공기업 민영화정책 성과 분석

노태근 한국산업경제학회 2007 한국산업경제학회 정기학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.추계

Optimization of Chemical Oxygen Demand Determination in Seawater Samples Using the Alkaline Potassium Permanganate Method

노태근,최상화,김은수,강나연,조성록,강성현,강동진 한국해양과학기술원 2018 Ocean science journal Vol.53 No.4

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a practical parameter that is used to estimate the amount of organic pollutants in aqueous systems. It is generally used as a guideline to control the quality of waste treatment effluent globally and is a management tool to evaluate the total pollution load in the highly developed coastal regions of Korea. It is a preferred method because of the speed and simplicity of the analysis and because there are fewer instrumentation requirements. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) of the Republic of Korea developed a standard procedure for the measurement of COD. It has been revised several times, and the most recent revision was made in 2013 (MOF 2013?230). In this study, we modified the standard COD measurement procedure (MOF 2013?230), especially the sample digestion apparatus, to enhance analytical efficiency for a large sample number (batch), which is called a Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) modified MOF 2013?230. We examined uncertainty related to each experimental step and optimized laboratory conditions to reduce such uncertainties. The detection limit and estimated expanded uncertainty related to the KIOST modified MOF 2013?230 was 0.18 and 0.11 mg O2/L at a 95% confidence level (k = 2), respectively. This study also provides several tips to maintain consistent COD measurements in seawater using the alkaline potassium permanganate method.

2008년 하계 울릉분지에서 관측된 물리 화학적 외압에 대한 플랑크톤 군집의 반응

노태근,김윤배,박정인,임동훈,이동섭,정만기,장경일,강창근,서해립,박명원,이호정,김경렬,윤승태,김태훈,이용우,강동진,곽정현,박현제 한국해양과학기술원 2010 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.32 No.3

In Summer 2008, a multidisciplinary survey was conducted onboard R/V Haeyang 2000 to understand plankton response to the three distinct physico-chemical settings that developed in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea. Baseline settings of hydrographic conditions included the presence of the thin (<20 m) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW) on top of the Tsushima Middle Water (TMW). It extends from the Korea Strait to 37˚N along the 130oE and then turns offshore and encompasses the relatively saline (T> 26℃, S>33.7) Ulleung Warm Eddy surface water centered at 36.5˚N and 131˚E. A relatively colder and saline water mass appeared off the southeastern coast of Korea. It was accompanied by higher nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations, suggesting a coastal upwelling. Most of the offshore surface waters support low phytoplankton biomass (0.3 mg chl-a m−3). A much denser phytoplankton biomass (1-2.3 mg m−3) accumulated at the subsurface layer between 20-50 m depth. The subsurface chlorophyll-a maximum (SCM) layer was closely related to the nutricline, suggesting an active growth of phytoplankton at depth. The SCM developed at shallow depth (20-30 m) near the coast and deepened offshore (50-60 m). A fucoxanthin/zeaxanthin ratio was high in coastal waters while it was low in offshore waters, which indicated that diatoms dominate coastal waters while cyanobacteria dominate offshore waters. The community structure and biomass of phytoplanktonare closely related to nitrogen availability. Zooplankton biomass was higher in the coastal region than in the offshore region while species richness showed an opposite trend. Zooplankton community structure retained a coastal/offshore contrast. These suggest that summer hydrography is a stable structure, lasting long enough to allow a hydrography-specific plankton community to evolve.

전 세계 대양 영양염 자료의 상호 비교성 향상을 위한 국제동향 : SCOR Working Group 147 (Towards Comparability of Global Oceanic Nutrient Data, COMPONUT) 활동에 대하여

노태근,김은수,강성현,조성록 한국해양과학기술원 2015 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.37 No.3

To understand the fluctuation of global carbon levels caused by the biogeochemical cycle within the ocean interior, it is essential to achieve comparability of global oceanic nutrient data to a fairly high degree. The Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) commissioned a working group (WG147) to establish a system for achieving comparability of oceanic nutrient data within 1% among laboratories around the world. The introduction of international activities for improving nutrient comparability will facilitate the use of nutrient reference material of seawater by researchers within Korea, which will help in meeting international standards of nutrient comparability and promote international cooperation.

