초등학교 교사들의 직무스트레스와 건강 수준

조현숙,이종태,손혜숙,박진국 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.5

Objective : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of job strain on stress and health status among elementary school teachers. Methods and Material : The subjects in this study were 300 teachers who were selected from among 588 teachers in 13 out of 42 elementary schools in the city of Gimhae. Through the questionnaire, demographic characteristics, Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire(JCQ) and the Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) to assess their occupational characteristics and psychosocial stress level were surveyed. Medical checkup results of them were adopted to measure their Health status. Results : 24.9 percent of the general teachers were low strain group, and 16.3 percent of them were high strain group. In the senior teachers, 19.7 percent belonged to a low strain group and 21.3 percent belonged to a high strain group. In regard to health status, more senior teachers than junior teachers suffered from obesity(24.6%) and diabetes(11.5%) (p<0.O5), and they also were higher in DBP(p<0.057), total cholesterol(p=0.039) and blood sugar level(p=0.000), the low strain group perceived more social support(p=0.000), and the high strain group felt bigger physical overload(p=0.000). Concerning psychosocial stress, the low strain group was more aware of teacher social role and put more confidence in themselves(p=0.004). The high strain group was more depressed(p=0.001), but no difference was detected in health status. The health status difference between the high strain and low strain groups was significant in depression of psychosocial stress(OR=3.823, 95%CI=1.584-9.224). Conclusion : The senior teachers group was more morbid to obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, which implies that some measure should be studied to help senior teachers manage those diseases properly. The high strain group suffered more from physical overload and was high 'Social support'. Therefore it's required for high strain group to be given more support from colleagues and supervisors, and a stress management program should be implemented to reduce their psychosocial stress.

