서울시 아파트단지의 녹지배치 및 식재구조 변화 연구

이동욱,이경재,한봉호,장재훈,김종엽,Lee, Dong-Wook,Lee, Kyong-Jae,Han, Bong-Ho,Jang, Jae-Hoon,Kim, Jong-Yup 한국조경학회 2012 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.40 No.4

본 연구는 서울시 아파트단지의 시기별 녹지배치구조와 식재구조의 변화과정을 분석하여 보다 친환경적인 아파트단지 내 녹지조성 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 서울시에 조성된 아파트단지 중 조성시기, 용적률, 지하주차장에 의한 지반현황, 녹지율의 차이가 뚜렷한 아파트단지 12개소를 선정하였다. 연구대상지 유형화는 시기별로 녹지율과 지반현황을 기준으로 녹지율이 높은(40% 이상) 자연지반 아파트, 녹지율이 낮은(40% 미만) 자연지반 아파트, 녹지율이 낮은(40% 미만) 인공지반 아파트, 녹지율이 높은(40% 이상) 인공지반 아파트 네 가지로 구분하였다. 아파트단지 녹지배치 구조의 가장 근원적 변화요인은 녹지율과 인공지반 여부로 용적률이 상승하면서 주차장 면적비율도 높아져 상대적으로 녹지율은 낮아졌다. 녹지배치구조가 가장 많이 변한 녹지유형은 전면녹지와 완충녹지로 전면녹지는 녹지율이 높은 자연지반 아파트의 평균 녹지 폭 10.0m에서 3.5m, 2.7m, 4.5m로 시기별로 축소 변화하였다. 완충녹지는 녹지율이 높은 자연지반 아파트에서 평균 녹지 폭 15.0m로 단지외곽 경계부를 연결하였으나, 녹지율이 낮은 인공지반 아파트에서 주차장 확대로 평균 녹지 폭이 7.7m, 2.7m로 점차 축소되고 일부 구간은 단절되었으나, 2001년 이후 녹지에 대한 인식변화로 다시 평균 녹지 폭이 3.8m로 넓어지면서 연결되었다. 녹량 변화를 살펴보면, 녹지율이 높은 자연지반 아파트 녹지용적계수가 $1.27m^3/m^2$이었고, 식재밀도가 높아지면서 녹지율이 낮은 자연지반 아파트의 녹지용적계수가 $3.47m^3/m^2$로 가장 높았다. 반면에 녹지율이 높은 인공지반 아파트의 녹지용적계수는 $0.72m^3/m^2$로 매우 낮은 상태이었다. 식재밀도는 교목 아교목층의 경우 5.0주/$100m^2$에서 14.5주/$100m^2$로 증가하였다. 아파트단지 녹지를 보다 친환경적이고 기능적으로 조성하기 위한 방안으로 녹지율 40% 이상의 아파트단지 내 전면녹지는 녹지 폭 4.5m 이상으로 확대하여 정원개념의 경관 식재지로 조성하고, 후면녹지는 녹지 폭 5.0m이상으로 확대하고 복층구조로 식재하여 녹지량을 증진하는 것을 제시하였다. 측면녹지는 수고가 높은 수종을 식재하여 벽면 차폐와 녹음기능을 증진하고, 완충녹지는 자생수종을 자연림에 가까운 다층구조로 조성하는 생태적 배식기법을 적용하면서 단지내부녹지와 연결해야 할 것으로 판단되었다. This study was carried out to propose the improved method by analyzing the change of green space arrangement and planting structure of apartment complexes in Seoul. 12 survey sites, which have obvious differences, were selected by reflecting the change of floor area ratio, underground parking place, and green space ratio. We divided the survey sites into four types that high green ratio(over 40%) apartment on natural ground, low green ratio(under 40%) apartment on natural ground, low green ratio(under 40%) apartment on artificial ground, and high green ratio(over 40%) apartment on artificial ground each period based on green space ratio and ground structure, plant crown volume, planting density, and planting pattern. The main factors of change of green space arrangement were green space ratio and ground structure. The Green space ratio was changed by the floor area ratio with constructing underground parking place and floor area ratio was adjusted by government policy and economic status. Average width of front green area has been changed from 10.0m in high green ratio apartment on natural ground for 3.5m, 2.7m, and 4.5m each period. The average width of the buffer green area has been changed from 15.0m in high green ratio apartment on natural ground of 7.7m, and 2.7m by extending parking place in the low green ratio apartment of artificial ground, so buffer green areas have been reduced and disconnected. So buffer green area in apartment complexes has been extended that the average width of the buffer green area was 3.8m caused by growing recognition of green since 2001. The ratio of native plant in canopy layer was increased from 45.1 % in the case of the high green ratio apartment of natural ground in 1980~1983 to 55.6%. Average plant crown volume increased from $1.27m^3/m^2$ in high green ratio apartment on natural ground for $3.47m^3/m^2$ in a low green ratio apartment on natural ground. But average plant crown volume is $0.27m^3/m^2$ in the high green ratio apartment of the artificial ground plant density of canopy layer was changed from 5 individuals per $100m^2$ to 14.5 individuals per $100m^2$. We should construct the buffer green area with natural ground and get the function of ecological and beautiful environment regarding to garden concept in case of front green area, width 4.5m. We should get the function of increasing green volume by multi-layer planting with shade woody species and flower woody species in case of back-side green area, width over 5.0m. We should get the function of covering the wall and increasing green landscape by planting with high woody species in case of side green area. We should apply the ecological planting technique to buffer green area and connect buffer green area to inner green area in apartment complexes.

