was isolated from normal rice straws in the tree dairy farms. The fungi were cultured on MEA and PDA agar plate and confirmed by sequencing the ITS region. Fungal contamination was found in all samples of rice straws and mold counts averaged 4.6×10⁴ per gram. The mycotoxigenic fungi found were Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum. Other several fungi were determined Gibberella moniliformis, Ascomycota sp., Myrothecium sp. When the rice straw samples were analyzed mycotoxins by HPLC, it was not found aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxins A and T-2 toxin. The results suggest t㏊t the mold contaminated rice straw is not activated in the spring of cool season but is able to develop in the coming warm and humidly summer, specially mycotoxigenic fungi such ase Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum.

Low Ruminal pH Reduces Dietary Fiber Digestion via Reduced Microbial Attachment

Sung, Ha Guyn,Kobayashi, Yasuo,Chang, Jongsoo,Ha, Ahnul,Hwang, Il Hwan,Ha, J.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.2

In vitro rumen incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of initial pH on bacterial attachment and fiber digestion. Ruminal fluid pH was adjusted to 5.7, 6.2 and 6.7, and three major fibrolytic bacteria attached to rice straw in the mixed culture were quantified with real-time PCR. The numbers of attached and unattached Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminocococcus albus were lower (p<0.05) at initial pH of 5.7 without significant difference between those at higher initial pH. Lowering incubation media pH to 5.7 also increased bacterial numbers detached from substrate regardless of bacterial species. Dry matter digestibility, gas accumulation and total VFA production were pH-dependent. Unlike bacterial attachment, maintaining an initial pH of 6.7 increased digestion over initial pH of 6.2. After 48 h in vitro rumen fermentation, average increases in DM digestion, gas accumulation, and total VFA production at initial pH of 6.2 and 6.7 were 2.8 and 4.4, 2.0 and 3.0, and 1.2 and 1.6 times those at initial pH of 5.7, respectively. The lag time to reach above 2% DM digestibility at low initial pH was taken more times (8 h) than at high and middle initial pH (4 h). Current data clearly indicate that ruminal pH is one of the important determinants of fiber digestion, which is modulated via the effect on bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.

Screening and Characterization of Lactate Dehydrogenase-producing Microorganism

Sung, Ha Guyn,Lee, Jae Heung,Shin, Hyung Tai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.10

The objective of this work was to isolate a microorganism, able to produce high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, for use as a microbial feed additive. The LDH is an important enzyme for lactate conversion in the rumen, thereby possibly overcoming lactic acidosis owing to sudden increases of cereal in the diets of ruminants. In the present study, various bacterial strains were screened from a variety of environments. Among the isolated microorganisms, strain FFy 111-1 isolated from a Korean traditional fermented vegetable food called Kimchi showed the highest enzyme activity, along with retaining strong enzyme activity even in rumen fluid in vitro. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as compositions of cellular fatty acids plus API analyses, this strain was identified as Lactobacillus sp. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were found to be 30$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5, respectively. A maximum cell growth of 2.2 at $A_{650}$ together with LDH activity of 2.08 U per mL was achieved after 24 h of incubation. Initial characterization of FFy 111-1 suggested that it could be a potential candidate for use as a direct-fed microbial in the ruminant animals.

Effects of Methylcellulose on Cellulolytic Bacteria Attachment and Rice Straw Degradation in the In vitro Rumen Fermentation

Sung, Ha Guyn,Kim, Min Ji,Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Ha, Jong K.,Lee, Sung Sill Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.9

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of methylcellulose on the attachment of major cellulolytic bacteria on rice straw and its digestibility. Rice straw was incubated with ruminal mixture with or without 0.1% methylcellulose (MC). The attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus populations on rice straw was measured using real-time PCR with specific primer sets. Methylcellulose at the level of 0.1% decreased the attachment of all three major cellulolytic bacteria. In particular, MC treatment reduced (p<0.05) attachment of F. succinogenes on rice straw after 10 min of incubation while a significant reduction (p<0.05) in attachment was not observed until 4 h incubation in the case of R. flavefaciens and R. albus. This result indicated F. succinogenes responded to MC more sensitively and earlier than R. flavefaciens and R. albus. Dry matter digestibility of rice straw was subsequently inhibited by 0.1% MC, and there was a significant difference between control and MC treatment (p<0.05). Incubated cultures containing MC had higher pH and lower gas production than controls. Current data clearly indicated that the attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus on rice straw was inhibited by MC, which apparently reduced rice straw digestion.