유아특수교육 기관의 개별화교육프로그램 운영실태 및 개선 방안

조광순,전병운,박혜준,홍은숙 국립특수교육원 2005 특수교육연구 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구에서는 유아특수교육교사 8명과의 심층면담과 30개의 IEP 문서 분석을 통해, 특수교육진흥법 상의 규정과 유아특수교육 추천 실제에 따른 IEP의 질적 수준을 알아보았다. 연구결과 특수학급 교사의 경우 유치원 교육과정과의 연계가 부족한 IEP를 작성하여 운영하고 있으며, 개별화교육운영위원회는 실질적으로 소집되지 못하고 있고, IEP의과정에 보호자의 참여 정도는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 IEP 내용은 유아의 현 수행수준에 근거한 장 · 단기 목표의 기술을 제외하고는 상당히 형식적이고 제한적이어서 IEP 운영에 도움을 주지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 특수교육진흥법 상에 규정되어 있지는 않지만 실제 현장에서는 가족지원이 다양한 방식으로 이루어지고 있으며, 다학문적 팀의 구성과 구성원들 간의 협력은 교사에 따라, 또는 기관에 따라 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일반 유치원 프로그램의 일일 계획안과 IEP와의 연계, 발달적 교육과정과 유치원 교육과정과의 연계, 목표의 수정, 개별화교육운영위원회의 협력적 참여, 객관성 있는 수행 평가 면에서 유아특수교육교사들은 어려움을 나타내 보였으며, IEP 작성과 운영에 따른 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 표준화된 IEP 양식 또는 구조화된 IEP와 평가준거의 예가 제시된 IEP 모델이 필요한 것으로 교사들은 제안하고 있다. Various research has identified a number of problems with individualized education program (IEP) development and implementation among schools, including a lack of adequate teacher training, poorly developed team processes, minimal coordination with general education, and failure to develop measurable goals and objectives to evaluate child achievements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality levels of IEPs implemented in early childhood special education (ECSE) settings based on recommended ECSE practices and requirements of the Korean Special Education Enhancement Act. Through an in-depth focus group interview with eight ECSE teachers from eight different programs and an analysis of 30 IEPs, the study investigated: 1) how regulations on IEP development and implementation of the Special Education Enhancement Act, specifically regulations on IEP team organization and implementation, parent participation, and IEP contents, are interpreted in ECSE programs; 2) how ECSE program professionals collaborate with families and how family supports are provided; 3) how a multidisciplinary approach is put into practice and effective levels of collaboration among IEP team members; 4) ECSE teacher suggestions for solving problems with IEP development and implementation, and for improving practices. The results indicate that special education classroom teachers of regular kindergarten programs develop and implement IEPs that are irrelevant to their curricular. IEP procedural deficits were found in the area of team process. It was found that the ECSE programs lack a multidisciplinary team approach when developing and implementing IEPs. Overall, parental participation was not ensured even though regulations require IEP teams to include parental requests in IEPs and implement their signed IEPs. Key personnel such as regular early childhood education teachers and therapists were found to be absent from IEP meetings. However, differences were found among the programs in the team process. Programs specialized only for young children with disabilities demonstrated higher levels of team approaches than those of ECSE programs in special schools and regular kindergartens. In this study, limited content of IEPs were found to be developed for young children with disabilities. IEP goals and objectives analyzed in this study were shown to be generally adequate, showing that children's levels of performance information and annual goals were congruent and that measurable goals and objectives were developed. During the in-depth interview, it was learned that ECSE teachers provide support to children and families, coordinating services in the community for children with disabilities. The results of this study also show that ECSE teachers in regular kindergarten programs have difficulties in linking IEP goals with their daily instructional plans as well as linking their general curriculum with developmental goals for young children with disabilities. Overall, teachers in this study demonstrated difficulties with modification of IEP goals, facilitating collaborative IEP team participation, and objective monitoring of IEP goals. They suggest that standards for IEP and structured IEP forms be developed. They also suggest that model IEPs be introduced by school districts. The findings of this study suggest that: 1) specific IEP procedures need to be mandated through special education laws and regulations in order to facilitate and monitor team approaches when developing and implementing IEPs in ECSE settings; 2) a coordinated service system is needed to provide comprehensive services to young children with special needs and their families; 3) there is an urgent need for comprehensive curriculum-based assessment tools that reflect various developmental aspects as well as diverse special needs and suggest assessment guidelines; 4) it is important to provide strong pre-service teacher education programs as well as in-service work shops for teachers in order to develope skills in developing meaningful IEP goals and objectives linked to curriculum and daily classroom routines; and 5) IEP model development research should be facilitated.

서울시 대기오염과 일별 사망의 상관성에 관한 시계열적 연구 (1998~2001년)

조용성,이종태,김윤신,홍승철,김호,하은희,박혜숙,이보은 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6

This study was performed to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure and mortality in Seoul for the years of 1998~2001I. Daily counts of death were analyzed by general additive Poisson model, with adjustment for effects of seasonal trend, air temperature, humidity, and day of the week as confounders in a nonparametric approach. Daily death counts were associated with CO (current day), 0₃(current day), PM_(10) (current day), NO₂, (1 day before), SO₂, (1 day before). Increase of 41.711㎍/㎥ (interquartile range) in PM_(10) was associated with 1.3% (95% CI = 0.7~1.9%) increase in the daily number of death. 0₃concentrations resulted in an increased risk of 1.3% for 23.86 ppb in all-aged mortality [RR = 1.013 (1.004-1.023)]. This effect was greater in children (less than 15 aged) and elderly (more than 65 aged). After ozone level exceeds 25 ppb, the dose-response relationship between mortality and ozone was almost linear. We concluded that Seoul had 1~5% increase in mortality in association with IQR (interquartile range) in air pollutants. Daily variations in air pollution within the range currently occurring in Seoul might have an adverse effect on daily mortality. These findings also support the hypothesis that air pollution, at levels below the current ambient air quality standards of Korea, is harmful to sensitive subjects, such as children or elderly.

