마약-테러리즘(Narco-terrorism) 확산실태와 대응전략 연구

조병인(Cho Byung In) 한국공안행정학회 2004 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.18 No.-

마약-테러리즘이란 마약거래상들이 마약류판매를 확대할 목적으로 테러공격을 자행하는 경우 및 불법조직에 속하는 테러집단이 테러자금을 마련할 목적으로 마약거래에 관여하는 경우를 동시에 함축하는 개념이다. 중요한 문제는 마약류거래의 배후에 전투력이 막강한 군대조직이 존재하는 경우가 많다는 사실이고, 이러한 상황은 곧 합법정부의 공권력에 대한 강력한 도전이 되므로 세계 각국의 마약류규제 노력을 한층 더 어렵게 만들고 있다. 마약류 자체가 인류의 보건과 사회질서에 미치는 것도 문제지만, 마약거래로 얻어지는 막대한 이윤이 정치적 목적을 위해 인명을 무차별 살상하는데도 마약류와 테러리즘의 관계를 단절시키기가 어려워 세계의 많은 국가들이 고민에 직면한 상태다. 이런 실상을 배경으로, 이 연구에서는 (1) 마약테러리즘의 개념, (2) 세계 주요 지역의 마약테러리즘 확산실태, (3) 마약조직의 효과적 규제방안 등을 중점적으로 고찰해보았다. The links between various aspects of the criminal world are evident because those who use illicit activities to further or fund their lifestyle, cause, or well-being often interact with others involved in various illicit activities. For example, organizations that launder money for drug traffickers also launder money for arms traffickers, terrorists, etc. Criminals, by exploiting advances in technology, finance, communications, and transportation in pursuit of their illegal endeavors, have become criminal entrepreneurs. Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this "entrepreneurial" style of crime is the intricate manner in which drugs and terrorism may be intermingled. Not only is the proliferation of illegal drugs perceived as a danger, but also the proceeds from drugs are among the sources for funding for other criminal activities, including terrorism. Within the context of current world events, narco-terrorism is difficult to define. Nevertheless, DEA defines a narco-terrorist organization as "an organized group that is complicit in the activities of drug trafficking in order to further, or fund, premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets with the intention to influence(that is, influence a government or group of people)." Drug trafficking has always been a profitable means for criminal organizations to further or fund their activities. The complicity of terrorist groups in drug trafficking varies from group to group and region to region. In the broadest sense, some terrorist groups may be involved in all aspects of the drug trade, from cultivation, production, transportation, and wholesale distribution to money laundering. These groups may also provide security for drug traffickers transporting their product through territory controlled by terrorist organizations or their supporters. Finally, in some cases, terrorist groups or their supporters may require a "tax" to be paid on illicit products, or passage through controlled territory. No matter which form it takes, or the level of involvement in drug trafficking, many terrorist groups are using drug money to fund their activities and perpetrate violence against governments and people around the world. When looking at the connection between drugs and violence, it is important to differentiate between drug-related violence and narco-terrorism. By definition, terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets. With drug-related violence, we see financially motivated violence perpetrated against those who interfere with or cross the path of a drug trafficking organization. While we see drug-related violence on a daily basis on the streets of major cities, narco-terrorism is, in many cases, less visible. Any region, in which illegal drugs are cultivated, transported, distributed, or consumed, is susceptible to narco-terrorism. Throughout the world, insurgent groups, revolutionary groups, and ideological or spiritual groups, who use violence to promote their political mission may use drug proceeds to fund acts of terror in furtherance of their ideology. Leadership, cultural, political, and economic change may affect the ideology or mission of a group. Internal divisions and splinter groups may result, each seeking to pursue their goals via different avenues, be they legitimate political activity, perpetuation of violence, or criminal activity, such as drug trafficking.