Influence of Transgenic Corn on the In vitro Rumen Microbial Fermentation

Sung, Ha Guyn,Min, Dong Myung,Kim, Dong Kyun,Li, De Yun,Kim, Hyun Jin,Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Ha, J.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.12

In this study, the comparative effects of transgenic corn (Mon 810 and Event 176) and isogenic corn (DK729) were investigated for their influence on in vitro rumen fermentation. This study consisted of three treatments with 0.25 g rice straw, 0.25 g of corn (Mon810/Event176/DK 729) mixed with 30 ml rumen fluid-basal medium in a serum bottle. They were prepared in oxygen free conditions and incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ in a shaking incubator. The influence of transgenic corn on the number of bacterial population, F. succinogenes (cellulolytic) and S. bovis (amylolytic), was quantified using RT-PCR. Fermentative parameters were measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h and substrate digestibility was measured at 12 and 24 h. No significant differences were observed in digestibility of dry matter, NDF, ADF at 12 and 24 h for both transgenic and isogenic form of corns (p>0.05) as well as in fermentative parameters. Fluid pH remained unaffected by hybrid trait and decreased with VFA accumulation as incubation time progressed. No influence of corn trait itself was seen on concentration of total VFA, acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) in total gas production, composition of gas (methane and hydrogen) at all times of sampling, as well as in NH3-N production. Bacterial quantification using RT-PCR showed that the population number was not affected by transgenic corn. From this study it is concluded that transgenic corn (Mon810 and Event 176) had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility compared to isogenic corn. However, regular monitoring of these transgenic feeds is needed by present day researchers to enable consumers with the option to select their preferred food source for animal or human consumption.

반추기축영양 : 볏짚 조사료에 대한 효모 배양물 첨가가 반추위 소화율 및 섬유소 분해균의 군락 변화에 미치는 영향

성하균 ( Ha Guyn Sung ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.1

본 연구는 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)가 조사료의 반추위 미생물 분해 및 섬유소 분해 박테리아의 군집 변화에 미치는 관계를 검증하고자, 생효모 배양물 첨가 및 급여가 볏짚 소화율에 미치는 영향을 in vitro 및 in situ 실험을 통해 측정하였고, 볏짚 분해시 볏짚 표면에 부착한 섬유소분해 박테리아 군집의 변화를 real-time PCR 방법을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 생효모 배양물의 첨가 수준(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 및 1.0% )에 따른 볏짚의 in vitro 건물 소화율을 비교 하였을 때 첨가 수준이 증가 할수록 소화율도 점진적으로 높아 졌다. 특히, 생효모 배양물의 첨가 수준을 0.6% 이상으로 하였을 때 0.0, 0.2 및 0.4% 첨가보다도 확연한 소화율 증가를 보이기 시작하였다(p<0.05). 또한 효모배양물의 0.6% 첨가를 NaOH 4% 처리 볏짚 및 무처리 볏짚에 적용하여 소화율을 재평가하였을 때 두 가지 볏짚 모두에서 효모배양물 첨가에 의하여 볏짚 소화율이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 생효모 배양물을 한국재래산양에 실제 급여에 의한 볏짚의 in situ 건물소화율을 24 및 48 시간 후에 관측하였을 때 NaOH 무처리 볏짚의 효모배양물 비급여구의 소화율이 가장 낮았고, NaOH 무처리 볏짚의 효모배양물 급여구, 4% NaOH 처리 볏짚의 효모배양물 비급여구, 그리고 4% NaOH 처리 볏짚의 효모배양물 급여구 순으로 소화율이 유의적으로 각각 증가하였다(p<0.05). 이는 NaOH 무처리 볏짚 및 4% NaOH 처리 볏짚 모두에서 생효모 배양물 급여에 의하여 in situ 건물 소화율이 유의적으로 증가함을 보여준 것이다(p<0.05). 그리고 볏짚을 효모배양물의 두 가지 농도로 볏짚을 분무 처리하여 in situ 소화율과 볏짚 표면 부착 섬유소분해 박테리아(F. succiongenes, R. flavefaciens, R. albus)의 군집 변화를 측정하였을 때 효모배양물 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 소화율도 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 동시에 이들 박테리아의 볏짚 표면 부착 군집도 효모배양물의 처리 농도 증가에 따라 증가 하였다. F. succiongenes과 R. flavefaciens는 배양 12 및 24시간 모두 처리농도에 따라 군락의 수가 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 R. albus도 배양 12 시간 처리농도에 따라 군락의 수가 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.05), 24 시간도 처리농도에 따라 증가 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구는 효모 첨가는 조사료 소화율을 증진에 확실히 좋은 영향을 주며, 이것은 조사료 표면 부착 섬유소분해 박테리아의 군락 형성 증가에서 기인함을 보여준다고 사료된다. In vitro and in situ incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of yeast culture supplements(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on cellulolytic bacterial function and fiber digestion in rice straw. In vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw gradually increased according to supplemental levels of yeast culture(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%). Digestibility of rice straw started to increase apparently when yeast culture was added more than 0.6% level(p<0.05). Also, we reconfirmed that in vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly increased by 0.6% of yeast culture addition in 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws(p<0.05). When in situ dry matter digestibility was tested in Korean native goats fed basal diet or experimental diet which contained 1.0% of yeast culture, the yeast culture feeding improved in situ dry matter digestibility in both 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws(p<0.05). In case of real-time PCR monitoring cellulolytic bacterial function, the bacterial population attached on rice straw showed the increasing trends with higher level of yeast culture spraying on rice straw. F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens were significantly increased in accordance to spraying levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.1 and 0.3%) at both 12 and 24 hrs of in situ incubation(p<0.05). R. albus was significantly higher population in yeast culture spraying than non-soraying at 12 hrs of in situ incubation(p<0.05). These bacterial populations were showed the increasing trends with digestibility enhancement of rice straw according to the higher levels of yeast culture supplement. Overall, these results clearly suggest that the presence of yeast culture result in noticeable increase of rice straw digestion, which is modulated via good effect on cellulolytic bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.

