The Use of T1 Sagittal Angle in Predicting Cervical Disc Degeneration

양봉석,이수건,송경섭,윤상필,장근,이재철,문성환,이환모,이승환 대한척추외과학회 2015 Asian Spine Journal Vol.9 No.5

Study Design: Retrospective evaluation. Purpose: To analyze the effect of T1 slope on degree of degeneration in patients with cervical disc degeneration. Overview of Literature: The T1 slope is well known parameter that may be very useful in evaluating sagittal balance. There are no reports on the analysis of the relationship between T1 slope and cervical disc degeneration. We hypothesized that T1 slope has an effect on the degree of cervical degeneration. Methods: Sixty patients who had cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in our orthopedic clinic were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups according to T1 slope. Radiologic parameters obtained from radiography and cervical spine MRI were compared between low T1 slope group (≤25) and high T1 slope group (>25). Results: Among low T1 slope group, average degeneration grade of each cervical segment was 2.65 in C2–3, 2.50 in C3–4, 2.62 in C4–5, 3.23 in C5–6, and 2.81 in C6–7. And that of high T1 group was 2.35 in C2–3, 2.32 in C3–4, 2.59 in C4–5, 2.79 in C5–6, and 2.32 in C6–7. Grade of degeneration of low T1 group was significantly higher, as compared with high T1 group in C5–6 (p =0.028) and C6–7 (p =0.009). Percentage of high grade degeneration of more than grand III was 65.4% in low T1 group and 32.4% in high T1 group (p =0.018). Risk of high grade degeneration of C6–7 was significantly higher in low T1 group (odds ratio, 5.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.665–19.057; p =0.005). Conclusions: Patients with low T1 slope had higher grade of degeneration regardless of age and gender. Low T1 slope is a potential risk factor of cervical spondylosis especially in the C6–7 cervical segment.

녹용 생산을 위한 사슴의 사양관리

양봉석 한국양록협회 1994 양록회보 Vol.20 No.-

숫사슴은 녹용을 직접 생산한다. 숫사슴을 사양하는 목적은 종록으로서의 번식활동뿐만 아니라 녹용이라는 생산물을 생산하는 것이다. 이 때문에 종록으로서의 번식력과 녹용의 생산력을 충분히 발휘할 수 있도록 적절한 영양관리를 하여 과비나 수척하지 않도록 하여야 한다. 즉 적당한 운동을 하여 정액의 품질을 높이고, 번식년한을 연장하는등 숫사슴의 잠재력을 최대한 발휘시키는 합리적인 이용에 노력하여야 한다. 본 논문은 주로 숫사슴의 사료, 계절별 영양섭취, 1일급여사료 배합량, 녹용생장기의 사양관리, 번식기의 사양관리, 월동기의 사양관리, 자록숫컷의 사양관리, 육성기의 사양관리, 광량조절에 의한 사양관리등의 내용을 소개한다.

여행 브랜드의 Masstige 전략에 관한 연구

양봉석 한국산업경제학회 2011 산업경제연구 Vol.24 No.5

현대의 소비자들은 상품 자체의 세부적인 기능이나 특성을 파악하여 구매하기 보다는 브랜드를 구매한다고 한다. 여행소비자의 여행 브랜드에 대한 인지도를 파악하고, 여행 브랜드의 경쟁력 강화를 통한 매스티지(masstige) 상품으로 발전하는데 영향을 미치는 요소들을 파악하여 여행 브랜드의 경쟁력 강화방안을 도출해 내야 할 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 여행 브랜드의 경쟁력 강화방안의 일환으로 여행 브랜드의 명품화가 필요하다고 인식하고 여행 브랜드의 명품화를 위하여 여행 브랜드의 매스티지의 개념을 측정할 수 있는 변수들을 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 매스티지를 설명하기 위하여 명품 속성과 소비자의 추구 가치, 브랜드-소비자 관계(brand-consumer relationship)를 활용하였다. 여행브랜드의 매스티지를 측정하기 위한 척도를 개발하기 위하여 여행소비자와 여행전문가를 대상으로 한 인터뷰와 매스티지 관련 선행연구에서 도출한 104개 항목을 항목 정제 절차에 의해 최종 29개 항목 도출하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과와 신뢰도분석 결과에 의해 도출된 6개 요인 25개 항목에 대하여 여행브랜드의 측정과 분석의 용이성을 위하여 6개 요인의 요인명을 명명하였다. 제1요인 4개 항목의 요인명은 ‘충성도’, 제2요인 5개 항목의 요인명은 ‘프리미엄’, 제3요인 4개 항목의 요인명은 ‘카리스마’, 제4요인 4개 항목의 요인명은 ‘가치’, 제5요인 5개 항목의 요인명은 ‘프레스티지’, 제6요인 3개 항목의 요인명은 ‘이미지’로 명명하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 매스티지 개념을 활용하여 여행 브랜드들의 특성과 경쟁력을 비교할 수 있으며, IPA 매트릭스 등의 추가적 연구를 통하여 브랜드의 경쟁력 강화할 수 있다. Nowadays, quite a few consumers tend to purchase brand without understanding the detailed functions and characteristics of the product itself. So identifying travel consumers’ brand awareness and resulting in the influential elements for developing masstige products can make it possible to strengthen the competitiveness of travel brand. For this purpose, this study, recognizing the necessity of luxury travel brand, aims at developing the scales measuring the concept of travel brand masstige. Interviews of travel consumers and travel professionals, and previous studies on masstige were used to develop scales for measuring masstige of travel brand. And we derived the final 29 items by the refining process. Through the results of exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis, 6 factors and 25 items were derived. To facilitate the analysis and measurement of travel brand, 6 factors were named as follows. Factor 1 with 4 items was named ‘loyalty’, factor 2 with 5items, ‘premium’, factor 3 with 4 items, ‘charisma’ factor 4 with 4 items, ‘value’ factor 5 with 5 items, ‘presstige’, and factor 6 with 3items, ‘image’. This study compared the competitiveness and characteristics between travel brands by using the concept of masstige, after which the methods to strengthen the competitiveness of travel brand are to be derived using IPA matrix.