‘조직폭력’·‘폭력조직’ 및 ‘범죄단체’ 개념의 재음미

조병인(Cho Byung In),윤해성(Yoon Hae Sung) 한국공안행정학회 2008 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.17 No.2

소위 우리가 깡패라고 부르고 있는 패거리들 사이에서도 역사를 거슬러 올라가면 그들 사이에서도 다같은 깡패가 아니라 ‘건달’과 ‘양아치’로 구분한다. 현재에는 과거에 멋스럽고 의리있는 건달보다는 영리를 위해서라면 무슨일이든 하는 양아치들이 판치고 있을 지도 모른다. 이렇듯 건달과 깡패(양아치)는 어떻게 보면 같은 의미처럼 보이지만 실상은 그들 세계에서 엄격하게 구별된다. 같은 맥락에서 요즈음 영화나 드라마를 보면 조폭이라는 말이 많이 등장하는데, ‘조직폭력’, ‘폭력조직’이라는 단어가 많이 사용되고 있음에도 불구하고 실상 그 명확한 정의를 찾아보기 어렵지만, 그러한 단어는 늘상 혼용되어 사용되고 있다. 판례는 통상 범죄단체라는 표현으로 조직폭력과 폭력조직의 개념을 압축하여 사용해 왔지만 범죄단체라는 개념은 법률상의 정의규정은 아니다. 「형법」제114조에서는 범죄단체의 조직이라는 표제로 사용되고 있으며, 「폭처법」제4조에서는 단체등의 구성·활동이라는 표제로 사용되고 있으나 판례에서의 주로 사용하는 범죄단체는 「폭처법」상의 단체등의 구성·활동죄로 혼용되고 있어 이에 대한 명확한 제시가 필요하다고 판단되었다. 따라서 이 글에서는 건달과 양아치의 의미가 다르듯, 조직폭력과 폭력조직의 차이점을 형법과 특별법인 「폭처법」그리고 판례상의 분석을 통하여 개념을 유추해 보고, 판례상의 범죄단체의 개념을 「형법」과 특별법인 「폭처법」그리고 판례상의 분석을 통하여 재음미해 보기로 한다. Tracing back to the origin of the meaning, the word, gang, that is, “Ggangpae(a group of gangsters)” does not implicate a single sort of people and can be divided into some small groups, such as ‘Geondal’ and ‘Yangachi’. At present, in their numbers, Yangachis who are willing to do any dirty job merely for profits prevail over Geondals who sound romantic and attractive. Like this, ‘Geondal’ and ‘Yangchi’ seem to have same meaning in some aspects, but in fact, these two terms are strictly distinguished in their world. In the same context, when we see a movie or drama, the word “ChoPok(Organized violence)” is so often heard of. Despite the fact that the term ‘organized violence’ or ‘a violent organization’ is frequently used, it is difficult to find the clear definition of these terms, which have been always mixed in use. In a judicial precedent, the term for a criminal group has been used as a representative compressed concept of organized violence and a violent organization, but the concept of a criminal group is not a legal definition. As a review of Article 261 of Criminal Act and Article 3 of Punishment of Violences, etc. Act, through a precedent and in relation to organized violence concept under a present legislative system, both terms can be understood as a kind of a special violence act, but the more importance seems to be placed on the word of ‘organized’ that violence, because Punishment of Violences, etc. Act contains the will to strongly punish by directly stating ‘power of an organization or group.’ Therefore, it is deemed that the expression, ‘organized violence,’ is more suitable than a violent organization. In the Article 114 of Criminal Act, it is used as a title of an organization of a criminal group, and in the Article 4 of Punishment of Violences, etc. Act, it is used as a title of composition·activity of group, etc, but the criminal group mostly used in a precedent is mixed for use as composition·activity crime of group, etc. of Punishment of Violences, etc. Act, so clear proposal on that was considered to be required. As a result, if the Article 114 of the Criminal Act is premised as comprehensive regulation not only on a crime by organized violence but on a criminal group that a criminal group committing organized crimes requires punishment of criminal politically, the present title should be amended, and instead, if the Article 4 of Punishment of Violence, etc. the Act includes a strong will to severely punish a crime of committing organized violence and is presumed that such a crime should be punished, the tile of composition·activity of group, etc is desirable to be changed into that of composition·activity of a (organized violence) criminal group. Furthermore, for an organized-violence criminal case to be acknowledged as a criminal group as referred to in the Paragraph 1, the Article 114 of Criminal Act, so to speak, to incorporate an organized-violence case, through exclusion under a special law, into Criminal Act, composition requirement must be provided in detail and it would be necessary to solve a criminal case legislatively by devising punishment according to the shared role of respective members of the organization.

