南勞黨의 暴力鬪爭路線과 韓國戰爭 : With Special Reference to Armed Struggles

金點坤 慶熙大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.16 No.-

The struggle of the Communists in Korea during the five years after he end of World War Ⅱ until the out-break of the Korean War could be classified into three stages. The aspect of the Korean communist struggle has always been affected by the U. S.-Soviet relationship. This foreign influence upon the communists's struggle was one of the most important characteristics of the Korean communist movement. The three stages are as follows: The first stage (1945-46) The third stage (1948-50) The second stage (1946-47) 1. The First Stage: The Communists' Struggle for Power by Lawful Means. It was the epoch that the rule of the Japanese Empire ended, the U. S. governed South Korea with a military government, and the social-political situation in South Korea was in confusion when the communists tried to seize political power taking advantage of political vacuum and of their anti-Japanese resistance record. They proceeded speedily to strengthen and to enlarge their organization, at the time the only underground political organization existed in Korea. Nevertheless, they realized that mystic story of their anti-Japanese struggle was far less respected by Korean people than that of the right wing revolutionary power. This made them to seek a union with a number of non-communist revolutionaries returned from overseas anti-Japanese struggles. But this measure was taken only for the purpose of winning the political power by obtaining the mass support, concealing the communist intent behind the honor of the right wing leaders Both Syngman Rhee, a right wing leader returned from America, and Kim Koo, another leader returned from China, refused thir proposal. Thereby the communists began to develop a new strategy of acting openly as a legitimate mass political party. However, such activity did not last long. 2. The Socond Stage: The Struggle Combining Legitimacy with Violence. Non-communists who resisted the Japanese rule in Korea was so severely oppressed by the Japanese colonial authorities that their organization was almost dismissed. Therefore, it was almost impossible for them to compete with the communist party. Most of the leakers of the non-communist groups belonged to the land lord class. Communists were making a propaganda slogan of the so-called Land Reform Program among the poor masses. And this slogan was an attractive one among the poor masses. In this atmosphere the voice of bourgeois leaders was hardly heard. The U. S. Military Government which at the beginning did not discriminate the communist party began to realize the real intent of the communists' political ambition. Finally. the Americans changed their attitude towards communists and began to establish a friendly relationship with the bourgeois leaders. The communists therefore resorted to their original intent to seize political power by establishing a People's Republic in South Korea by enlisting the support of a couple of opposing forces to the U. S. Military Government. They continued their political struggle on the one hand and used violence as the means of struggle on the other hand. The violent struggle eventually invited oppression of the U. S. Military Government. The suppression of the communists in the south brought the support of the North Korean communist to their fellow communists in the south brought the support of the North Korean communist to their fellow communists in the south. The North Korean communists were by this time firmly supported and control-led by the Soviet Union. Originally the Korean communist movement was directed by the Seoul center, and the North Korean communists called themselves as “the North Korean Branch of the Korean Communist Party.” The North Koreans had recognized the suzerainty of the Communist Party in the south But as he South Korean communists became dependent upon them, they replaced the South Korean communists as the masters. This change of power relationship was coincided with the Soviet expansionist policy. The South Korean communists placed under the direction of the Soviet expansionism gradually transformed into a political clan using only violent means of struggle. 3. The Third Stage: Violent Struggle by Armed Partisans. There could be also some other reasons for the violent struggles of the communists. When the Joint American-Soviet Commission's effort was abandoned by disagreement and it looked almost impossible to bring about a solution of the Korean unification question by a U. S.-Soviet negotiations. Americans brought the Korean question to the United Nations and began to undertake an establishment of a government in South Korea apart from North Korea. Consequently, cooperation between the U. S. Military Government and the Korean right wing leaders was strengthened and produced an increased expression of the communists. As a result, the United Nations recognized the government in South Korea which was established through a general elections carried out under the supervision of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. On the other hand, the communists in North Korea refused to accept the United Nations' proposal and, instead, they declared unilaterally an establishment of a communist regime in Pyongyang. As political partition of the counry became apparent, the communist struggle rapidly changed into an ever more violent form of struggle. This change was certainly derived from the international circumstances of those days. Since 1948 in a number of Asian countries such as Malaya, the Phillipines and China. local communists developed the so called people's revolutionary war by means of partisan's armed struggle. As these efforts of the communists took a favorable turn, the Korean communists were undoubtedly encouraged to accelerate their armed struggle The violent struggle essentially an attribute of communism. and both Kim Il Sung and Pak Heun Young were loyal followers of Stalinism of which the substance was nothing but violence. The annexation of the South Korean Labor Party into the North Korean Labor Party coincided with the formation of their “National Unification Front” Reflecting upon all these developments, it was apparent that the Soviet Union started to support the Kim Il Sung regime only to consolidate the communist power in Korea. In fact, Russians intended to build a strong base in North Korea to attack and destroy the South Korean government. In 1949 the North Koreans promised the South Korean communist partisans that they would execute “the september Attack” and “the A-Sung Attack as a response struggle and as a prelude of the People's Army's invasion the south. But they could not achieve their objectives, and their failure caused the destruction of the south Korean Labor Party and its armed strength. When there was an anti-regime revolt in South Korea in october 1948, North Korea dispatched a well-trained and well-armed guerrillas to support their communist partisans in South Korea. However. these supports did not occur in promised time. Yet they were sure to help the South Korean communist partisans in a way. The communist struggle in South Korea was characterized by moderate and legitimate means of fights when communism was legally allowed, but as soon as it become illegal their means of fights turned into extremely violent ways. The communist struggle was not only directed against non-communist democratic powers but also extended to a struggle between themselves. It was a conflict between the North Korean communists and the South Korean communists. For the South Korean communists were so discontented with the North Korean communist leaders that they tried to realize a revolution in South Korea, and this was, they considered, the shortest way to enhence their unfavorable positions. Therefore, their goal was not decided by strategic view point but by political necessity. As a result. this error produced irrational and unreasonable struggle. This resulted in failure when the North Korean communists invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. Their organization and armed partisans were in an inattainable situation to call a response uprising. This was one of the very reasons that they failed dramatically in the Korean War.

