한국전쟁 초기 중국군 조기파병을 둘러싼 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성의 동상이몽

김동길 ( Dong Gil Kim ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2014 한국과 국제정치 Vol.30 No.2

중국의 한국전쟁 참전에 관한 기존 연구는, 미국이 38선을 돌파하지 않았다면 중국의 참전도 없었을 것이란 주장이 주류를 이룬다. 그러나 최근 공개된 중국과 러시아의 당안 자료들은 유엔군과 한국군이 수세에 몰려있던 7~8월에 이미 마오쩌둥과 김일성이 중국군 파병을 적극 희망하고 있었음을 보여준다. 중국은 "미군의 38선 돌파 후 중국군 참전"이라는 스탈린과의 약속에도 불구하고, 혁명성과 보존, 대만문제 해결, 북한에 대한 영향력 확보 등을 위해 조기파병을 희망했고, 그 뜻을 북한과 소련에 전달했다. 마오쩌둥은 중국군 조기파병을 최소비용으로 최대효과를 낼 수 있는 수단으로 보았다. 그러나 유엔군의 인천상륙 이후 동요하기 시작했고, 38선 돌파 이후에는 참전 불가를 스탈린과 김일성에게 통보하기도 했다. 김일성을 비롯한 북한지도부는 미 공군의 폭격이 시작된 직후부터 자력으로 승리가 어렵다고 보고, 소련공군과 중국군의 참전을 스탈린에게 요청했다. 그러나 스탈린은 중국군 조기파병이 가져올 부정적 영향을 고려하여, 김일성과 마오쩌둥의 조기파병 요청에 동의하지 않았다. 주목할 것은 스탈린이 한국전쟁이 야기한 새로운 국제정세에 크게 만족하고 있었으며, 따라서 한국전쟁에 대한 목표를 속전속결에서 전쟁 장기화로 수정했다는 점이다. 이렇듯 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성은 한국전쟁 초기부터 각자 다른 꿈을 꾸고 있었다. Most of the existing researches on the intervention of China into the Korean War argued that if U.S. did not cross over the 38th parallel China would not intervene. But recently declassified China`s and Russia`s archive documents showed evidently that in July and August 1950 both Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung wanted strongly to dispatch China`s troops to North Korea in period of U.S. and South Korean forces in extreme predicament. Notwithstanding the promise that only after the U.S. forces cross over the 38th parallel China would intervenes, Mao Zedong desired to send troops in early phase of the war, at aim of protecting China`s achieved revolution, solving Taiwan question, and acquiring influence on unified Korea. He regarded early dispatch of the China`s troops as a way of maximum gains with minimum costs. But after the landing of UN forces at Incheon, China`s determination for intervention was weakened gradually and sometimes decided even not to intervene. In the beginning of U.S. air force`s fire, North Korean leadership believed low possibility of victory through his own efforts and wanted for the participation of Soviet air force and China land force. However, considering negative effects of China`s early intervention, Stalin did not agree to Mao and Kim`s requests. It is noteworthy that Stalin satisfied with the new international situation produced after the war and changed his attitude towards the Korean War from quick victory to protracting it. In conclusion, Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Kim Il-sung dreamed different dreams respectively from the early phase of the Korean War.

기타포괄손익이 재무분석가 이익예측특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김영길(Kim Young-gil),김성혜(Kim Sung-hye) 한국국제회계학회 2018 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.81