방사선취급 병원근무자들의 염색체이상 및 자매염색분체교환 빈도

차애리,김미선,황인경,이수일,조병만,김돈균,Cha, Ae-Ri,Kim, Mi-Sun,Hwang, In-Kyung,Lee, Su-Ill,Cho, Byung-Mann,Kim, Don-Kyoun 대한예방의학회 1998 예방의학회지 Vol.31 No.4

In order to evaluate the cytogenetic hazard among hospital workers potentially exposed to low dose of radiation, the analysis of chromosome aberrations(CA) and sister chromatid exchanges(SCE) in lymphocytes were performed in 79 hospital workers and 79 non-exposed workers. The mean frequency of chromosomal exchange and deletion(respectively, $0.20\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.39\times10^{-2}/cell$) in the exposed group were significantly higher than those$(0.07\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.23\times10^{-2}/cell)$ in control group. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was 5.04/cell in the control vs. 6.57/cell in the exposed group. There were also significant differences in the mean frequencies of CA and SCE adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking between two groups. There were no evidence of significant increase of CA and SCE according to the department or duration of employment. But the frequency of cells having chromosome aberration was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group related to duration of employment. There was no dose-effect relationship between the cumulative doses and the frequency of CA and SCE. But in the case of last 1 yr cumulative dose, there were evidence of significant dose-dependant increase of chromosome type CA and percentage of cells with aberration. The result suggest that there is cytogenetic hazard in risk group like hospital workers handling low dose radiation. And the analysis CA and SCE are useful biological indicators for the exposure of low dose level of radiation.

