Supplementation of oil-based inactivated H9N2 vaccine with M2e antigen enhances resistance against heterologous H9N2 avian influenza virus infection

Park, J.K.,Lee, D.H.,Cho, C.H.,Yuk, S.S.,To, E.O.,Kwon, J.H.,Noh, J.Y.,Kim, B.Y.,Choi, S.W.,Shim, B.S.,Song, M.K.,Lee, J.B.,Park, S.Y.,Choi, I.S.,Song, C.S. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2014 Veterinary microbiology Vol.169 No.3

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has been evolving rapidly and vaccine escape variants have been reported to cause circulation of infections and economic losses. In the present study, we developed and evaluated ectodomain of the AIV matrix 2 (M2e) protein as a supplementing antigen for oil-based inactivated H9N2 vaccine to increase resistance against vaccine escape variants. AIV H9N2 M2e antigen was expressed in Escherichia coli and supplemented to inactivated H9N2 oil emulsion vaccine. Specific pathogen-free chickens received a single injection of inactivated H9N2 oil emulsion vaccines with or without M2e supplementation. At three weeks post vaccination, hemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine serological immune responses. Challenge study using a vaccine escape H9N2 variant was performed to evaluate the efficacy of M2e supplementation. M2e antigen supplemented in oil emulsion vaccine was highly immunogenic, and a single M2e-supplemented vaccination reduced challenge virus replication and shedding more effectively than non-supplemented vaccination.

A rapid and simple method for distinguishing two mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis and Eriocheir japonica) in Korea using PCR-RFLP and PCR

Cho, Y.A.,Kim, E.M.,Kim, M.J.,Kang, J.H.,Dong, C.M.,An, H.S.,An, C.M.,Park, M.A.,Park, J.Y. Butterworths ; Taylor Francis ; Elsevier Science 2014 FOOD CONTROL Vol.36 No.1

Two species of mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis and Eriocheir japonica, are commercially valuable in Korea. Millions of their juveniles have been released in attempts to restore ecological habitat and enhance fishery resources. Due to their habitat's singularity, exact species identification should be conducted before juveniles are released. In this study, we used a highly conserved region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to distinguish E. sinensis from E. japonica. We designed a primer set to amplify part of the mitochondrial cyt b gene of both species and obtained 1024 base pairs (bp) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. These PCR products were digested with the restriction enzyme MboII and the species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were analyzed. Also, we designed primers for the rapid identification of cyt b gene (498 bp) to distinguish E. sinensis. PCR-RFLP and PCR using new primers are a fast and inexpensive method to access species identification. This simple and rapid method can provide useful information for E. sinensis and E. japonica species identification.

Characterization of Interface States in MOS Systems by Using Photonic High-Frequency Capacitance-Voltage Responses

S.J.Song,H.T.Kim,S.S.Chi,M.S.Kim,W.S.Chang,S.D.Cho,H.T.Shin,T.E.Kim,H.J.Kang,D.J.Kim,D.M.Kim 한국물리학회 2002 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.41 No.6

Based on the photonic high-frequency capacitance-voltage response of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor capacitors, we report an improved characterization method for the analyzing of interface states in MOS systems. An optical source with a photonic energy $E_{ph}$ = 0.943 eV ($\lambda$ = 1314.5 nm) is employed for photonic deep-depletion (fast sweep rate) high-frequency Capacitance-Voltage (photonic DD HF-CV) characterization of interface states distributed in the photo-responsive energy band. Using the photonic DD HF-CV characterization, we obtained a U-shaped distribution of $D_{it}$ over ($E_V + E_g/2 - q\phi_f) < E_t < (E_V + E_g/2 - q\phi_f + q\phi_S$) for N-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor capacitors and ($E_C - E_g/2 - q\phi_f + q\phi_S) < E_t < (E_C - E_g/2 - q\phi_f$) for P-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor capacitors.

