Yield and Nutritional Quality of Several Non-heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) Cultivars with Different Growing Period and Its Modelling

Andrzej Kalisz,Joanna Kostrzewa,Agnieszka Sękara,Aneta Grabowska,Stanisław Cebula 한국원예학회 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.6

The aims of the experiment, conducted over three years in the Central Europe field conditions, were (1) to investigate the effect of growing period (plantings in the middle and at the end of August: 1<SUP>st</SUP> and 2<SUP>nd</SUP> term, respectively) on yield and chemical composition of the non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivars ‘Taisai’, ‘Pak Choy White’, and ‘Green Fortune’, and (2) to develop regression models to evaluate the changes in crop yields as a function of weather conditions. A highest marketable yield was obtained from ‘Taisai’ (65.71 and 77.20 t·ha<SUP>-1</SUP>), especially in the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> term of production. Low yield, observed for ‘Pak Choy White’ was due to its premature bolting. Almost 39% (1<SUP>st</SUP> term) and 70% (2<SUP>nd</SUP> term) of plants of this cultivar formed inflorescence shoots before harvest. The highest dry matter level was observed in the leaf petioles of ‘Taisai’, while ‘Green Fortune’ was the most abundant of carotenoids and L-ascorbic acid. The content of soluble sugars was the lowest for ‘Pak Choy White’. In a phase of harvest maturity, more of the analyzed constituents were gathered by plants from earlier plantings, and differences were as follows: 4.7% (dry matter), 26.3% (carotenoids) and 22.1% (L-ascorbic acid), in comparison to 2<SUP>nd</SUP> term of production. Significant increase of soluble sugars level was observed for plants from later harvest. The regression model for marketable yield of Chinese cabbage cultivar ‘Taisai’ as a function of maximum air temperature can predict the yield with accuracy 68%. The models for yield or bolting of ‘Pak Choy White’, based on extreme air temperatures and sunshine duration, were more precise (98%). It should be pointed out that Taisai could be recommended for later growing period in Central Europe conditions with regard to maximum yield potential. ‘Green Fortune’ was notable for its uniform yielding. To obtained plants of higher nutritional value, earlier time of cultivation should be suggested. Described models can be successfully applied for an approximate simulation of Chinese cabbage yielding.

Tropical red alga Compsopogon caeruleus: an indicator of thermally polluted waters of Europe in the context of temperature and oxygen requirements

Andrzej S., Rybak,Andrzej M., Woyda-Ploszczyca The Korean Society of Phycology 2022 ALGAE Vol.37 No.4

The red alga Compsopogon caeruleus can generally be found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. In addition to its natural habitats, this species may be found in waters that receive abnormally hot water, e.g., from powerhouses. To date, the presence of C. caeruleus has not been observed in thermally polluted lacustrine ecosystems in Poland, which has a moderate climate. The thalli of this red alga were found growing on Vallisneria spiralis in Lichenskie Lake. Importantly, this paper presents a previously unknown relationship between the temperature (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40℃) and oxygen requirements of C. caeruleus (based on ex situ measurements of O₂ consumption by thalli). Surprisingly, 35℃ can be the optimum temperature for C. caeruleus, and this temperature is higher than the values reported by some previous thermal analyses by approximately 10℃. Additionally, we reviewed and mapped the distribution of this nonnative and mesophilic red alga in natural / seminatural water ecosystems in Europe. Finally, we propose that the occurrence of C. caeruleus mature thalli can be a novel, simple and easy-to-recognize bioindicator of artificially and permanently heated waters in moderate climate zones by a regular discharge of postindustrial water.

WIM-Based Live Load for Bridges

Andrzej S. Nowak,Przemyslaw Rakoczy 대한토목학회 2013 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.17 No.3

Calibration of the AASHTO LRFD Code required the statistical parameters of load and resistance parameters. The basic load combination includes dead load, live load and dynamic load. In 1980’s, there was no reliable Weigh-in-Motion (WIM)data base and, therefore, the development of live load factors was based on a small scale truck survey. In the meantime, the WIM technology was improved and millions of vehicles were recorded in various geographical locations. The objective of this study is to review the available WIM data of about 35 million trucks and determine the statistical parameters of Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and live load moment. Moments were calculated for simple spans using influence lines. The span length range is from 30 to 200 ft (9 to 60 m). The Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) were plotted on the normal probability paper for an easier interpretation. CDF’s of GVW and moments show a considerable variation depending on WIM station location. Maximum expected values of live load depends on the considered time period and, in general, for strength limit states the time periods can be 75 or 100 years, and for service limit states they are much shorter, few days or weeks. Therefore, the statistical parameters are determined for time periods from 1 day through 100 years and for traffic volumes with ADTT from 100through 10,000. For longer time periods, the results were obtained by extrapolation of the available WIM data. The statistical analysis of moments provides a basis for the development of national live load parameters and live load factors in the bridge design code.