본 연구는 기타포괄손익의 크기가 재무분석가 이익예측오차 및 이익예측분산에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 특히 K-IFRS 도입 전후로 연구기간을 설정함으로써 기타포괄손익 정보가 재무제표의 본문에 보고되기 이전과 이후를 비교분석하였다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체표본을 대상으로 분석한 결과 기타포괄손익의 크기가 이익예측오차에 미치는 유의한 영향을 관찰할 수 없었지만 이익예측분산에는 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, K-IFRS 도입 이전 표본을 대상으로 분석한 경우 재무분석가 이익예측오차와 이익예측분산 모두 기타포괄손익의 크기와 유의한 상관관계가 없다는 결과를 보고하였다. 마지막으로 K-IFRS 도입 이후의 표본으로 살펴본 결과는 이와 상반되게 기타포괄손익 크기가 커질수록 이익예측오차와 이익예측분산이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 기타포괄손익 정보가 자본시장에 제공되고 있지만 정보환경의 개선이 이루어지지는 못했고, K-IFRS 도입 이후에는 오히려 기타포괄손익 정보가 불확실성을 증가시키고 있는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구의 실증결과는 기타포괄손익 정보를 제공하는 입장에서 정보이용자의 이해를 돕기 위해 개선할 점을 고민할 필요가 있고, 기타포괄손익 정보를 해석하는 입장에서도 해당 정보를 충분히 활용하기 위한 노력이 필요하다는 점을 시사하고 있다. This study examines the effect of the size of other comprehensive income(OCI) on analysts’earnings forecast accuracy and earnings forecast dispersion. In particular, the research period was established before and after the introduction of K-IFRS to compare OCI information before and after it was reported in the body of the financial statements. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, an analysis of the entire sample showed that although the size of OCI could not be observed to have a significant effect on earnings forecast accuracy, there is a significant effect on earnings forecast dispersion. Second, if an analysis was conducted on a sample prior to the introduction of K-IFRS, both the earnings forecast accuracy and the earnings forecast dispersion were not significantly related to the size of OCI. Finally, the results of the sample after the introduction of K-IFRS showed that, in contrast, the greater the size of OCI, the greater earnings forecast error and earnings forecast dispersion. In other words, although OCI information is provided in the capital market, no improvement in the information environment has been made, and it seems that information in OCI increases uncertainty after the introduction of K-IFRS. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that an entity needs to consider improvements in the context of providing implication in OCI and that it needs to make full use of that information from the perspective of interpreting it.

관동맥 우회로술 중 경식도 심초음파도로 관찰한 도부타민 투여후와 우회로술후의 좌심실 국소벽운동

김희열,김종진,윤호중,유기동,박지원,이길환,노태호,채장성,김재형,홍순조,최규보 대한순환기학회 1997 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.27 No.8

Delay Line을 이용한 1차 미분 임펄스 발생기 설계

김은정,임재현,김길겸,김학선 한밭대학교 정보통신전문대학원 2004 정보통신전문대학원 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

본 논문에서는 UWB (Ultra-WideBand)시스템에 사용되는 짧은 폭의 임펄스 발생기를 설계하였다. SRD와 두개의 단락된 전송 선로를 이용 하였다. 단락된 전송 선로는 시간 지연과 위상의 반전을 효과적으로 제공 한다. RC 미분기 대신에 단락된 전송 선로(Delay Line)을 이용하여 1차 미분 임펄스를 발생시켰다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 700psec의 펄스폭과 600mV(p.p)의 진폭, 펄스 모양의 좋은 대칭성을 확인하였고 또한, 펄스 주변의 떨림 현상이 거의 발생하지 않았다. In this paper, we have designed impulse generator of short pulse width for UWB(Ultra-Wide band) system using SRD and two short-circuited stubs. The short-circuited stub provides good time delay and reverse of phase. The first derivative impulse was generated by using short-circuited stub(Delay Line) instead of RC differentiator. A first derivative impulse of 700 psec pulse duration, 600mV(p.p) pulse amplitued, and good symmetry has been demonstrated though simulation. Also, there are extremely small amount of ringing around the first derivative impulse.

중학생의 영어 관계사절 학습 순서에 관한 연구

김귀석,안길순 대한언어학회 2001 언어학 Vol.9 No.3

Kim, Gui-seok and Ahn, Gil-soon. 2001. A study on the learning order of English relative clauses of Korean middle school students. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 9(3), 71-88. This paper has tied to explore the learning order of six structure types of relative clauses, classified according to the grammatical role of both the nominal that the relative clause modifies (the head) and the gap within the relative clause. The subjects are 293 students using different textbooks in four formal classroom settings in Korea. To obtain the accurate percentages and learning orders of English relative clauses, the Group Score Method (GSM) was used for data analyses. Major findings are s follows'. (1) The learning was order of relative clauses is SS, SO, OS, 00, SO_1, OO_1; (2) The orders me not similar to those shown in previous studies by the native language researchers; and (3) The frequent order in English textbooks used did not affect the learning order. (Chosun University & Chonbuk National University).