명나라 영락제에게 진헌된 여덟 공녀의 비극

조병인(Cho Byung In) 국립고궁박물관 2019 古宮文化 Vol.- No.12

이 연구는 『태종실록』과 『세종실록』을 토대로 조선 초기에 미녀로 뽑혀서 명나라 황제에게 공녀로 바쳐졌다가 불과 얼마 뒤에 비참하게 죽은 어린 소녀들의 잔혹사를 추적해본 결과를 체계적으로 정리한 것이다. 영락제 재위 22년 동안 여덟 명의 어린 소녀가 공녀라는 이름으로 황제에게 진헌되었으며, 여덟 명 전원이 30살을 넘기지 못하고 비참하게 생을 마쳤다. 1차로 뽑혀 들어간 다섯 명 가운데 권씨 처녀는 미모가 빼어나면서 두뇌가 총명하고 재주가 많아서 영락제의 총애를 누렸지만 2년을 넘기지 못하고 병으로 숨을 거뒀다. 3차로 뽑혀 들어간 한씨 처녀도 권씨 못지않게 미모가 출중하면서 머리회전이 빠르고 처신이 슬기로워 영락제의 신임이 두터웠으나, 영락제가 숨을 거두자 함께 순장되는 비운을 맞았다. 한씨와 함께 미녀로 뽑혀 들어간 황씨 처녀는 임신경험이 탄로 나 온갖 멸시와 천대를 당하다 황제에 의해 목이 잘렸다. 나머지 여섯 명도 하나같이 젊은 나이에 비참하게 생을 마쳤다. 남의 모함을 받아 누명을 쓰고 불에 달군 쇠붙이로 고문을 당하다 죽거나, 난리 통에 스스로 목숨을 끊거나, 혹은 난리의 소용돌이에 휩쓸려 허망하게 죽음을 맞았다. 그 결과 태종 재위 기간에 미녀로 뽑혀서 영락제에게 진헌된 여덟 명의 공녀가 명나라에서 생존한 기간은, 2년(1명), 4년(1명), 5년(1명), 7년(1명), 11년(1명), 13년(2명), 16년(1명)에 불과하였다. 미녀로 뽑혀서 황제에게 공녀로 진헌된 처녀들의 아버지, 오빠, 형부 등도 공녀들의 보호자 겸 외교사절의 임무를 수행하는 고초를 겪어야 하였다. 형식적이나마 사위, 매제, 혹은 동서 격인 명나라 황제가 남경에서 북경으로 행차를 하거나, 혹은 군대를 이끌고 적과 싸워서 이기고 돌아오면 문안사절단을 구성하여 왕복 2개월이 걸리는 먼 길을 수시로 다녀와야 하였다. 국익증진에 기여한다는 자부심과 보람도 컸을 것으로 짐작되지만, 더위·추위·바람·눈·비 같은 악조건이 수시로 닥쳤을 것을 감안하면, 자부심이 컸던 만큼 숙식과 이동 등에 어려움이 컸을 것이 분명하다. This study examines the tragic life of the young girls who were singled out by early Joseon dynasty as the fairest of the fair, presented to the Ming’s Emperor, and passed away miserably. In total, eight young girls were chosen to be dedicated to the Yongle Emperor, who ruled the Ming Empire for 22 years. All of them sorrowfully died before the age of 30. At first, five girls were presented. Among them was Miss Kwon, who was outstandingly beautiful and remarkably brilliant, who enjoyed the Emperor’s special affection but fell ill and died within two years. Miss Han, the third to be devoted, also enjoyed the Emperor’s concern and affection due to her refined appearance and noticeable intellect; however, she was buried alive along with the dead Emperor. Miss Hwang, presented together with Miss Han, was pitiably scorned and killed by the Emperor when he became aware of the fact that she had been pregnant. The remainders suffered an equally tragic fate. All six women died by torture, suicide, or cruel massacre. As a result, the eight presented girls’ lives had barely lasted two years (1), four years (1), five years (1), seven years (1), 11 years (1), 13 years (2), and 16 years (1). Fathers, brothers, or brothers-in-law of the presented girls suffered hardship as their guardians and as diplomats for the nation. They had to pay visit to the Emperor, who was only formally their son-in-law or brother-in-law, whenever he arrived in Beijing or won a battle against the enemy. This was not an easy task because of both the long distance and the frequent nominations. In fact, although they were proud of their contribution to national interests, unusual weather such as extreme heat, cold, wind, snow, rain, etc., could cause trouble in line with eating, sleeping, and transportation.

우리나라 지역경찰의 치안활동 연구

조병인(Byung In CHO),이윤(Yi Roon),홍서아,임보영 한국형사법무정책연구원 2011 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

부산지역 일부 소아의 혈청 지질 분포에 관한 연구

강수용,조병만,이수일,황인경,김영욱,김영실,차애리,하이호,이철호,김돈균,Kang, Soo-Yong,Cho, Byung-Mann,Lee, Su-Ill,Hwang, In-Kyong,Kim, Yeung-Wook,Kim, Young-Sil,Cha, Ae-Ri,Ha, I-Ho,Lee, Chel-Ho,Kim, Don-Kyoun 대한예방의학회 1997 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.30 No.4