자연해수를 이용한 해수 중 영양염 분석용 표준물질 개발

노태근,강동진,김은수,강성현,조성록,이정무,박은주,문초롱,Rho, Taekeun,Kang, Dong-Jin,Kim, Eun-Soo,Kahng, Sung-Hyun,Cho, Sung Rok,Lee, Jung Moo,Park, Eun Ju,Moon, Cho-Rong 한국해양학회 2015 바다 Vol.20 No.1

해수 중 용존 영양염은 해양 내 물질순환을 이해하는 가장 기초적인 자료로 전 지구적 환경변화를 감지하는데 필수 생지화학 성분으로 그 중요성이 인식되고 있다. 분석능력이 다양한 연구자들에 의해서 상이한 시공간에서 측정된 용존 영양염 자료의 상호 비교를 위해 영양염 표준물질의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 경기도 시화호 내측연안, 울진의 인근 연안 표층수와 동해 울릉분지 표층과 1500m에서 채취된 해수를 여과, 멸균하여 제조한 영양염 표준물질의 균질성과 안정성에 대하여 다루었다. 본 연구에서 제작된 영양염 표준물질은 해외에서 제조되는 영양염 표준물질과 유사한 균질성을 가지고 있다. 제조 후 3-13개월 동안 영양염 농도가 일정한 방향으로 감소하거나 증가하는 경향이 관측되지 않았으며 이 보다 더 긴 기간 동안의 안정성은 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. Dissolved nutrients in seawater are recognized as an essential biogeochemical factor for detecting global environmental changes. The importance of nutrient reference material for seawater has been increased greatly for the comparison of nutrient data, measured in different time and space in global ocean by various researchers with different levels in nutrient analysis skill. In this study, we described the homogeneity and stability of nutrient reference material for seawater using natural seawater, collected at a station of Shihwa Lake, at a coastal station near Uljin (surface water), and at a station over the Ulleung Basin (surface water and 1500 m depth water) and sterilized. Based on the homogeneity data, the nutrient reference materials has similar homogeneity compared to other nutrient reference materials. During 3-13 month period, there was no unidirectional trend of increase or decrease in nutrient concentration of newly developed nutrient reference material for seawater. However, a sustained measurement is required to check stability for longer period.

관할해역 해양정보 공동활용 시스템(JOISS) 용존영양염 자료의 품질관리

노태근,최상화,이지윤,권소연,강동진,송태윤,손푸르나 한국해양학회 2022 바다 Vol.27 No.4

해수 중 용존영양염은 지구온난화의 주요 원인인 대기 중 이산화탄소 조절에 관여하는 해양의 역할을 이해하기 위한 핵심변수이다. 우리나라에서는 한반도 주변 해역의 해양환경 변화를 지속적으로 감시하기 위해 국가기관의 정기적인 관측과 다양한 연구과제 수행을 통해 용존영양염 자료가 수집되고 있다. 이들 자료의 활용도를 높이기 위해 각 기관들의 자료를 통합하는 관할 해역 해양정보 공동활용시스템(Jurisdictional Ocean Information Sharing System, JOISS)이 구축되었다. 본 연구에서는 JOISS 용존영양염 자료에 대해 한반도 주변해역의 용존영양염 지역 농도 범위와 용존영양염과 다른 해양학적인 특성 및 용존영양염 성분들간의 상호관계를 이용한 일차 품질관리를 수행 하였다. 지역 농도 범위와 일차품질관리를 통합한 품질관리 표식을 제공함으로써 자료의 신뢰도를 향상하여 JOISS 용존영양염 자료의 활용도 증가에 기여하고자 하였다. 또한 JOISS 용존영양염 자료의 국제적인 상호비교성 향상에 필수적인 이차품질관리 방법을 제안하였다.