세관 양광주 방전에서 플라즈마 확산의 완전 해

김동준,정종문,김정현,황하청,정재윤,조윤희,임현교,구제환,최은하,조광섭,Jin, D.J.,Jeong, J.M.,Kim, J.H.,Hwang, H.C.,Chung, J.Y.,Cho, Y.H.,Lim, H.K.,Koo, J.H.,Choi, E.H.,Cho, G.S. 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.1

관경이 수 mm인 세관 램프 내부에서 플라즈마의 확산을 조사하기 위하여 이극성(ambipolar) 확산방정식을 해하였다. 반경 방향의 확산에 의한 유리관 벽에서의 플라즈마 소멸 특성시간은 $\tau_r\;=\;(r_0/2.4)^2/D_a$로 주어진다. 반경 $r_0{\sim}1\;mm$이고 이극성 확산계수 $D_a{\sim}0.01\;m^2/s$ 이면, $\tau_r{\sim}17\;{\mu}s$이다. 이는 램프의 교류전원 구동에서 플라즈마를 유지하기 위한 구동 최소 주파수 ~30 kHz에 해당한다. 고전압이 인가되는 전극부에 발생한 고밀도의 플라즈마가 양광주로 확산되는 특성시간은 $\tau_z{\sim}0.1\;s$이다. 고밀도 플라즈마 경계에서의 시간에 대한 확산속도는 $t{\sim}10^{-6}\;s$일 때 $u_D{\sim}10^2\;m/s$이고, $t{\sim}10^{-3}\;s$이면 그 속도는 $u_D{\sim}1\;m/s$로 느려진다. 따라서 램프 길이 ~1 m에 대하여 전극부에서 생성된 고밀도 플라즈마가 양광주 전체로 확산되는 시간은 수 초가 걸린다. The ambipolar diffusion equation has been solved in a fine-tube lamp of a few mm in diameter. In the diffusion of radial direction, the plasma diffuses and vanishes away at the glass wall by recombination with the characteristic time of plasma loss is given by $\tau_r\;=\;(r_0/2.4)^2/D_a$. With the radius $r_0{\sim}1\;mm$ and the ambipolar diffusion coefficient $D_a{\sim}0.01\;m^2/s$, the vanishing time is calculated $\tau_r{\sim}10\;{\mu}s$ which corresponds to the least value of frequency 30 kHz for the sustaining the plasma in the operation of high voltage AC-power. In the diffusion of longitudinal z-direction, a high density plasma generated at the area of a high voltage electrode, diffuses into the positive column with the characteristic time $\tau_z{\sim}0.1\;s$. The plasma diffusion velocity at the boundary of high density plasma is $u_D{\sim}10^2\;m/s$ at the time $t{\sim}10^{-6}$ s and the diffusion velocity becomes slow as $u_D{\sim}1\;m/s$ at $t{\sim}10^{-3}\;s$. Therefore, for the long lamp of 1 m, it takes about several seconds for the high density plasma at the area of electrode to diffuse through the whole positive column space.

Antiviral activity of angelicin against gammaherpesviruses

Cho, H.J.,Jeong, S.G.,Park, J.E.,Han, J.A.,Kang, H.R.,Lee, D.,Song, M.J. Elsevier/North-Holland 2013 Antiviral research Vol.100 No.1

Human gammaherpesviruses including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are important pathogens as they persist in the host and cause various malignancies. However, few antiviral drugs are available to efficiently control gammaherpesvirus replication. Here we identified the antiviral activity of angelicin against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), genetically and biologically related to human gammaherpesviruses. Angelicin, a furocoumarin naturally occurring tricyclic aromatic compound, efficiently inhibited lytic replication of MHV-68 in a dose-dependent manner following the virus entry. The IC<SUB>50</SUB> of angelicin antiviral activity was estimated to be 28.95μM, while the CC<SUB>50</SUB> of angelicin was higher than 2600μM. Furthermore, incubation with angelicin efficiently inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced lytic replication of human gammaherpresviruses in both EBV- and KSHV-infected cells. Taken together, these results suggest that MHV-68 can be a useful tool to screen novel antiviral agents against human gammaherepsviruses and that angelicin may provide a lead structure for the development of antiviral drug against gammaherpesviruses.