사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 곰팡이 및 Mycotoxin 오염 연구

성하균(Ha Guyn Sung),이종경(Joung Kyong Lee),서성(Sung Seo) 한국초지조사료학회 2011 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 국내 생산 사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 수확 후 저장기간 동안 생성된 곰팡이 오염도 및 곰팡이 종류를 조사하고 mycotoxin 노출 유해성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin 오염을 조사하기 위하여 곰팡이 발생이 육안 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 것부터 오염이 심한 것까지 다양한 상태의 농가에서 급여하고 있는 33점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료를 수거하여 조사하였다. 오염된 곰팡이는 흰색, 회색, 푸른색 및 검은 갈색 등 다양한 색의 콜로니가 오염된 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 곰팡이 오염도는 평균 2.1*106 cfu g-1으로 가장 높은 오염도는 9.2*108 cfu g-1까지 발견되었으며, 외관상 곰팡이 오염 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 모든 시료에서도 곰팡이 오염이 발견되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 발견된 곰팡이의 종류만도 28가지로 매우 다양하였고, 이들 중 유해독소를 분비하는 8종의 곰팡이 즉, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum이 발견되었다. 특히, 가장 많이 분리된 곰팡이는 Penicillium sp.로 이중에서도 P. paneum이 시료의 42%에서, 다음으로 Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus, A. fumigatus)는 시료의 21%에서 발견되었다. 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료의 42%가 mycotoxin에 오염되어 있었고, 2개 이상의 mycotoxin에 오염된 것은 12%, 그리고 3개 이상 mycotoxin에 오염된 것은 3%였다. Mycotoxin 중 aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2)과 fumonisin (B1, B2)은 발견되지 않았지만, ochratoxin A (1.0~6.8 ug/kg), deoxynivalenol (DON, 166.0~776.7 ug/kg) 및 zearalenone (ZON, 38.0~760.0 ug/kg)이 오염되어 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 볏짚 곤포사일리지가 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin의 유해성에 노출되어 있음을 시사하는 바 앞으로 폭넓은 연구와 함께 mycotoxin으로 인한 가축의 피해를 줄여주기 위한 다각적인 노력이 필요하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate fungi and mycotoxin contamination of the rice straw bale silage in Korean. It was tested the 33 samples of rice straw round bale silage with various condition which fed cattle in the farm. The level of fungal contamination was 2.1*106 cfu g-1 in the average and 9.2*108 cfu g-1 in the maximum. The fungal contamination was detected in the all of normal samples which good condition of rice straw bale silage. When the fungi was isolate and identify, it was found 28 species and mycotoxin producing fungi were 8 species as following as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum. Specially, Penicillium paneum was found 42% of samples and Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus, A. fumigatus) are 21% of samples. In case of mycotoxin contamination, the 42% of samples are detected more than one kind of mycotoxin. Some samples are contaminated three kinds of mycotoxin. This study was not found aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2) and fumonisin (B1, B2), but were detected the contamination of ochratoxin A (1.0~6.8 ug/kg), deoxynivalenol (DON, 166.0~776.7 ug/kg) and zearalenone (ZON, 38.0~760.0 ug/kg). Therefore, the above results show that rice straw round bale silage expose on hazard factors as mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination, and than need more research about mycotoxin in animal feed to protect animal and human healthy.