비마토프로스트 점안 후 눈 주변 피부 색소침착이 발생한 환자에서 약물중단 후 경과

이동욱,Dong Wook Lee,M,D 대한안과학회 2007 대한안과학회지 Vol.48 No.8

Purpose: To evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of bimatoprost-induced periocular skin hyperpigmentation. Methods: The chart analyses of 16 patients in whom cosmetically noticeable periocular skin hyperpigmentation developed after starting bimatoprost therapy were reviewed. Data collated included age, medication history, dates of starting and stopping bimatoprost treatment, and the subjective assessment of the periocular hyperpigmentation at initial detection as well as follow-up visits. Periocular hyperpigmentation was graded using an arbitrary scale from 0 to 3. The number of days to the onset of hyperpigmentation and to pigment resolution was determined and their associations to demographic and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Results: Patients had variable grades of periocular hyperpigmentation at presentation (mean, 1.53±0.66). Bimatoprost-induced periocular hyperpigmentation appeared 1-10 (mean, 4.3±2.6) months after initiation of bimatoprost therapy. Resolution of skin hyperpigmentation was noted 2-10(mean 6.8±1.9) months after stopping bimatoprost treatment. There was a minor correlation(R=+0.19) between the number of days to resolution of hyperpigmentation and the number of days when bimatoprost was used. At 12 months after stopping bimatoprost treatment, 12 of the 13 patients had complete resolution of periocular hyperpigmentation. However, weak hyperpigmentation remained in one patient. Conclusions: Bimatoprost-induced hyperpigmentation is benign and reversible.

납착 인기재료가 분할 주조체의 변형에 미치는 영향

이동욱,임장섭,정창모,전영찬,Lee, Dong-Wook,Im, Jang-Seop,Jeong, Chang-Mo,Jeon, Yeong-Chan 대한치과보철학회 2000 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.38 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that three resin indexing materials had on the distortion of split cast in the procedures of solder indexing and block fabrication. The specimen had two cylinders and connecting bar Two cylinders were a reference cylinder and a test cylinder that were machined precisely and placed on metal base. The total of specimens were 30 and they were divided into 3 groups according to the resin indexing materials : Acrylic $solder^{(R)}$, G-C Pattern $resin^{(R)},\;Z-100^{(R)}$. The relative coordinates (X, Y, Z) of centroids of both cylinders were measured by using 3-D cool dinates measuring machine. The value of indexing distortion was obtained after application of indexing material, and the value of the block distortion was obtained after fabrication of soldering block, and the value of total distortion was a value sum of indexing distortion and block distortion. Intercentroidal linear distortion ${(\sqrt{X^{'2}+Y^{'2}+Z^{'2}}-{\sqrt{X^2+Y^2+Z^2)}$ and global distortion $(\sqrt{{(X^'-X)}^2+{(Y^'-Y)}^2+{(Z^'-Z)}^2}$ were calculated from data of coordinates of centroids at each measuring stages. The results of this study were as belows ; 1. The intercentroidal distance between the split casts was reduced by indexing distortion and increased by block distortion. 2. The indexing global distortion between the split casts was smaller than block global distortion. 3. The intercentroidal linear distortion and the global distortion were no significant difference between indexing materials.

샐룰라 오토마타 기법을 이용한 신경망의 자동설계에 관한 연구

이동욱,심귀보,Lee, Dong-Wook,Sim, Kwee-Bo 대한전자공학회 1998 電子工學會論文誌, S Vol.s35 No.11

본 논문은 인공생명 기법을 이용하여 생물의 정보처리 시스템을 구현하고자 하는 것이다. 자연계의 생물은 그 자체로 훌륭한 정보처리 시스템이다. 생물체는 하나의 생식 세포로부터 발생된다. 또한 이 개체의 종은 진화의 과정을 통해 환경에 적응한다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 생물학적인 발생과 진화의 개념을 이용하여 신경망을 설계하는 방법을 제안한다. 생물체의 개체발생은 발생모델의 하나인 셀룰라 오토마다(CA)를 통하여 구현하였고 진화과정은 진화 알고리즘(EAs)을 사용하였다. 우리는 이와 같이 구현한 '진화하는 셀룰라 오토마타 신경망'을 줄여서 ECANS1이라 명명하였다. 셀 사이의 연결은 CA 법칙에 의하여 결정되며, 셀의 초기 패턴이 진화함으로써 유용한 신경망을 찾아낸다. 신경망의 각 셀 즉 뉴런은 생물의 발화 ${\cdot}$ 비발화의 특성을 갖는 카오스 뉴런 모델을 사용하였다. 그리고 신경마의 최종 출력값은 뉴런의 발화 빈도로서 나타내었다. 제안한 방법은 Exclusive-OR 문제 및 패리티 문제에 적용함으로써 그 유효성을 검증하였다. This paper is the result of constructing information processing system such as living creatures' brain based on artificial life techniques. The living things are best information processing system in themselves. One individual is developed from a generative cell. And a species of this individual has adapted itself to the environment through evolution. In this paper, we propose a new method of designing neural networks using biological inspired developmental and evolutionary concept. Ontogeny of organism is embodied in cellular automata(CA) and phylogeny of species is realized by evolutionary algorithms(EAs). We call 'Evolving Cellular Automata Neural Systems' as ECANSI. The connection among cells is determined by the rule of cellular automata. In order to obtain the best neural networks in given environment, we evolve the arragemetn of initial cells. The cell, that is a neuron of neural networks, is modeled on chaotic neuron with firing or rest state like biological neuron. A final output of network is measured by frequency of firing state. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by applying it to Exclusive-OR and parity problem.