원형관내 orifice를 지나는 난류운동에 관한 열전달연구

박상규,장춘만 여수대학교 1994 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

An experimental investigation was performed to determine the effet of flow separation on the heat transfer characteristics of a turblent flow in circular pipe. The degree of flow separation was varied by employing orifices of two bore diameters. Air was the workings fluid and the Reynolds number ranged from 40400 to 100900. The point of flow reattachment, which corresponds to a maximum of the heat transfer coefficient, was found to occur at constant distance irrelevant to Reynolds numbers. Relationship between the maximum Nusselt number and Reynolds number was correlated in the form of following ; Nu)max=0.071 ?? This value was independent of diameter ratios.

대두박에 대한 extrusion처리 및 formaldehyde처리가 젖소의 반추위내 in situ분해율에 미치는 영향

문여황,김기원,문점동,조광일,김병기,이성실,이상철 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2001 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.14 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature of extrusion processing on ruminal degradation characteristics of soybean meal. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were employed to in situ trial and treatments were composed of soybean meals untreated(Control), extruded at 115, 130 and 155℃, and treated with 0.3% formaldehyde(HCHO). The nylon bags were suspended for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours in the rumen, respectively. Animals fed the diet of 50 : 50 in concentrate and orchard grass hay at 110% of NRC(1988) requirements, and were freely access to water and mineral block. The regression equations for degradation characteristics and effective degradability(ED) of crude protein of soybean meals in the rumen were obtained as follows. Control P = 26.41 + 69.86(1-e^-0.041t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 57.89% 115℃ extrusion P = 3.39 + 44.76(1-e^-0.013t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 12.63% 130℃ extrusion P = 2.79 + 56.60(1-e^-0.015t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 15.85% 155℃ extrusion P = 1.71 + 31.48(1-e^-0.018t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 0.04% 0.3% HCHO P = 7.23 + 35.14(1-e^-0.015t) ; ED(k=0.05) = 15.34% where, P = Degradability during the time(t) suspended in the rumen, k = Passage rate at the rumen(%/hr/100). Ruminal degradabilities of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter and energy significantly (P<.01) decreased by extrusion or HCHO treatments, but did not affected by the temperature of extrusion processing. The ruminal degradation of soybean meals treated extrusion and formaldehyde, paticularly crude protein, was low beyond expectation.

한국 여성사 정립을 위한 여성인물 유형연구 Ⅳ : 1945년~1948년 The Period of United States Military Government

이배용,김정선,이승희,김점숙,김수자 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1996 여성학논집 Vol.13 No.-