This is a cross-sectional study to evaluate the serum lipid levels of children living in Pusan in 1996. The distribution of age is from 2 years old to 12 years old. In female children mean total cholesterol is $171.4{\pm}26.2mg/dl$, triglyceride is $104.7{\pm}50.6mg/dl$, HDL-cholesterol is $54.4{\pm}14.8mg/dl$, and LDL-cholesterol is $95.4{\pm}32.9mg/dl$. In male children mean total cholesterol is $167.9{\pm}25.2mg/dl$, triglyceride is $6{\pm}45.5mg/dl$, HDL-cholesterol is $55.4{\pm}11.7mg/dl$, and LDL-cholesterol is $94.4{\pm}23.6mg/dl$. The percentile of serum lipid levels is measured in children. The 95th percentile of serum total cholesterol is 210mg/d1 in male children, and 214mg/d1 in female children. And, the 95th percentile of serum triglyceride is 184mg/d1 in male children, and 191mg/d1 in female children. And, the 95th percentile of LDL-cholesterol is 133mg/d1 in male children, and 135mg/d1 in female children. Serum total cholesterol is positively .Elated to age(r=0.18), height(r=0.08), weight (r=0.17), obesity index(r=0.12), and negatively .elated to father's education level (r=-0.13), mother's education level(r=-0.13). Serum triglyceride is positively related to weight(r=0.23), age(r=0.31) and negatively .elated to father's education level(r=-0.12), mother's education level(r=-0.18). Serum HDL-C was positively reated to mother's education level(r=0.07) and negatively .elated to height(r=-0.12), weight(r=-0.09). Conclusively, the serum lipid levels of children living in Pusan is generally so high that the family and school must try to control the serum lipid levels. 본 연구는 부산지역 소아의 연령별 혈청지질치의 분포와 이에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 단면조사연구로서 1996년 4월에 2세부터 12세의 941명을 대상으로 혈청 지질을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 평균 혈청지질치 혈청지질치는 여아의 경우 총콜레스테롤 $171.4{\pm}26.2mg/dl$, 중성지방 $104.7{\pm}50.6mg/dl,\;LDL-C\;95.4{\pm}32.9mg/dl$로 남아의 $167.9{\pm}25.2mg/dl,\;90.6{\pm}45.5mg/dl,\;94.4{\pm}23.6mg/dl$보다 높았다. 총콜레스테롤 (p<0.05)과 중성지방(p<0.01)에서는 여아에서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. HDL-C은 남아가 $55.4{\pm}11.7mg/dl$로 여아의 $54.4{\pm}14.8mg/dl$보다 높았다. 2. 혈청지질치의 백분위수 소아의 혈청지질치의 백분위수는 총콜레스테롤의 경우 95퍼센타일이 남아에서 210mg/dl, 여아의 경우 214mg/d1로 미국에서 보고된 남아의 191mg/dl과 여아의 209mg/dl보다 오히려 높았다. 3. 혈청 지질과 비만도 경도 비만군과 중등도 비만군이 정상군보다 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, LDL-C 등에서 의미있게 높았고, HDL-C에서 의미있게 낮았다(p<0.05). 4. 혈청 지질과 부모의 학력 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, LDL-C은 아버지의 최종학력이 높을수록 의미 있게 감소하였고(p<0.05), 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, LDL-C은 어머니의 최종학력이 높을수록 의미 있게 감소하였고(p<0.01), HDL-C은 어머니의 최종학력이 높을수록 통계학적으로 의미있게 증가하였다(p<0.05).

놀이 프로그램이 발달지체 유아의 사회성 발달에 미치는 효과

조인수(Cho In-Soo),조병균(Cho Byung Kyun) 한국재활심리학회 2006 재활심리연구 Vol.13 No.1

발달 지체 유아는 인지, 사회, 정서, 언어, 운동 영역에서 지체되어 있다. 특히 사회성 영역에서 많이 지체된 것으로 알려져 있다. 그리고 놀이는 발달 지체 유아 및 발달 지체가 없는 유아의 학습과 발달 및 사회성 발달에 많은 영향을 미치므로 발달지체 유아의 중재 방법으로 놀이가 중심적 교육과정이 되는 것은 당연하다. 놀이 프로그램은 발달지체 유아의 사회성 발달에 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 사회화 능력과 의사소통 영역에 많은 효과가 있는 것이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 사회성 발달에 지체된 발달지체 유아의 중재 접근으로 놀이 프로그램이 효과적이다. The purpose of this study was to examine whether developmental delayed infant were influenced by the play program. The subjects of this study were three children in the clinic located in the city of Masan. The program of play was bassed on the list of Lee, sook jae s playing house, and the contents that were easily applicable to surroundings were chosen by the researcher of this study. Test instrument was social development test developed by the Kim, seung kook and Kim, ok kee in 1987. Social quotients and means were compaired among the three children. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the difference of social development, the children s social quotient was considerably changed after the execution of play program. It was showed that play program was positively effect on the social development of developmental delayed infant. 2. Compared to the means of the six subordinate field of the sociality for three children, social skill was changed the most. Then came communication skill, self-helf skill, locomotion skill, work skill, self-control skill in that order. Especially, Self-control skill was not much changed and the reason seemed that the parents took too much care of developmental delayed infant. 3. In the change of social field for every child, Chesu, Kim was changed the most in communication skill, and then social skill. Ngaengsu, Kim and Chelngaeng, Kim were changed the most in social skill, and then communication skill.

