Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

서식지 적합성 평가를 통한 국립공원 탐방로 관리 방안 연구 - 무등산 국립공원 내 담비 서식지를 중심으로 -

임치홍,이창석,정성희,박용수,Lim, Chi-Hong,Lee, Chang-Seok,Jung, Song-Hie,Park, Yong-Su 한국환경복원기술학회 2017 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.20 No.4

This study carried out for establishing the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Mudeung National Park based on the results of conservation value assessment for yellow-throated marten habitats. Yellow-throated marten has significant implications as umbrella species for the wildlife habitats conservation, therefore, this species could be used to ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Mudeung National Park. In this study, we diagnosed the quality of yellow-throated marten habitats in Mt. Mudeung National Park based on five natural and two artificial factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by trails quantitatively based on land use intensity. As a result, forest landscape quality in Mt. Mudeung National Park was influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on the intensity of trails. Therefore, in this study, we suggested the closing of trails composed of the illegal and 36 legal trails. And then, we modeled the changes of habitats quality of Yellow-throated marten for each closing step. As a result the area of core habitats increased by two times and wildlife habitats quality improved in the whole area of the Mt. Mudeung National Park. As a result, the results of this study indicate that man-made linear landscape elements play a key role in the quality of habitats for predators, which require large habitats area like the Yellow-throated marten. Therefore, in order to establish an ecological restoration plan in the mountainous area, we recommend the concept of the linear landscape should be applied with the concept of area landscape.

장기간 숙성에 따른 죽초 및 목초액의 이화학적 변화

구창섭,문성필,박상범,권수덕 한국목재공학회 2002 목재공학 Vol.30 No.4

졸참나무, 맹종죽 및 소나무로부터 제조한 미정제 죽초 및 목초액을 약 1년 간 저장하고, 이들의 이화학적 변화를 주기적으로 분석하였다. pH, 유기산·용해타르 함량 및 비중은 전 숙성기간 중 큰 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 색차의 경우 7∼10개월 사이에서 현저한 변화를 나타내었다. 또한 이 기간동안에 이들 죽초 및 목초액의 색깔은 연한 노랑 띤 오렌지색에서 자주색과 오렌지색으로 크게 변화하였다. 죽초 및 목초액 중 유기산 및 중성 성분(dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 2-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-cyclopenten-3-one, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, methanol)들의 함량은 3개월 간격으로 주기적인 증감을 나타내었다. 특히 유기산류와 중성 성분들의 관계는 0.92 정도의 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 페놀류의 함량은 비록 유사한 주기적인 증감이 관찰되었으나, 그 함량의 경우 숙성 전 기간에 걸쳐 감소하였다. Three different kinds of the crude vinegars obtained from oak(Quercus serrata), bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens) and pine(Pinus densiflora) species were stored for approximately one year and periodically analyzed to monitor their physicochemical changes. Small changes in physical properties, such as the pH, specific gravity and amount of organic acids as well as water-soluble tar were observed in the entire course of aging period. However, the color difference of the vinegars showed a remarkable change between 7 and 10 months. In addition, these vinegars' colors changed from light yellowish orange to much deeper purple and orange during this period. The amount of organic acids and neutral compounds(dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 2-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-cyclopenten-3-one, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone and methanol) in the vinegars increased or decreased periodically every three months. A good linear relationship (correlation coefficient of ca. 0.92) was obtained between the amount of organic acids and the amount of neutral compounds in such changes. However, although the amount of phenols increased or decreased periodically, its amount was decreased over the entire aging period.

송이 균환내 토양수분의 시공간적 변화

구창덕 ( Gu Chang Deog ),김재수 ( Kim Jae Su ),이상희 ( Lee Sang Hui ),박재인 ( Park Jae In ),안광태 ( An Gwang Tae ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.6