단.중경간 강형교 거더의 횡분배 모델

엄준식 ( Eom Jun-sik ),( Andrzej S. Nowak ),노병철 ( Lho Byeong-cheol ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2003 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.7 No.2

The objective of this work is to verify the Code specified girder distribution factors for short and medium span bridges. To accomplish this objective, field tests were carried out on seventeen simply supported highway bridges. This paper presents the procedure and results of field tests that were performed to verify girder distribution factors. Finite Element analyses previously performed at the University of Michigan indicated that in most cases currently used girder distribution factors specified in AASHTO Codes are too conservative. However, these studies also showed that for short spans and short girder spacings, the girder distribution factors can be too permissive. Therefore, this paper focused on experimental evaluation of girder distribution factors for short and medium span steel girder bridges. The results were compared with the distribution factors specified by AASHTO Standard (2000) and AASHTO LRFD Code (1998). It has been found that the measured girder distribution factors are lower than AASHTO values in most cases, and sometimes the code specified values are overly conservative. The research work involved formulation of the testing procedure, selection of structure, installation of equipment, measurements, and interpretation of the results.

Reliability analysis of circular tunnel with consideration of the strength limit state

Ghasemi, Seyed Hooman,Nowak, Andrzej S. Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.15 No.3

Probability-based design codes have been developed to sufficiently confirm the safety level of structures. One of the most acceptable probability-based approaches is Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), which measures the safety level of the structures in terms of the reliability index. The main contribution of this paper is to calibrate the load and resistance factors of the design code for tunnels. The load and resistance factors are calculated using the available statistical models and probability-based procedures. The major steps include selection of representative structures, consideration of the limit state functions, calculation of reliability for the selected structures, selection of the target reliability index and calculation of load factors and resistance factors. The load and resistance models are reviewed. Statistical models of resistance (load carrying capacity) are summarized for strength limit state in bending, shear and compression. The reliability indices are calculated for several segments of a selected circular tunnel designed according to the tunnel manual report (Tunnel Manual). The novelty of this paper is the selection of the target reliability. In doing so, the uniform spectrum of reliability indices is proposed based on the probability paper. The final recommendation is proposed based on the closeness to the target reliability index.

Reliability index for non-normal distributions of limit state functions

Seyed Hooman Ghasemi,Andrzej S. Nowak 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.62 No.3

Reliability analysis is a probabilistic approach to determine a safety level of a system. Reliability is defined as a probability of a system (or a structure, in structural engineering) to functionally perform under given conditions. In the 1960s, Basler defined the reliability index as a measure to elucidate the safety level of the system, which until today is a commonly used parameter. However, the reliability index has been formulated based on the pivotal assumption which assumed that the considered limit state function is normally distributed. Nevertheless, it is not guaranteed that the limit state function of systems follow as normal distributions; therefore, there is a need to define a new reliability index for no-normal distributions. The main contribution of this paper is to define a sophisticated reliability index for limit state functions which their distributions are nonnormal. To do so, the new definition of reliability index is introduced for non-normal limit state functions according to the probability functions which are calculated based on the convolution theory. Eventually, as the state of the art, this paper introduces a simplified method to calculate the reliability index for non-normal distributions. The simplified method is developed to generate non-normal limit state in terms of normal distributions using series of Gaussian functions.