Faraday's Law에 의한 전기응집공정의 분석

김혜숙,윤영임,조은정,최윤희,오미영,김영관 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2001 産業技術硏究 Vol.21 No.A

This research was carried out to find out the possibility of using Faraday's law in analyzing the electrocoagulation system. Bench-scale reactor equipped with aluminum electrode plates was operated using synthetic wastewater which received sodium chloride for conductivity adjustment. Phosphate was added to the wastewater to induce the precipitation with Al. The amount of aluminum dissolved from the electrodes could be predicted by Faraday's law with a difference less than 5%. This difference was greater at a higher electric current, probably due to the increased solution temperature. However, effect of pH on the dissolution of the aluminum was negligible. The result of this study suggested that the operating condition of electrocoagulation system could be developed using the Faraday's law when the pollutant concentration is given.

하계 집중 호우에 따른 강화도 갯벌 퇴적물 내 공극수 성분 변화

목진숙,김성한,조혜연,현정호 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2007 이학기술논문지 Vol.10 No.-

2007년 7월 10일부터 8월 9일까지 강화도 남단 동검리 갯벌에서 표층 퇴적물 6 cm 이내 화학 성분(CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-))의 농도를 측정하였다. 조사 기간 동안 세 차례의 태풍(EWINIAR, BILIS, KAEMI)과 폭우 (110∼202.5 mm)가 있었다. 그로 인해 염분은 7∼21 psu(practical salinity units)의 범위를 보였고, CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-)의 농도는 각각 84∼159, 5.52∼16.46, 3.56∼9.69, 160∼461, 0.58∼0.99 mmol m^(-2)의 범위로 나타났으며, 전반적으로 폭우 이후 급격히 감소한 후 다시 회복되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 폭우 이후 담수 유입 증가에 따른 희석 효과를 반영하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 물리적 교란에 의해 혐기성 상태의 분해 산물이 재산화 됨으로써 퇴적물 내 혐기성 조건이 완화되었음을 의미한다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 기상이변에 따른 집중호우가 갯벌 내 생지화학적 과정에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 지시해 준다. Concentrations of pore water constituents CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-) within top 6 cm sediment were measured from 10 July to 9 August 2007 at Donggeom intertidal mudflat of the south Ganghwa in Korea. There was a typhoon (EWINIAR, BILIS, KAEMI) and heavy rainfall (110∼02.5 mm) of three times during the period. Therefore salinity ranged from 7 to 21 psu concentrations of CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-) ranged 84∼159 , 5.52∼16.46, 3.56∼9.69, 160∼461 0.58∼0.99 mmol m^(-2), respectively, and constituents were steeply decreased after heavy rainfall and recovered again. These results reflected the dilution effect by the increasing of freshwater discharge after heavy rainfall and implied that physical disturbance led to less anoxic conditions in the sediment by reoxidizing the anoxic decomposition products. This results also implied that the short-term heavy rainfall may have a profound impact on the sediment biogeochemistry.

조혈모세포이식술이 골수기질세포의 기원 및 조골세포로의 증식 및 분화에 미치는 효과

강무일,조성원,오은숙,백기현,이원영,오기원,김혜수,한제호,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,김춘추 대한내분비학회 2000 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.15 No.4·5

환기정도에 따른 수술실용 신발 종류가 수술실 오염에 미치는 영향 : How to Choose Suitable Shoes?

남경동,정혜선,박영신,원진희,주미자,성화신,이지혜,이병희,조경숙,배재춘 한국의료QA학회 2000 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Background : Various types of protective footwear have been used to minimize bacterial contamination in operating rooms. In recent years, debate has arisen concerning the need for use of such protective footwear. This study was designed to provide useful data about choosing shoes most suitable for the surgical environment. Methods : Between November, 1999 and January, 2000, we performed this experimental study by comparing effect of three types of shoes (i.e., disposable shoescover, operating room-restricted shoes, and ordinary shoes) on bacterial contamination of operating rooms equipped with two different ventilation systems (i.e., high air-change, low air-change) respectively. Data were collected during two-hour sham operations in which subjects and their activities were strictly standardized. Bacterial flora were sampled from the study area floor and air colony-counts were measured. Results : In experiments involving high air-change ventilation system, there was a significant difference of floor contamination between three types of shoes, but no difference of air contamination. Under low air-change system, there was a significant difference of both floor and air contamination between three types of shoes. Conclusion : The results show that protective footwear would be unnecessary in the operating room with high air-change ventilation system, but it is important to choose suitable shoes carefully under low air-change system. Therefore, the use of outdoor shoes can be considered under high air-change system, but it would seem sensible to apply their first use in less bloody operations at the day surgery center or out-patient department to prevent transfer of body fluid into the outside environment.