녹중탕이 흰쥐의 성장, 식이효율 및 혈액형상에 미치는 효과

성하균(Ha Guyn Sung) 한국식품영양과학회 2005 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.34 No.8

전통적으로 사용되어온 녹중탕에 대한 기초적 연구로서 본 실험은 녹중탕의 영양학적 성분을 분석하고 이를 투여했을 때 흰쥐의 발육에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. Sprague-Dawley종 5주령의 어린 쥐와 10주령의 성숙 쥐를 각각 처리군별 12마리씩 배치하였고, 녹중탕을 급여하지 않는 대조군, 권장량을 급여하는 녹중탕 Ⅰ군 그리고 권장량의 3배를 급여하는 녹중탕 Ⅱ군로 구분하여 10주간 사육하였으며, 실험쥐의 체중, 식이섭취량, 식이효율, 장기발육 및 혈액형상에 대하여 조사하였다. 녹중탕은 일반 영양 성분을 비롯한 다양한 광물질과 필수 및 비필수아미노산을 함유하였고, 수분이 97%이상이었고, 건물 기준으로 조단백질이 22.78%로 가장 많았으며 광물질 중 Mg가 0.48% 그리고 아미노산 중 methionine와 proline이 각각 1.31% 그리고 1.67%로 비교적 높았다. 어린 쥐와 성숙 쥐 모두에서 녹중탕 Ⅰ과 Ⅱ 그리고 대조군 간에 실험쥐의 시험 종료시 평균체중과 식이섭취량의 통계적 유의차는 발견되지 않았다. 그리고 간, 심장, 신장 및 위장 등의 장기 무게와 백혈구, 적혈구, 혈색소, 헤마토크릿 및 혈소판 등의 혈액학적 지수에 있어서도 통계적 유의차가 발견되지 않았다. 즉, 녹중탕 식이로 이상적으로 장기가 비대해지거나 억제됨 없이 정상적 발육이 이루어졌으며, 녹중탕 권장량의 3배로 과량 식이하였을 때도 이상 현상 없이 정상적 혈액학적 지수를 나타냈다. 그리고 대조구, 녹중탕 Ⅰ 그리고 녹중탕 Ⅱ의 식이 이용효율에 있어서 어린 쥐는 각각 6.00, 5.81, 5.99 그리고 성숙 쥐는 9.03, 8.98, 9.10을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 녹중탕이 생리대사에 무해하고 안전하며, 우리나라 고서에서 언급하는 한방학적 효능에 대한 세부적 및 과학적 규명과 함께 전통적 건강 증진 식품으로 개발 필요성 및 가능성을 시사한다. Korean traditional deer decoction (Nogjungtang), composed of oriental herbs and almost deer parts, has been used as an important resource for human health. For basic studying on Nogjungtang, this experiment was conducted to evaluate nutritional effects of Nogjungtang, and estimate its effect on growth, food efficiency, organ development and hematological indices in growing and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into three groups as follows; control: non-supplementation, Nogjungtang Ⅰ: recommended dose, and Nogjungtang Ⅱ: thrice recommended dose. Nogjungtang was composed of various general nutrients with up 93% moisture. Crude protein is the highest value as 22.78%, Mg is a major mineral as 0.48% compared to other minerals, and methionine and proline are higher by 1.31 and 1.67% than other amino acids based on dry matter, re-spectively. In both growing and adult rats, there were no significant difference in body weight gain and feed intake between the control and Nogjungtang groups. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. However, all of experimental rats were normal growth without hypertrophy or negative development of organs by Nogjungtang. Hematological indices maintained in normal value by thrice recommended dose of Nogjungtang. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. In case of the feed efficiency ratio (feed intake/body gain), the growing rats showed 6.00, 5.81 and 5.99 and adult rats showed 9.03, 8.98 and 9.10 in control, Nogjungtang Ⅰ and Nogjungtang Ⅱ, respectively. In conclusion, although further investigation of Nogjungtang should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, Nogjungtang is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.