성상세포종에서 혈관내피세포 성장인자의 발현

박세혁,장인복,김창현,조용준,조병문,신동익,오세문,김덕환,남은숙,Park, Se-Hyuck,Chang, In-Bok,Kim, Chang-Hyun,Cho, Young-Jun,Cho, Byung-Moon,Shin, Dong-Ik,Oh, Sae-Moon,Kim, Duk-Whan,Nam, Eun-Sook 대한신경외과학회 2001 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.30 No.6

Objective : Angiogenesis, the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells, is a vital component in the development, progression, and metastasis of many human tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and induces angiogenesis and vascular permeability. The features of glioblastoma, distinct from low grade astrocytomas, are the presence of necroses and vascular endothelial proliferation. In this study, we investigated VEGF expression in the different grades of astrocytomas and determined whether VEGF expression correlates with development of glioblastoma and progression of astrocytomas. Patients and Methods : Forty seven patients with astrocytic tumors(24 males and 23 females), aged 3 to 65 years, were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using labelled streptavidin biotin method and primary antibody was a antirabbit polyclonal Ab against N-terminus region of VEGF165(Oncogene research product, MA, USA). Immunoreactivity(IR) was classified into no IR(absent or a trace of stain), moderate IR and intense IR by level of staining amount and intensity. Results : Six pilocytic astrocytomas showed 3 no IR and 3 moderate IR, 10 astrocytomas showed 2 no IR, 6 moderate IR and 2 intense IR, 12 anaplastic astrocytomas showed I no IR, 7 moderate IR and 4 intense IR and 19 glioblastomas showed 1 no IR, 11 moderate IR and 7 intense IR. Immunoreactivity was significantly different between low and high grade of tumors but there was no significant difference between anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Gemistocytic tumor cells represented the predominent VEGF-immunoreactive cell types, as compared with compactly-arranged small tumor cells. In glioblastomas VEGF IR was observed in both perinecrotic and vital tumor areas. Conclusion : VEGF seems to be a important angiogenic factor in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas and VEGF expression may contribute to neovascularization of human astrocytomas.

국민건강보험 지역가입자 중 뇌졸중 입원환자의 의료이용 양상 및 지역친화도 추이 (1998-2005)

김지현 ( Ji Hyun Kim ),조병만 ( Byung Mann Cho ),황인경 ( In Kyung Hwang ),손민정 ( Min Jeong Son ),윤태호 ( Tae Ho Yoon ) 한국보건행정학회 2008 보건행정학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Objectives: This study aimed to offer some fundamental evidences for the stroke management policy by investigating the trends of medical care utilization and regionalization in stroke inpatients. Methods: We used the National Health Insurance claims and registry data for stroke inpatients from 1998 to 2005. Among all stroke inpatient claims data, self-employed insured and their dependents were only included in this study. The classification of stroke was based on ICD-10(I60-I69) and its subtype was divided by hemorrhage(I60-I62) and infarction(I63-I64) type. To evaluate regionalization of medical care utilization, relevance index was calculated by regions. The regions were classified 8 large catchment areas and 163 self authorized areas. Results: The overall medical care utilization rate of stroke inpatient has been increased, especially infarction subtype. Among medical care institutions, the utilization of hospital has been the most rapidly increased. Although considered annual rate of interest, total medical cost of stroke inpatients has been increased, Totally, more than 84% of stroke inpatient were admitted to medical care institutions in their own large catchment area during 1998-2005. The relevance indices in their own large catchment area(self efficiency rate) were more than 70% in most areas regardless of stroke subtype except Chungbuk catchment area. Self sufficiency rates of stroke inpatients among 163 areas in 1998 and 2005 were 84.2% and 83.1% in metropolitan, 46.7% and 45.5% in urban, and 19.5% and 22.6% in rural areas, respectively. Conclusion: Stroke management policy for improvement of distribution at the district level, especially in rural areas, may be helpful for reducing regional inequality in stroke.