Water is critically important for Tricholoma matsutake(Tm) growth because it is the major component of the mushroom by over 90%. The mushroom absorbs water through the below ground hyphal colony. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to investigate spatio-temporal water changes in Tm colonies. This study was carried out at Tm fruiting sites in Sogni Mt National Park, where the below-ground fairy-ring colonies have been irrigated. To identify spatial water status within the Tm soil colony soil moisture and ergosterol content were measured at six positions including a mushroom fruiting position on the line of the colony radius. To investigate temporal soil moisture changes in the soil colony, Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) sensors were established at the non-colony and colony front edge, and water data were recorded with CRlOX data logger from late August to late October. Before irrigation, whereas it was 12.8% at non-colony, the soil water content within Tm colony was 8.0% at 0-5cm from the colony front edge, 6.2% at 10-15cm and 6.5-7.5% at 20-40cm. And the content was 12.1% at 80cm distance from the colony edge, which is similar to that at the non-colony. In contrast, ergosterol content which is proportional to the live hyphal biomass was only 0.4pg/g fresh soil at the uncolonized soil, while 4.9 ㎍/g fresh soil at the front edge where the hyphae actively grow, and 3.8 .㎍/g fresh soil at the fruiting position, l.l ㎍/g at 20cm distance and 0.4㎍/g in the 40cm rear area. Generally, in the Tm fungal colony the water content changes were reversed to the ergosterol content changes. While the site was watered during August to October, the soil water contents were 13.5-23.0% within the fungal colony, whereas it was 14.5-26.0% at the non-colony. That is, soil water content in the colony was lower by 1.0-3.0% than that in the non-colonized soil. Our results show that Tm colony consumes more soil water than other parts. Especially the front 30cm within the hyphal colony parts is more critical for soil water absorption.

한ㆍ일 도시가스산업의 생산성 비교분석

최인수(In Su Choi),도범성(Bum Sung Do),박창수(Chang Soo Park),박중구(Jung Gu Park) 한국가스학회 2009 한국가스학회지 Vol.13 No.2

본고는 21세기 들어 고유가와 기후변화협약에 대응하여 중요성이 더해지고 있는 한국과 일본의 도시가스기업의 생산성을 분석하였다. 맘퀴스트 생산성 지수(Malmquist Productivity Index: MPI)를 통해 1997년부터 2005년까지 한국 30개, 일본 5개 기업들의 재무제표를 활용하여 기간 전체로, 그리고 수요의 구조변화를 나타내었던 2000년을 기준으로 이전과 이후의 생산성을 평가하였다. 분석의 결과, 첫째, 1996년~2005년 전체 기간의 MPI 누적지수에서 한국의 도시가스산업이 일본보다 상위에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 기간별로 본 MPI 개선효과는 일본의 경우 1997~2000년 동안 -1.03%에서 2001~2005년 동안에는 -1.72%로 근소한 차이를 나타낸 반면, 한국의 경우에는 전반기 0.37%(금융외환위기를 경험한 98년 제외시 0.80%)이었지만 후반기에 -0.60%로 악화된 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 후반기 한국의 MPI 악화는 기술적 효율성 지수보다는 기술변화 지수가 전반기 -0.88%(98년 제외시 0.29%)에서 후반기 -1.29%로 크게 악화된 것에 기인하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이에 따라 한국의 도시가스사업은 2001년 이후 악화되고 있는 생산성 증가율과 악화의 요인이 되고 있는 기술변화를 개선하는 정책적 노력이 필요하다. This article makes a comparative analysis on the productivity in gas distribution industry between Korea and Japan, using Malmquist productivity index(MPI). The estimated MPI during 1997~2005 shows that the productivity of Korean gas distribution industry has been generally higher than that of Japanese gas distribution industry. But Korean MPI made a drastic change from positive improvement (+ 0.37) during 1997~2000 to severe deterioration (-0.60) during 2001~2005, while Japan MPI has seldom changed. This change of Korean MPI is analyzed to result from the worsening of technical change rather than technical efficiency change. According to this result, Korean gas distribution industry needs to improve the technical change.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

Biotransformation of major ginsenosides in ginsenoside model culture by lactic acid bacteria

Park, Seong-Eun,Na, Chang-Su,Yoo, Seon-A,Seo, Seung-Ho,Son, Hong-Seok The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.1

Background: Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods: Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results: In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9-36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1-2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion: Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1-2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.