폐경전 여성에서 에스트로겐 수용체 유전자 다형성과 골초음파 지표의 상관관계에 대한 연구

김정순,정동진,강혜숙,강세훈,김경민,홍세인,조동혁,강호철,정민영 全南大醫大 2004 전남의대학술지 Vol.40 No.1

Induction of a Hardening Phenomenon and Quantitative Changes of Ceramides in Stratum Corneum

( Sook Young Park ),( Jin Hye Kim ),( Soo Ick Cho ),( Kyeong Il Kim ),( Hee Jin Cho ),( Chun Wook Park ),( Cheol Heon Lee ),( Hye One Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2014 Annals of Dermatology Vol.26 No.1

Background: Hardening phenomenon of human skin after repeated exposure to the irritants is well-known, but the precise mechanism remains elusive. Objective: To modify the previous experimental model of hardening phenomenon by repeated applications of two different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solutions to Korean healthy volunteers and to investigate the quantitative changes of ceramides in stratum corneum before and after chronic repeated irritation. Methods: Eight hundred microliters of distilled water containing 0.1% and 2% SLS was applied for 10 minutes on the forearm of 41 healthy volunteers for 3 weeks. After an intervening 3-week rest, 24-hour patch tests with 1% SLS were conducted on previously irritated sites. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema index and quantity of ceramide were measured in the stratum corneum before and after irritation. Results: TEWL values on the sites preirritated with 2% SLS were lower than those with 0.1% SLS. Hardening phenomenon occurred in 24 volunteers at day 44. The changes in ceramide levels were not significantly higher in the hardened skin than in the non-hardened skin. Conclusion: Repetitive stimulation with a higher concentration of SLS can more easily trigger skin hardening. (Ann Dermatol 26(1) 35∼42, 2014)

Analysis of Pathogenic Factors in the Menopausal Symptoms of Middle-aged Women in Relation to Sasang Constitutional Type

Cho, Hye-Sook,Kim, Jong-Won,Lee, Yong-Tae,Kim, Kyu-Kon,Lee, In-Seon The Society of Korean Medicine 2014 대한한의학회지 Vol.35 No.2

Background: Pattern identification is a unique diagnostic method of traditional Oriental medicine that has recently been the target of questionnaire-based research. Sasang (four-types) constitutional medicine (SCM) is a practice in traditional Korean medicine that seeks to promote objectivity in diagnostics. This paper attempts to illuminate the relationship between constitutions and the pathogenic factors of pattern identification through questionnaires completed by menopausal women about their symptoms. Methods: From March to October 2012, we examined 291 women from the general population, with ages ranging from 40 to 60 years, applying the Kupperman index, the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL), pattern identification based on the Diagnosis System of Oriental Medicine (DSOM), and SCM. We then analyzed the relationship between constitutional type and pathogenic factors. Results: No significant differences were found in the scores of either the Kupperman index or MENQOL questionnaire in relation to constitutional type. However, in a statistical analysis correlating the DSOM pathogenic factor scores (PFS) with the scores of the Kupperman index and MENQOL vasomotor subscale, heat showed a significant positive correlation with SoYang type (SY) and TaeEum type (TE), but not SoEum type (SE), while insufficiency of yin and insufficiency of yang, as well as blood deficiency, showed a significant positive correlation with the TE and SE types. Conclusion: The pathogenic factors in the menopausal symptoms of middle-aged women, specifically the prominent menopausal symptom of facial flushing, differed significantly according to constitutional type.