여과포 실패 예방 목적으로 베바시주맙 결막하 주사를 이용한 섬유주절제술 2예

이동욱,이대규,Dong Wook Lee,Dae-Gyu Lee 대한안과학회 2008 대한안과학회지 Vol.49 No.8

Food Restriction as An Effective Modulator of Free Radical Metabolism in Aging Rats

이동욱,유병팔 ( Dong Wook Lee,Byung Pal Yu ) 생화학분자생물학회 1991 BMB Reports Vol.24 No.2

Chronic dietary restiction without malnutrition extends both the mean and maximum life span of all laboratory organisms so far tested. This life-extension is attributed to numerous beneficial effects of well-maintained physiological systems, and the retardation of chronic diseases. Although the biological mechanisms of these anti-aging actions by dietary restriction are not known, recent evidence indicated that modulation of free radical activity might play important roles in such beneficial action. Our present study with SPF male Fischer 344 rats provides further data that the anti-radical action of dietary restriction suppresses the formation of reactive oxygen species, enhances the antioxidant capacity, and increases the membrane resistance against oxidative stress. Based on these results we propose that dietary restriction is an effective modulator of free radical activity.

Citrate Process를 이용한 BaCeO₃ 나노 분말의 저온 합성

이동욱,원종한,주경,김창열,심광보,Lee, Dong-Wook,Won, Jong-Han,Joo, Kyoung,Kim, Chang-Yeoul,Shim, Kwang-Bo 한국세라믹학회 2002 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Nanosized $BaCeO_3$ powders with the stoichiometric composition of a molecular level were synthesized by the citrate process based on the Pechini method. Polymeric precursor was formed by use of citric acid and ethylen glycol, as chelating agent of metal ions and reaction medium, respectively. Single phase orthorhombic structured $BaCeO_3$powders, about 100 nm sized and uniform shaped were obtained through the calcination of the polymeric precursor at $900^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. Extremely small quantities of carbonate ions($CO_^{2-}$) were completely decomposed at over $1100^{\circ}C$. The mean size of the powders was increased twice, however, it has very uniform distribution in its size and shape. 분자 단위의 균일한 조성을 가지는 $BaCeO_3$ 나노 분말을 Pechini법에 기초한 citrate 공정을 통하여 합성하였다. 금속 이온의 chelating제로서 citric acid를, 반응 촉매로서는 ethylen glycol을 각각 사용하여 고분자 전구체를 형성시켰고, 이를 기반으로 $900^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 4시간동안 열처리하여 약 100nm의 균일한 크기와 형상을 가진, 사방정 구조의 단일상 $BaCeO_3$ 분말을 합성하는데 성공하였다. 잔존하는 미량의 $CO_3^{2-}$는 $1100^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 완전히 분해되었고, 이 때 평균 입도 는 약 2배 증가하였으나 매우 균일한 분포를 나타내었다.

고주파 SAW Filter 의 제작과 Filter 특성

이동욱,김동수,강성건,류근걸,남효덕,이만형 ( Dong Uk Lee,Dong Su Kim,Sung Gun Kang,Kun Kul Ryoo,Hyo Duk Nam,Man Hyeong Lee ) 한국전기전자재료학회 1997 한국전기전자재료학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.1997 No.1

간접 흡연의 유해성

이동욱,Lee, Dong-Uk 한국건강관리협회 2005 한국건강관리협회지 Vol.3 No.2

Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by a person, especially a non-smoker, who occupies and area with smokers or a smoker. Passive smoking may cause eye and nose irritation, sore throat, headache, cough to everyone, and it is known that non-smokers have the same kinds of illness with smokers. Smoking rate among the adults aged over 20 in Korea is higher than that of the US or European conturies. Therefore we suppose that Koreans may be exposured to passive smoking than the people of other conturies. It is necessary that people have the knowledge on the heath problems caused by passive smoking and on prevention from the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke. I propose that the smokers should be informed the importance of smoking cessation.

NEWS FOCUS - GMT 적응광학(Adaptive Optics) 소개

이동욱,Lee, Dong-Uk 한국천문연구원 2009 KASI news letter Vol.88 No.-