12Cr 강의 화염경화 표면처리 층의 초음속 물방울 충격에 의한 손상 거동

김광호,이민구,김경호,김흥회,김길무 대한금속재료학회 2005 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.43 No.1

Water drop impact erosion properties of the 12Cr steel, currently used as nuclear steam turbine blade material, surface-hardened by the flame hardening process have been characterized. For this, variations of both the maximum erosion depth de,,,,ax and volume loss V with the cumulative impacts n at the supersonic impact velocity (~350 m/s) have been investigated for the as-received and flame-hardened 12Cr steels with different hardnesses. Typically all the samples showed an erosion-time characteristic involving the incubation period initially followed by the steady state period. It is also found that the d_(e,max) increases stepwise-like with the number of impacts n, which results from a sudden formation of craters by crack propagation. Compared to those for the as-received 12Cr steel, the flame-hardened ones showed an excellent resistance to water drop impact erosion with 2.2~2.8 times higher incubation time n, and 115~1/8 times lower erosion rate a. In the incubation period the as-received 12Cr steel was damaged by ductile depression and ploughing, while the flame-hardened 12Cr steel by fatigue cracks and brittle platelet deformation. Erosion in the steady state period was developed by the cleavage fracture commonly. (Received July 22, 2004)

Bacterial Synthesis of a Flavonoid Deoxyaminosugar Conjugate in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Expressing a Glycosyltransferase of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Kim ,, Bong‐,Gyu,Jung ,, Na Ri,Joe, Eun Ji,Hur, Hor‐,Gil,Lim, Yoongho,Chong, Youhoon,Ahn, Joong‐,Hoon WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2010 Chembiochem Vol.11 No.17

<P><B>Just add sugar</B>: An unnatural flavonoid‐deoxyaminosugar conjugate was biologically synthesized in <I>Escherichia coli</I> by engineering an <I>E. coli</I> nucleotide–sugar pathway and expressing a glycosyltrandfease specific for UDP‐arabinose derivatives. </P>