Truck Load Effects for Michigan Bridges

Jun-Sik Eom,Andrzej S. Nowak 상지대학교 환경과학기술연구소 2004 환경과학연구 Vol.10 No.1

  The paper provides a statistical background for bridge live load model, including static and dynamic components, and girder distribution factors. The static portion of live load includes truck weights (gross vehicle weight), axle loads, load effects (moments, shear forces, strain and stress). The data is based on field measurements carried out in Michigan. A considerable percentage of illegally overloaded trucks was observed, in particular on bridges located far from truck weigh stations. The cumulative distribution functions are shown for various locations in Michigan, and they are strongly site-specific. Dynamic load was measured on girder bridges. It turned out that there is almost no correlation between static and dynamic portions of live load. This means that dynamic load factor decreases for increasing static live load, or dynamic load factor decreases for heavier trucks. For a single heavy truck, the dynamic load factor is less than 0.20, and for two trucks side-by-side, dynamic load factor is less than 0.10. Girder distribution factors were also based on measurements, and compared to analytical values calculated using the code-specific procedures. It was observed that the code specified values are conservative in most cases. The statistical data can be used to update a basis for reliability analysis of girder bridges.

Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Related Proteinin Gallbladder Cancer: An Association with p53 Mutation

박호성,장규윤,김경열,이학용,Tarnawski Andrzej S.,Majumdar Adhip P. N.,강명재,이동근,문우성 대한병리학회 2005 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.39 No.6

Background : It has been well demonstrated that the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with numerous gastrointestinal malignancies, including gallbladder carcinoma. However, the cellular events that regulate EGFR in cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. A novel negative regulator of EGFR that is referred to as EGFR related protein (ERRP) has recently been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of ERRP in gallbladder carcinoma and to examine a possible role for ERRP. Methods : We examined the immunohistochemical expressions of ERRP, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA-LI) in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded specimens of 43 cases of gallbladder carcinoma, 7 cases of adenoma and 3 cases of dysplasia. Results : In the normal mucosa, ERRP immunoreactivity was positive in over 64% of specimens. In contrast, the ERRP staining was positive in only 46% of the cancer specimens. The expression of ERRP in cancer cells was inversely correlated with tumor cell proliferation. The loss of ERRP expression correlated with the p53 overexpression. Conclusions : Our data indicate that the down-regulation or loss of ERRP could play an important role in the progression of gallbladder carcinoma. The inverse relationship between the ERRP expression and PCNA-LI suggests that ERRP may play a role in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in gallbladder cancer.

Co-Expression of Cox-2, C-Met and β-catenin in Cells Forming Invasive front of Gallbladder Cancer

Woo Sung Moon,이호,Rama Pai,Andrzej S. Tarnawski,Kyung Ryoul Kim,Kyu Yun Jang,Ho Sung Park 대한암학회 2005 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.37 No.3

Purpose: Gallbladder cancer is a malignancy with poor prognosis, predominantly resulting from invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), generated by cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), c-Met and β-catenin; thus, enhancing colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. To determine whether these findings are applicable to clinical conditions, we examined the expression and cellular localization/co-localization of Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2 in gallbladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Thirty-five specimens of invasive gallbladder cancer, 8 in situ carcinoma and 7 adenoma specimens were immunostained with specific antibodies against Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2. The cellular distribution, localization and colocalization were examined, and the signal intensities quantified in: a) the central area of gallbladder cancer and b) cancer cells forming the invasive front.Results: Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, c-erbB2 and EGFR were over-expressed in 80, 74, 71, 62 and 11% of invasive gallbladder cancers, respectively. β-catenin was expressed in 80% of non-malignant specimens, exclusively in the cell membrane, while the cancer specimens showed cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining. Significantly higher Cox-2, c-Met and β-catenin expressions were present in cancer cells of the invasive front than in the tumor central areas (p〈0.001), and these expressions were significantly (p=0.01) associated with the invasion depth. Coexpressions of Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin and c-erbB2 were present in 42% of the specimens in cancer cells forming the invasive front.Conclusion: The overexpressions, and often co-localizations, of Cox-2, c-Met and β-catenin in cancer cells forming the invasive front indicate their local interactions and important roles in invasion. invasion.

OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, THE MOST MASSIVE M DWARF PLANETARY COMPANION?

Dong, Subo,Gould, Andrew,Udalski, Andrzej,Anderson, Jay,Christie, G. W.,Gaudi, B. S.,Jaroszyń,ski, M.,Kubiak, M.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Pietrzyń,ski, G.,Soszyń,ski, I.,Szewczyk, O.,Ulac IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.695 No.2