돼지 대장에서 분리한 E.coli의 중금속 내성에 관한 연구

조창현,정욱진,이영수,최인실,강희옥,박남규,김명화,변미경,이현숙 경상대학교 환경보전연구소 1993 環境保全硏究所報 Vol.1 No.1

돼지의 대장에서 서식하는 466개의 대장균 균주들을 분리하여, 중금속인 Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni 및Pb에 대한 저항성을 조사 하였다. 거의 대부분의 균주들이 이들 여섯가지 중금속 모두에 강한 저항성을 보였다. 이것은 우리 주위환경의 중금속 오염 정도가 심각하다는 것을 간접적으로 나타내는 것이다. Ag, Pb 및 Hg를 함유하고 있는 고체 배지에서 균주를 성장시켰을때, colony 색깔이 중금속 자체의 광택과 같은 색깔을 나타내는 점으로 보아, 이들 중금속에 대한 저항기작은 유해한 중금속 이온을 세포내 에서 무해한 금속 형태로 전환시켜 세포내에 축적시키는 기작임을 시사하였다. 그 중 가장 높은 저항성을 나타내는 isolate 385를 Ag와 Pb를 함유한 액체배지에서 각각 배양한 뒤 세포내 Ag와 Pb 축적량을 조사한 결과, 건조세포 무게당 0.72g Ag 및 0.23g Pb를 세포내에 축적하고 있었다. 따라서, 이 균주를 유전자 조작 등의 방법으로 개발 한다면 산업 폐수내에 존재하는 이 중금속들의 제거에 효율적으로 사용할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. We isolated E.coli from porcine intestines and examined the resistances to various heavy-metals, Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb. The 466 isolates were resistant to the heavy-metals. Among them, 72.1% was survived in 1 mM AgNO₃, 9.3% in 80 mM AgNO₃, 95.9% in 0.6 mM Cd(NO₃)₂, 5.6% in 3 mN Cd(NO₃)₂. 95.9% in Cu(NO₃)₂, 48.5% in 0.2 mM HgCl₂, 3.4% in 0.6 mM HgCl₂, 64.4% in 5 mM NiCl₂ and 67.4% in 10 mM Pb(NO₃)₂. The isolate 385 was most resistant to silver and lead ions and the MICs of the ions were 80 mM and 11 mM, respectively. These resistances were inducible by Ag^+ and Pb^2+ ions. When isolate 385 grew in LB-agar plates containing AgNO₃ or Pb(NO₃)₂, the colony colors were changed from light yellow to deep brown. This change to brown color suggests that the resistances of 385 cells to Ag^+ and Pb^2+ ions were due to the reducing mechanism which converted them into the elementary metals(Ag^0, Pb^0) after the uptake of the ions into the cells. The resistant cells accumulated 0.72gr of Ag^0 and 0.23gr of Pb^0 per cells dry wt.

여대생의 우울, 스트레스와 문제도박과의 관계

하주희,차민주,조에스더,조세빈,홍소리,황정민,박지윤,강하영,노규상 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2015 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.49

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to learn about problem-gambling level, depression and stress among female college students. Method: In this cross-sectional design study, a convenient sample of 325 female college students were recruited between September and October, 2014. Measurement used for this study were the CPGI(Canadian Problem Gambling Index), the CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and the Life stress scale for college students. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and chi-square test. Result: About 58.5 percent of the participants had experience of gambling; lottery was the most frequently used gambling among participants. 36 participants(11.1%) were problem gamblers. Relationship of smoking status to problem gambler group was statistically significant. There were statistically significant relationships among problem-gambling level(Non-problem, Low-risk, Moderate-risk, High-risk), depression and stress. The problem gambler group had significantly higher trait stress scores compared to the normal group. Conclusion: Problem gambling was a risk factor for both depression and stress among female college students. The proposals of this study are as follows; first, in depth-research are required with more expanded sampling as sample of this study was conveniently gathered, it is hard to generalize the result. Second, a problem gambling prevention program is recommended for low-risk problem gamblers as they have risk to become problem gambler later. Third, nursing interventions for problem gamblers should be investigated with regard to depression and stress level.