정신분열병 환자의 주 보호자와 형제 자매에서의 부담에 대한 연구

김철권,김진원,서지민,이길자,김길중,변원탄 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.1

연구목적: 정신분열병 환자의 가족 부담에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 알아보기 위함이다. 방 법: 92명의 정신분열병 환자의 주 보호자 92명과 그들의 형제 자매 68명을 대상으로 자가보고 척도를 사용하여 가족부담, 환자의 문제행동, 가족의 죄책감 정도를 평가하였다. 그리고 환자의 양성증상 행동과 음성증상 행동, 환자의 임상적·사회인구학적 변인, 주 보호자의 사회인구학적 변인, 그리고 가족의 죄책감 등이 주 보호자 및 형제 자매의 주관적·객관적 부담에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 결 과: 1) 객관적 부담과 주관적 부담에서 주 보호자군이 형제 자매군에 비해 약간 높은 경향을 보였지만 양군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2) 정신분열병 환자의 임상적·사회인구학적 변인들 중에서는 환자의 연령, 유병기간, 총 입원기간이 주 보호자 또는 형제 자매의 부담에 유의한 영향을 주었다. 그리고 주 보호자의 사회 인구학적 변인들 중에서는 매달 수입 정도와 가족교육 여부가 주 보호자의 부담에 유의한 영향을 주었다. 3) 문제행동들을 양성증상, 음성증상, 기타증상으로 분류한 후 주 보호자 및 형제 자매의 객관적 부담과 주관적 부담과의 상관성을 검증한 결과, 양군 모두에서 3가지 증상 행동이 객관적 및 주관적 부담과 각각 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 그리고 양군에서 양성증상 행동과 음성증상 행동이 객관적 부담보다는 주관적 부담과의 상관성이 상대적으로 더 높은 양상을 보였다. 또 형제 자매의 경우에는 양성증상 행동이 음성증상 행동에 비해 객관적 및 주관적 부담과의 상관성이 더 높았다. 4) 죄책감과 부담간의 상관성에서는 주 보호자에서만 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 결 론: 본 연구 결과는 정신분열병 환자의 가족 부담을 줄일 수 있는 보다 효과적인 가족중재 기법을 개발하는데 있어 유용한 자료가 될 것으로 생각된다. In order to investigate the factors associated with family burdens of schizophrenics, 92 primary caregivers and 68 siblings of 92 persons with schizophrenia were examined by means of self-report scales about the effect of positive and negative symptom behaviors, clinical and sociodemographic variables, and guilty feelings toward patient on the objective and subjective burden. The results were as follows. 1) There was no difference in the objective and subjective burden scores between the primary caregivers and siblings, even though the former showed a higher scores compared to the latter. 2) Burden scores were significantly affected by the factors such as age of patients, duration of illness, total duration of hospitalizations, monthly family income, and the experience of family education in the primary caregivers or siblings of schizophrenics. 3) Objective and subjective burden were related to both the severity of positive, negative, and the other symptom behaviors in the primary caregivers and siblings. The positive and negative symptom behaviors were more related to subjective burdens compared to objective burdens in the primary caregivers and siblings. The positive symptom behaviors were more related to perceived objective and subjective burdens compared to negative symptom behaviors in the siblings. 4) The correlations between guilty feelings toward patient and burden scores was significant only in the primary caregivers. These results could be used as useful datas to develop the more effective family intervention for reducing family burden.

창세로부터 비유속에 감추인 성경의 비밀표현II

김영길 부산대 예술대학 1996 藝術論文集 Vol.11 No.-

I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world Kim Young Gil. All there things Jesus spoke to the mutitude in parables: and without a parable he did not speak to them, that it might be fulfilled which have spoken vy the prophet, saying, "I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been keep secret from the foundation of the world" "Son of man, pore a riddle, and speak a parable to the house of israel. The mystery which has been hidden from ages and from generations, but now has been revealed to his saints. I will open my mouth in parable ; I will utter dark saying of old. Which we have heard and known. And our fathers have fold us. We will not hide them from their children. Telling to the generation to come the praises of the lord. And his wonderful work that he has done. How that by revelation he made known to me the mystery (as I wrote before in a few words, by which, when you read, you many understand my knowledge in the mystery of christ.) However, we speak the wisdom among thore who are mature. Yet not the wisdom of this age, nor of the rules of this age, who are coming to nothing, but we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, the hidden wisdom which God ordained before the age know ; for had they known, they would not have cruciffied the lord of glory, but as it is written ; Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, nor have entered into the heart of man. The things which God has prepared for those who love him. But God has reveaied them to us through his spirit. For the spirit searches all things, yes, the deep things of God, For what man known the things of a man except the spirit of the man which is in him? Even so no one knows the things of God except the spirit of God. Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit who is from God, that we might know the things that have been freely given to us by God. These things we also speak, not in words which man's wisdom teaches but which the holy spirit teaches, comparing spiritual things which spiritual. But the natual man dose not receive the things of the spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him ; nor can he know them, because they are spiritually discernd, but he who is spiritual judges all things, yet he himself is rightly judged by no one. For "who has known the mind of the lord that he may instruct him?" but we have the mind of christ. "I have also spoken by the prdphets, And have multiplied vision ; I have given symbols thouth the witness of the prophets." Because it has been given to you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. For whoever has to him more will be given and he will have abundance ; but whoever does not have even what he will be taken away from him. Therefore I speak to them in parables because seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they, nor do they understand. And in them the prophecy of isaiah is fulfilled which say ; Hearing you will see and shall not understand. And seeing you will see and not perceive ; For the heart of this people has grown dull. Their ears are hard of hearing. And their eyes, they have clored. Lost they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears. Lost they should understand with their heart and turn. So that I should heal them. (Isaiah 6;9~10) Hear, you deaf ; and look, you blind, that you may see. who is blind but my servant, or deaf as my messenger whom I send? Who is blind as he who is perfect, and blind as the lord'sservent? seeing many things but you do not observer ; opening the ears but he dose not hear. The lord is well pleased for his righteousness'sake ; He will magnify the make it honorble. but this is a people robbed and plum plundered ; All of them are snared in holes. And they are hidden in prison houers ; they are for prey, and no one delivers ; For plunder, and no one says, "Restore"