Treatment of alopecia areata with tofacitinib

( Ji Su Lee ),( Min-woo Kim ),( Hyun-sun Park ),( Jung Yoon Ohn ),( Hyun-sun Yoon ),( Chang-hun Huh ),( Ohsang Kwon ),( Soyun Cho ) 대한피부과학회 2017 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.69 No.2

Background: Treatment of alopecia areata (AA) is often empiric and not yet satisfactory. Recently, Janus kinase inhibitor showed promising results in Caucasians. Objectives: To investigate efficacy, tolerability, and hair growth trajey of oral tofacitinib monotherapy for Korean AA patients over extended period. Methods: This is a retrospective study of adult AA patients treated with tofacitinib monotherapy for least 4 months. Results: Thirty-six Korean patients with median initial SALT score of 98.9 were included; 91.7% had refractory AA. Twenty-nine (80.6%) patients demonstrated more than 5% SALT change. Twenty patients (55.6%) achieved 50% SALT change at median 7.5 months with 5 mg twice dosage. There were significant differences between SALT 50 achievers and non-achievers: duration of current episode (ρ = 0.009), duration of disease since first onset (ρ = 0.026) and age at onset of first episode (ρ = 0.011). Tofacitinib was well tolerated and there was no any serious adverse effect such as malignancy or tuberculosis reactivation. Conclusion: Oral tofacitinib monotherapy may be effective and tolerable in patients with AA. SALT 50 achievement was associated with followings: duration of current episode, duration of disease since first onset, and age at onset of first episode.

Wechsler 記憶檢査(改訂版)의 妥當度 硏究

韓五洙,柳希姃,金晟倫,金昌潤,李楨敎,李哲,朴仁鎬 서울醫大 1997 精神醫學 Vol.22 No.1

일반논문 : 준정부조직의 기관유형별 학습조직 특성에 관한 실증분석: 탈관료제의 맥락에서

조창현 ( Chang Hyon Jo ),박문수 ( Mun Su Park ) 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2011 行政論叢 Vol.49 No.1

본 연구는 최근에 글로벌 경제구조와 지식기반사회에서 정부 서비스의 집행과 전달의 주요조직인 준정부(Quasi-government) 조직을 대상으로 학습조직 메커니즘의 특성 및 수준을 파악하여 탈관료제의 수준을 실증 분석하며, 창의적이며 혁신적인 변화를 주도할 수 있는 학습조직 문화를 형성하기 위한 정책적 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 분석결과를 종합하면, 시장 수요에 민감한 준정부조직의 학습조직이 환경변화에 적절히 대응하기 위해 폭넓게 확산되어 있었으며, 곧 상대적으로 높은 탈관료화를 성취한 것으로 보인다. 반면, 관리형 준정부조직은 조직의 기능과 역할의 특성상 학습조직의 확산의 편차를 크게 보이고, 전반적으로 낮은 학습조직 수준을 보인다. 이는 부분적으로 탈관료제화가 확산되었고, 일부 부분에서 탈관료제화가 더딘 상황이라는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 정책적 시사점으로는 첫째, 관료제의 문제를 완화 및 해소하기 위한 방안으로 환경과의 개방성을 높이고 지속적인 교류를 보장해야 하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 학습조직의 수준차이를 심하게 보이는 대졸 학력, 중간관리자·사원대리 직급, 일반행정직에서 자율적인 학습활동 여건을 실질적으로 제공해야 한다. 따라서 학습조직 활성화를 위한 교육과 업무방식 전환, 세미나, 자체 워크숍 등 다양한 형태의 학습조직 활성화 지원이 추진될 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 소통과 협력의 부족으로 조직내에 의견을 반영하지 못하는 낮은 직급과 여성에게 조직 차원에서 의사소통을 위한 다양한 제도가 실질적으로 운영되어야 할 것이다. This study aimed to analyze empirically the level of the debureaucratization by examining the traits and degrees of learning organization in quasi-government organizations that are primary institutions recently delivering and implementing governmental services in global economic structures and in information-basis society, and secondly to suggest policy implications for establishing a culture of learning organizations that leads to creative and innovative changes. According to the results, learning organizations more sensitive to the market among the quasi-government organizations has spread more in an appropriate response to environmental changes, and also show that it has achieved relatively high debureaucratization. On the other hand, the more management-oriented quasi-government organization shows various differences in dissemination of the traits of learning organizations because of the role and the function of the organization and generally shows a low level of learning organization. Several policy implications are suggested. First, continuous interaction with the organizational environment and expanding openness to the environment are necessary for the purpose of alleviating and resolving the problems of bureaucratic organizations. Secondly, leaders of organizations should supply opportunities and conditions of autonomous learning activity to general administrators, to middle-class managers and low-class employees, and to those who have graduated from university, showing deeply different levels of learning organization traits. It is necessary to back up different learning activities such as workshops, seminars, and to change work and educational methods. Third, different institutions for communication should be operated within an organizational level for women and for grades who cannot express their opinion enough intheir organization because of a shortage of cooperation and communication.