Effects of β-Glucan on the Release of Nitric Oxide by Macrophages Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide

Choi, E.Y.,Lee, S.S.,Hyeon, J.Y.,Choe, S.H.,Keum, B.R.,Lim, J.M.,Park, D.C.,Choi, I.S.,Cho, K.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.11

This research analyzed the effect of ${\beta}$-glucan that is expected to alleviate the production of the inflammatory mediator in macrophagocytes, which are processed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia. The incubated layer was used for a nitric oxide (NO) analysis. The DNA-binding activation of the small unit of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit. In the RAW264.7 cells that were vitalized by Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited both the combatant and rendering phases of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO. ${\beta}$-Glucan increased the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells that were stimulated by E. coli LPS, and the HO-1 activation was inhibited by the tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This shows that the NO production induced by LPS is related to the inhibition effect of ${\beta}$-glucan. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the p38 induced by the LPS were not influenced by the ${\beta}$-glucan, and the inhibitory ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) decomposition was not influenced either. Instead, ${\beta}$-glucan remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) that was induced by the E. coli LPS. Overall, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited the production of NO in macrophagocytes that was vitalized by the E. coli LPS through the HO-1 induction and the STAT1 pathways inhibition in this research. As the host immune response control by ${\beta}$-glucan weakens the progress of the inflammatory disease, ${\beta}$-glucan can be used as an effective immunomodulator.

Removal of iopromide and degradation characteristics in electron beam irradiation process

Kwon, M.,Yoon, Y.,Cho, E.,Jung, Y.,Lee, B.C.,Paeng, K.J.,Kang, J.W. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2012 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.227 No.-

The aim of this study is to evaluate the removal efficiency of iopromide using electron beam (E-beam) irradiation technology, and its degradation characteristics with hydroxyl radical (OH?) and hydrated electron (e<SUB>aq</SUB><SUP>-</SUP>). Studies are conducted with different initial concentrations of iopromide in pure water and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, bicarbonate ion, or sulfite ion. E-beam absorbed dose of 19.6kGy was required to achieve 90% degradation of 100μM iopromide and the E-beam/H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> system increased the removal efficiency by an amount of OH? generation. In the presence of OH? scavengers (10mM sulfite ion), the required dose for 90% removal of 100μM iopromide was only 0.9kGy. This greatly enhanced removal was achieved in the presence of OH? scavengers, which was rather unexpected and unlike the results obtained from most advanced oxidation process (AOP) experiments. The reasons for this enhancement can be explained by a kinetic study using the bimolecular rate constants of each reaction species. To explore the reaction scheme of iopromide with OH? or e<SUB>aq</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> and the percent of mineralization for the two reaction paths, the total organic carbon (TOC), released iodide, and intermediates were analyzed.

POLARIMETRY OF DG TAU AT 350 μm

Krejny, M.,Matthews, T. G.,Novak, G.,Cho, J.,Li, H.,Shinnaga, H.,Vaillancourt, J. E. IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.705 No.1

<P>We present the first 350 mu m polarization measurement for the disk of the T Tauri star (TTS) DG Tau. The data were obtained using the SHARP polarimeter at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. We measured normalized Stokes parameters q = -0.0086 +/- 0.0060 and u = -0.0012 +/- 0.0061, which gives a 2 sigma upper limit for the percent polarization of 1.7%. We obtain information about the polarization spectrum by comparing our 350 mu m measurement with an 850 mu m polarization detection previously published for this source. Comparing the two measurements in Stokes space ( not in percent polarization) shows that the two data points are not consistent, i.e., either the degree of polarization or the angle of polarization (or both) must change significantly as one moves from 850 mu m to 350 mu m. This conclusion concerning the polarization spectrum disagrees with the predictions of a recent model for TTS disk polarization. We show that this discrepancy can be explained by optical depth effects. Specifically, we demonstrate that if one were to add more mass to the model disk, one would expect to obtain a model polarization spectrum in which the polarization degree falls sharply with increasing frequency, consistent with the observations at the two wavelengths. We suggest that multiwavelength polarimetry of TTS disk emission may provide a promising method for probing the opacity of TTS disks.</P>