감꼭지나방 생태적 특성 및 방제약제 선발

김정화,김길하,조수원,박은철,김순섭,황태구,최상기 충북대학교 첨단원예기술개발연구센터 1999 연구보고서 Vol.4 No.-

경남지역과 충북지역 감나무의 재배, 해충 방제실태를 농가 방문하여 설문조사 한 결과 감 재배경력은 경남지역이 평균 10년이며, 충북지역은 평균 5년 정도이다. 감 재배 주수는 대다수 농가가 20주 이상이고, 재배관리에 대하여 자문을 받는 곳은 농업센터나 농약사 및 연구소 등이었다. 김 품종은 경남지역에서는 부유와 서촌조생, 충북지역에서는 등시와 월하 등을 재배하고 있었다. 시비종류는 이른봄 에 퇴비나 복합비료를 주었고, 감나무 생장 중 열매나 저장 중 열매에 발생하는 해충이 발견되었다. 해충방제를 위해 살충제를 살포하고 있는데 주로 감꼭지나방, 진딧물, 잎말이나방 및 깍지벌레 등으로 파마치온, 파단, 코니도, 신파마치온, 수프라사이드 등을 살포하였다. 감꼭지나방(Stathmopoda masinissa)의 발육생태를 조사하기 위하여, 감꼭지나방을 야외에서 채집하여 온도±1℃, 광주기 16L:8D, 상대습도 50~60%에서 실내 사육하였다. 각 층태별 기간은 알 7.4일, 유충기간 34.7일, 용 15.5일이었다. 각 령기간은 1령 3.5일, 2령 4.2일, 3령 5.2일, 4령 6.5일, 5령 15.4일이었으며, 특히 유층의 두폭을 측정하여 평균한 결과는 1령 0.20mm, 2령 0.40mm, 3령 0.65mm, 4령 0.87mm, 5령 1.07mm일 이었다. 성충의 수명은 수컷이 6.2일, 암컷이 10.1일 이었다. 용화율은 68.0% 우화율은 59.9%이었다. A survey in Kyungnam and chungbuk areas revealed that the average number of years for persimmon tree farming is 10 and 5 years, respectively. The number of trees per orchard is at least over 20, and the farmers have been usually advised through an agricultural center, an agrochemical store, or agrochemical research center. The varieties of the persimmons they grow are Buyu and Seocheon in Kyungnam, and Doogsi and Wolha in Chungbuk. The kind of fertilizers they sprayed in early spring is either compost or composite fertilizer. persimmon pests are often found in persimmon fruits while on a tree or in storage. Phamathion, Padan, Konido, Sinpamathion, and/or supuraside is usually used to control persimmon fruit moths, aphides, leafrollers, and scale insects. To understand the developmental ecology of the persimmon fruit moth, Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick, we collected and reared them under the laboratory condition which is at 25±1℃ of temperature, 16L:8D of photoperiod, and 85% of relative humidity. As a result, the developmental period of egg, larva, and pupa were 7.40, 34.7, and 15.5 days, respectively. The average period of each larval instar was 3.50, 4.17, 5.17, 6.46, and 15.42 days, respectively, and the average head capsule width was 0.20, 0.40, 0.65, 0.87, and 1.07mm, respectively. The average adult longevity was 6.2 days for males and 10.1 days for females. The pupation rate and the emergence rate were 68.0% and 59.9%, respectively.