Zinc와 Arachidonic Acid가 고 Fructose 식이로 유도된 인슐린 저항성에 미치는 영향

최철수(Chul-Soo Choi),김영욱(Young-Wook Kim),이효선(Hyo-Sun Lee),윤태호(Tae-Ho Yoon),조병만(Byung-Mann Cho),이수일(Soo-Il Lee),김성수(Sung-Soo Kim),황인경(In-Kyung Hwang) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.4

고 fructose 식이를 섭취시켜 제 2형 당뇨를 유발한 쥐에서 ZA의 섭취가 혈당 조절에 미치는 기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 4주 동안의 실험기간 중 Control군(normal chow diet), Fructose군(high-fructose diet)과 Fructose+ZA군(highfructose diet+ZA treatment) 간의 체중, 먹이 및 물의 섭취량에는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p<0.05). 기저상태(basal state)에서 혈장 포도당, 인슐린 농도 및 간의 포도당 생성률을 측정한 결과 Control군과 Fructose군 및 Fructose +ZA군 간의 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 인슐린 감수성을 알아보기 위한 hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp 실험에서 인슐린 농도와 포도당 농도는 군 간의 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 또한 인슐린 감수성 지표인 포도당 흡수(glucose uptake)에서도 역시 군 간의 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 그러나 간의 인슐린 감수성 지표인 간의 포도당 생성률(HGO)에서는 Fructose군이 Control군에 비하여 유의적으로 증가되었고(p<0.05), Fructose+ZA군이 대조군의 수준으로 감소되었다. 이것으로 미루어 볼 때 fructose 식이는 간에서 인슐린 감수성을 감소시켰으나 당뇨는 유발되지 않았으며, ZA 섭취가 간의 포도당 생성률을 억제하는 것으로 보아 인슐린 감수성을 증가시키지만, 말초조직의 포도당 이용에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료된다. We previously demonstrated that zinc plus arachidonic acid (ZA) treatment lowered blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, genetically diabetic obese (ob/ob) mice, and genetically diabetic, non-obese Goto-Kakizaki rats. However, plasma insulin levels did not increase with ZA treatment, suggesting that ZA lowers blood glucose levels not by stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion. However, it is unclear whether these agents lower blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic glucose output (HGO) or by increasing glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, or both. In order to determine ZA target organ of insulin action, we divided 18 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing ~130 g into 3 groups (6 rats per group) and treated them for four weeks with: (1) Control diet (regular rat chow), (2) High fructose (60.0%) diet only, and (3) the same fructose diet plus zinc (10 ㎎/ℓ) and arachidonic acid (50 ㎎/ℓ) containing drinking water. After 4 weeks, insulin action was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. Food intake and body weights were comparable in all three groups of rats throughout the study period. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucose uptake, and HGO in the basal state were all the same in these three rat groups. During the clamp study, fructose-treated and fructose+ZA treated rat groups did not exhibit any detectable change on insulin-mediated glucose uptake compared to controls. High fructose feeding impaired insulin mediated suppression of HGO, compared to controls during clamp (4.39 vs. 2.35 ㎎/㎏/min; p<0.05). However, ZA treatment in high fructose-fed rats showed a remarkable increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity compared to high fructose-fed rats, reflected by a complete recovery in suppression of HGO during the clamp (4.39 vs. 2.18 ㎎/㎏/min; p<0.05). This data suggests that ZA increases insulin sensitivity in liver but not glucose utilization of peripheral tissues in high fructose-fed rats.