해역의 환경특성을 고려한 해양환경 기준설정과 수질등급 평가

노태근,이동섭,이상룡,최만식,박철,이종현,이재영,김성수,Rho, Tae-Keun,Lee, Tong-Sup,Lee, Sang-Ryong,Choi, Man-Sik,Park, Chul,Lee, Jong-Hyun,Lee, Jae-Young,Kim, Seung-Su 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.2

육상기인 오염원의 해양유입의 급속한 증가로 인해 유해성 적조발생이 빈번해졌을 뿐 아니라, 양식기술의 발달과 과밀양식으로 인해 연안역의 자가 오염증가가 가속화되고 있다. 따라서 해양환경 관리와 적절한 해역이용을 위해 과학적인 관리의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 현행 환경기준은 일본의 해역 수질기준을 준용하여 육상의 배수기준에 희석 비율을 적용시켜 설정하는 공학적인 방식이다. 그리고 해역의 환경특성을 고려하지 않고 일률적인 값을 적용하였다. 유럽연합, 미국, 호주, 캐나다 등의 선진국에서는 이미 20여 년 전부터 종합적인 수질관리대책을 마련하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 해양환경 특성에 적합한 수질평가 기준을 설정하기 위해 해역을 해류, 조석, 탁도 등을 기준으로 다섯 가지의 생태구로 구분하였다. 그리고 국가해양측정망의 관측항목 중에서 부영양화의 원인항목(용존 무기질소(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN), 용존 무기인(dissolved inorganic phosphorus, DIP)과 일차반응항목(클로로필, Secchi depth)과 이차반응항목(저층용존산소포화도, bottom dissolved oxygen saturation)에 해당하는 항목들을 평가항목으로 선정하였다. 용존 무기질소, 용존 무기인과 클로로필의 기준값은 각각의 생태구에서 하천의 유입 영향이 최소인 외양역 정점의 2000년에서 2007년까지의 계절별 평균값 중 최대값으로 하였고, Secchi depth는 계절별 평균값 중 최소값을 선택하였다. 그리고 저층용존산소 포화도는 외양역의 평균값 중 최소포화도 값인 90%를 전체 생태구의 기준값으로 정하였다. 전체연안을 체계적이고 동일한 기준으로 관리하기 위해서 개별 평가항목의 점수로부터 원인항목, 일차반응 항목, 이차반응 항목 순으로 큰 가중치를 부여하는 가중선형합산 방식으로 수질지수를 계산하였다. 2000년부터 2007년까지 모든 정점에서 구한 수질지수의 분포는 최소값인 20과 중앙값이 30에서 빈도수가 높은 쌍봉분포가 나타났다. 따라서 수질지수의 쌍봉분포 앞부분에 해당하는 23이하를 매우좋음(I등급)으로 하였고 최소값+표준편차 이하를 좋음(II등급), 최소값+2표준편차 이하를 보통(III등급), 최소값+3표준편차 이하를 나쁨(IV등급), 그리고 최소값+3표준편차 초과일 때 아주나쁨(V등급)으로 정하였다. For the development of reference values and evaluation of water quality in various environmental conditions, we divided the coastal region around Korean peninsular into 5 distinctive ecological regions based on the influence of surface current, depth, tidal range, turbidity, and climate condition. We used national marine environment monitoring data collected by National Fisheries Research & Development Institute(NFRDI) from 2000-2009. For the reference values, we used maximum seasonal mean from 2000 to 2007 for DIN, DIP, and chlorophyll-a and minimum seasonal mean for secchi depth measured at stations without the influence of river runoff in each ecological regions. For the reference value of bottom dissolved oxygen saturation, we used minimum mean value of 90% calculated from minimal riverine influence stations of whole regions. We calculated enrichment score for each assessment criteria. The enrichment score of DIN, DIP, and Chlorophyll-a was 1 (=< reference value), 2 (< 110% of reference value), 3 (< 125% of reference value), 4 (< 150% of reference value), and 5 (> 150% of reference value). The enrichment score of DO saturation and Secchi depth was 1 (> reference value), 2 (> 90% of reference value), 3 (>75 % of reference value), 4 (> 50% of reference value), and 5 (< 50% of reference value). We calculated water quality index using weighted linear combination of five enrichment score for the comparison of whole regions. From the water quality index distribution calculated from all stations between 2000 and 2007 period, we classified into 5 grade based on the standard deviation calculated from total water quality index. We assigned grade very good(I), good(II), moderate(III), bad(IV), and very bad(V) when the water quality index was less than 23, minimum + 1 sd, +2 sd, +3 sd, and grater than minium+ 3 sd, respectively.

