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이우승 ( Woo Seung Lee ),전병은 ( Byeong Eun Jeon ) 서울시정개발연구원 2008 연구보고서 Vol.2008 No.8
In recent years, messenger and courier service using motorcycle has been increased with the needs of quick delivery in Seoul. The motorcycle used for delivering small goods was developed by messenger and courier companies in response to the increase of traffic congestion in the downtown area. Traffic congestion and parking restriction made delivering parcels by motorcycle and economical and effective alternative to delivery vans. In Seoul, there are over 500 motorcycle messenger and courier companies which have less than twenty drivers employed as dependent contractors. This messenger companies providing delivery service to corporation and individual consumers are now called "Quick Service" following the name of first established motorcycle messenger company. According to increasing competition for quick delivery systems, this "Quick Service" has taken a important unique position and puts down the roots in urban logistics. In spite of the spreading motorcycle messenger service, there is no any relevant rules, regulations and policies to administrate this dynamic industry. It`s because of the liberalization policy that had freed the messenger and courier services to do anyone who have truck license. But the most important thing is that motorcycle has no legal basis to be used in commercial purpose. This illegal position has given rise to many problem such as delivery troubles, traffic accidents, insurance for riders, and worsen working condition, business without a permit etc. As a result, Quick Service which is now inevitable in urban logistics is not only deteriorating images of Seoul but increasing the consumer complains. Thus, it is the time to find out the current situation and problems of motorcycle messenger services in Seoul and to figure out the ways and means of administrating this industry. On the basis of the above, this study analyzed the current trend of messenger services using motorcycle in Seoul, examined the system and policy, and suggested the practical proposal for improving relevant rules, regulations and institutionalization. In fact, there are some different approach between the central government and Seoul. The central government insisted that licensing will be a barrier to enter the market. This means increased costs to the customers of courier companies without adding benefits. On the other hand, some motorcycle messengers and experts support the licensing of motorcycle messengers and courier. They think that severe competition bring about confusion of messenger industry as the government does not regulate the industry, They claim that government have to introduce licensing in order to administrate motorcycle messenger service. This study concluded that social regulation like standard agreement of messenger service isn`t enough to resolve the problems that resulted from the illegal operation of motorcycle. So the study recommends that the gradual approach can most benefit. First, indirect regulation has the advantages such as improvement of services qualities, reduction of delivery accident. The next step is to introduce more direct regulation to use motorcycle in business. Regarding motorcycle messenger service as a kind of truck is necessary in Seoul. And then, it is possible for Seoul Metropolitan Government to administrate the Quick Service with regard to series of criteria. This study take a close look at the realities that "Quick Service" industry operates in Seoul in order to figure out the feasibility of institutionalization suggested by industrial leaders. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has the special needs of administering this industry more than any other cities in that motorcycle messenger service has been specially developed in Seoul, So this study also suggest that Seoul have to make an effort to introducing this industry as one of the city`s logistics system.
조덕주 ( Jo Deog Ju ),전병화 ( Jeon Byeong Hwa ),김성훈 ( Kim Seong Hun ),이상수 ( Lee Sang Su ),손우석 ( Son U Seog ),장연규 ( Jang Yeon Gyu ),목정은 ( Mog Jeong Eun ) 대한산부인과학회 2003 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.46 No.8
Cerebrovascular disorders (infarction and intracranial hemorrhage), otherwise collectively referred to as stroke, are an uncommon and feared complication of pregnancy. Collectively, these disorders contribute up to 12% of all maternal deaths. Because of t