Synthesis of PAMAM dendrimer Conjugate with Amino Acid and Dexamethasone as Nucleus Targeting Gene Carrier

양봉석,이제일,최준식 한국고분자학회 2014 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2014 No.4

PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugated with Cell-penetrating Peptide-derived Oligopeptides for Enhanced Cell Uptake and Gene Delivery

양봉석,Sudipta Mallick,권용은,김윤중,김근희,최준식 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.10

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), originated from membrane translocating sequences of viruses, can deliver biomolecules effectively into cells. Research on natural and synthetic CPPs, for delivering drugs and genes reveals that this process requires cellular uptake independent of receptors and endosomes to minimize damage to the cell membrane. To this end, we conjugated CPP-derived oligopeptides to the surface of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to develop novel nanocarriers that improve cellular uptake transfection efficiency. PAMAM generation 4 (G4) was conjugated with oligopeptides composed of lysine and phenylalanine (KFF, FFK). The DNA condensation efficiency of PAMAM G4-KFF and PAMAM G4-FFK was determined using an agarose gel retardation assay. The sizes of the polyplexes were determined using dynamic light scattering as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency were evaluated using the HeLa and HepG2 cells. The transfection efficiencies of PAMAM G4-KFF and PAMAM G4-FFK were comparable with that of the gold-standard transfection reagent polyethylenimine (PEI25 kDa). These results suggest that these nanocarriers will serve as efficient non-viral vehicles for gene therapy.

PAMAM Dendrimer with Bioresponsive Peptides as Novel Gene Delivery Carrier to Various Cell Lines

양봉석,정진우,최준식 한국고분자학회 2013 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2013 No.10

PAMAM dendrimer Conjugated Amino Acid Originated from Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)

양봉석,최준식 한국고분자학회 2014 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2014 No.10

LCC분석에 의한 오피스건축물의 최적경제수명추정분석 및 장수명화에 관한 연구

양봉석,정희철,김경래,Yang Bong-Seog,Jeong Hee-Cheol,Kim Kyung-Rai 한국건설관리학회 2001 건설관리 : 한국건설관리학회 학회지 Vol.2 No.4

본 연구는 오피스건축물의 최적경제수명을 Life Cycle Cost를 고려하여 추정분석하고, 이를 통해 최적경제수명 이후의 건축물을 어떻게 관리하는 것이 경제적으로 유리한가에 대한 것이다. 경제수명의 추정에서 초기투자비와 유지관리비를 중요한 요소로 고려하여, 여의도$\cdot$마포지역의 오피스건물을 대상으로 조사한 내용을 단위면적 당 동일한 가치로 환산한 뒤, LCC를 이용하여 최적경제수명을 추정하였다. 마지막으로 최적경제수명 이후의 관리방법으로 재건축 및 보수공사 시 투입되는 금액에 따라 5개의 안으로 비교하였다. The purpose of this study is to estimate and analyze the optimum economic life of office buildings in consideration of their LCC (Life Cycle Cost), and thereby, explore the ways to manage the outlived office buildings economically. In estimating the economic life, initial investment cost and maintenance cost are taken into due consideration. For this study, those office buildings in Yeouido and Mapo region were sampled. The surveyed details were reduced to unit area to calculate a unit value, and then, their optimum economic life was estimated using LCC. Five alternatives for management of outlived office buildings were compared in terms of reconstruction or rehabilitation cost.

여행 브랜드의 masstige 전략에 관한 연구

양봉석 한국산업경제학회 2010 산업경제연구 Vol.24 No.5

부산국제관광전의 서비스품질과 방문객의 만족에 관한 연구

양봉석,최민우 한국호텔관광학회 2006 호텔관광연구 Vol.8 No.3

This paper explores the relationship among Busan International Travel Fair attendees' perception of service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intention. Data were gathered from the self-administered questionnaires of 221 attendees in the Busan International Travel Fair 2005. The 32 items for measuring international exhibition service quality were developed and grouped into seven dimensions.The results show that competence, understanding, information, courtesy, tangibles, reliability and security are positively related to attendees' satisfaction. And competence, information, courtesy and security are also positively related to attendees' behavioral intention. The major findings were that competence, information and courtesy were the most important factors in influencing attendees' satisfaction and behavioral intention. Authors hope that the results of this study help future Busan International Travel Fair and host organizations in improving service quality considerations enhancing the attendees' satisfaction and behavioral intention.