통합관리를 위한 해양연구시설·장비 표준분류체계

노태근,RHO, TAEKEUN 한국해양학회 2020 바다 Vol.25 No.4

As multidisciplinary marine research is actively conducted, various types of marine research facilities and equipment are purchased every year. However, among marine research facilities and equipment, it is difficult to classify and manage various types of field observation equipment used for environmental data collection and sample collection under the current national research facility and equipment standard classification system. In the case of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, about 30% of research facilities and equipment are unclassified and not properly managed. In this study, marine research facilities and equipment are classified into 7 middle and 36 sub-classes according to their characteristics. It is proposed to add a large classification group called 'Environmental Observation/Analysis Equipment', to the national research facility equipment standard classification system. In addition, it is proposed to classify the equipment operated in the laboratory among marine research facilities and equipment according to the existing national research facility equipment standard classification system. Through this, it is expected that all of Korea's marine-related research facilities and equipment can be systematically classified and managed effectively.

Practical Considerations for the Segmented-flow Analysis of Nitrate and Ammonium in Seawater and the Avoidance of Matrix Effects

노태근,Stephen Coverly,김은수,강동진,강성현,나태희,조성록,이정무,문초롱 한국해양과학기술원 2015 Ocean science journal Vol.50 No.4

In this study we describe measures taken in our laboratory to improve the long-term precision of nitrate and ammonia analysis in seawater using a microflow segmented-flow analyzer. To improve the nitrate reduction efficiency using a flow-through open tube cadmium reactor (OTCR), we compared alternative buffer formulations and regeneration procedures for an OTCR. We improved long-term stability for nitrate with a modified flow scheme and color reagent formulation and for ammonia by isolating samples from the ambient air and purifying the air used for bubble segmentation. We demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the residual nutrient content of the artificial seawater used for the preparation of calibration standards. We describe how an operating procedure to eliminate errors from that source as well as from the refractive index of the matrix itself can be modified to include the minimization of dynamic refractive index effects resulting from differences between the matrix of the samples, the calibrants, and the wash solution. We compare the data for long-term measurements of certified reference material under two different conditions, using ultrapure water (UPW) and artificial seawater (ASW) for the sampler wash.

동해 전역에 장기간 발달하는 아표층 엽록소 최대층과 수괴의 물리 화학적 특성과의 상관관계

노태근,이동섭,김규범,장경일,나태희,김경렬 한국해양과학기술원 2012 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.34 No.4

To understand the scales of the spatial distribution and temporal duration of the subsurface chlorophyll-a maximum (SCM) observed in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea, we analyzed physical and chemical data collected during the East Asian Seas Time-series-I (EAST-I) program. The SCM layer occurred at several observation lines from the Korea Strait to 37.9oN in the Ulleung Basin during August of 2008 and 2011. At each observation line, the SCM layer extended from the coast to about 200 km off the coast. The SCM layer was observed between 30 and 40 m depth in the Ulleung Basin as well as in the northwestern Japan Basin along 132.3oE from 38oN to 42.3oN during July 2009, and was observed around 50 m depth in the northeastern Japan Basin (135-140oE and 40-45oN) during July 2010. From these observed features, we hypothesize that the SCM layer observed in the Ulleung Basin may exist in most of the East Sea and may last for at least half-year (from the early May to late October). The nutrient supply mechanism for prolonged the SCM layer in the East Sea was not known, but it may be closely related to the horizontal advection of the nutrient rich and low oxygen waters observed in the Korea Strait between a 50 m depth to near the bottom. The prolonged development of the SCM layer in the Ulleung Basin may result in high primary production and would also be responsible for the high organic carbon content observed in the surface sediment of the region.