The target period of this study was the "Period of United States Military Government". This was the brief period from the declaration of military government by the U.S. Force stationed in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, with tile unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese Army until the establishment of the Republic of Korea as an independent entity on August 15, 1948. Despite its brevity, this period has been recognized as important, during which basic frameworks of capitalist economy and national authority were founded. This study explores women's lives and activities during the period and examines how the period restricted and reflected women's lives and activities. The content of the study is summarized as follows: The major trends that are significant during the period for women are: the expansion of education and acquiring of franchise by women. These were not a result of the women's movement, but of the policy of the US military government that claimed to establish and preserve "democratic order". The crucial problem at the time was, how women should utilize the given opportunities. Under the US military government, which advocated a liberal-democratic system, many changes were generated in consciousness along with changes in life style and other patterns. In particular, "equal lights between men and women" was thought of as a public value. Therefore the realization of "equal rights" was considered as a prerequisite for democratic order. In other words, the period was recognized as one of women's liberation from oppressive bonds, coinciding with liberation from Japanese Imperial Rule. In this period, western liberal culture was rapidly influencing South Korea and women's consciousness was thus also changed. Under these influences, a new image was emerging and making an impact on family structure. This was the image of progressive couples, wherein attempts were made to promote a new relationship of understanding and love between mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law who had traditionally been in conflict in the pre-modern family. During this period women became very active participants in socia1 spheres. In politics, women's activities in creating a nation state wet¡¤e significant. This was evident in the work of organizations in the women's movement. Their activities, however, were restricted by conflict between right and left wing political groups who were in acute confrontation with each other over the issue of deciding on a future direction for a new Korean nation state. This inevitably led to women's organizations focusing their energies on the establishment of the nation state, the hot issue of the period, and consequently, they abandoned the specific goals of the women's movement. In the meantime women who had obtained the right to vote could become the subjects as well as the objects of national politics, for instance, women took an active part in policy-making and there were 18 women candidates in the May 10th election under the military government. However, there were several harriers in women's be coming active agents in politics, for example, traditional concepts of "politics is a man's Job", a distrust of women's abilities and so on. The May 10th election was a memorable moment, when women used their votes for the first time in Korea and realized the aforementioned problems once again. While women failed to advance to the forefront of politics, yet this was a good opportunity for them to grapple with ways and means for reducing the barriers hindering women's political participation, while they Critically reviewed their past activities. In economic sectors, women were active participants. The change in their economic situation during the period was two-fold and can be characterized as follows: First, there was a quantitative increase of women workers, as till then occupations open to women had been limited for a few "new (modern) women" and subsequently became open to the general (ordinary) women. Second, women's employment opportunities were extended to include what were traditionally "men's occupations". In particular, women's participation in professional jobs was enlarged. This was closely linked to the expansion of educational opportunities, which in turn, accelerated their economic participation. Women's greater social participation was, however, only possible on the condition that they do not perform their new roles at the expense of their familial duties. In the circumstances, the traditional notion of "women's place is at home" was not over come ; household chores and child rearing were still women's burden. These were recognized as factors crucial for enhancing women's social activities, and various attempts were made to solve the problem at societal levels, but not in personal or private spheres. Thus these were limited and remained ineffective. In conclusion, the period of US military government in Korea encouraged women to improve their status and change their roles within the new social environment of Liberation and the influx of western culture. This can also to called transitional period, during which traditional patriarchal ideology still dominated over women's life. Although women's enhanced social participation was understood as a "new direction of social progress", it had to be compatible with family life and the ideology of "hyon-mo yang-ch'o" (wise mother and good wife). The latter ideology was maintained as defining the image of the good woman. Thus the period of US military government can be depicted as one of transition, in which traditional values about women altered and new ones emerged.

Effect of ingested fat on blood coagnlation

Chum, Bong Hyun 中央醫學社 1961 中央醫學 Vol.1 No.2

In vitro evaluation of octenidine as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis in disinfecting the root canal system

Chum, Jia Da,Lim, Darryl Jun Zhi,Sheriff, Sultan Omer,Pulikkotil, Shaju Jacob,Suresh, Anand,Davamani, Fabian The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2019 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.44 No.1

Objectives: Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs). Results: The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples. Conclusions: This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.

Optimal EEG Feature Extraction using DWT for Classification of Imagination of Hands Movement

Chum, Pharino,Park, Seung-Min,Ko, Kwang-Eun,Sim, Kwee-Bo Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 2011 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.21 No.6

An optimal feature selection and extraction procedure is an important task that significantly affects the success of brain activity analysis in brain-computer interface (BCI) research area. In this paper, a novel method for extracting the optimal feature from electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is proposed. At first, a student's-t-statistic method is used to normalize and to minimize statistical error between EEG measurements. And, 2D time-frequency data set from the raw EEG signal was extracted using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a raw feature, standard deviations and mean of 2D time-frequency matrix were extracted as a optimal EEG feature vector along with other basis feature of sub-band signals. In the experiment, data set 1 of BCI competition IV are used and classification using SVM to prove strength of our new method.

Evaluation of the Partial Compressive Strength According to the Wood Grain Direction

Chum Young Park,Hyung Kun Kim,Jun Jae Lee,Gwang Chul Kim 한국목재공학회 2013 목재공학 Vol.41 No.2

Bearing occurs by the rotation of members induced from horizontal or vertical load at traditional wood-en joint in frame. The bearing between wooden members is not occurring at the whole surface of joint but occurring only at the particular bearing area. In this study, partial bearing according to the different grain direction was evaluated. The partial compressive strength showed 3 times higher than pure compressive strength perpendicular to grain, 1.5 times higher than parallel to grain and 3.3 times higher than both of them/ It is expected that this result can be very importantly applied when evaluating analyzing the actual behavior of traditional wooden mortise and tenon joint.

Optimal EEG feature extraction using DWT for classification of imagination of hands movement

Pharino Chum,Seung-Min Park,Kwang-Eun Ko,Kwee-Bo Sim 한국지능시스템학회 2011 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.21 No.2

Improved Method for Extracting Optimal Time-Frequency EEG Signal Feature

Pharino Chum,Seung-Min Park,Kwang-Eun Ko,Kwee-Bo Sim 한국지능시스템학회 2012 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.22 No.1