과학기술 ODA 사업에서의 현지 R&D센터 활용에 관한 연구 : 한국해양과학기술원과 마이크로네시아 ‘흑진주 생산연구’ 사례를 중심으로

장덕희,강길모,권문상,박흥식,김태영,임형백 한국해양과학기술원 2013 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.35 No.4

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, through case studies, the usefulness of utilizing local R&D centers under science and technology ODA programs. For the past few decades, advanced countries have supported ODA projects of developing countries, but there have been negative opinions regarding the results. Through a case study of the black pearl cultivation project between the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology and Micronesia, this study explains the usefulness of actively utilizing Korean R&D centers established and operational in recipient countries. Although black pearl cultivation is not an ODA project, the case study offers valuable insights as it is operated in a similar form and thus highly applicable to future projects. Based on the case study, four implications were derived to ensure the successful operations of science and technology ODA projects in the future. First, there is a need to improve relevance by making use of the technological capacities of local R&D institutes to develop projects that reflect the needs of recipient and donor countries. Second, trust must be established with local communities over the long term in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of project operations. Third, the proportion of science and technology ODA projects must be expanded to acquire sustainability, and more support should be granted to ODA projects involving marine resources, which are an advantage for countries of Micronesia. Lastly, the locals should be offered employment opportunities and regular training programs to allow for the actual transfer of knowledge instead of mere techniques. The implications derived in this study will prove useful in pursuing science and technology ODA projects, especially with Micronesia.

새로이 指定된 科學的 特別關心區域

蔣舜槿(Soon-Keun Chang) 한국해양과학기술원 1990 KOREAN JOURNAL of Polar Research Vol.1 No.1

2001년 5월과 6월 서태평양에서의 Thermosalinograph 관측

이재학,전동철,황상철,정병철,황근춘,이하웅 한국해양과학기술원 2002 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.24 No.3

We have analyzed sea surface temperature and salinity data collected in the western Pacific Ocean by using an automated Thermosalinograph (TSG) installed on the RV Onnuri during May - June of 2001. The TSG data exhibit characteristics of water masses distributed in the near surface layer of the cruise area very well. Especially, they reveal the diurnal surface temperature cycle and the effect of rainfall on temperature and salinity in the equatorial region, showing the effectiveness of the use of TSG. Problems to be improved for the better TSG operation are the method of water sampling and calibration of TSG sensors. Installation of a pressure gauge in the TSG system and periodical sensor calibration are strongly recommended to ensure reliability of data. 및 토의2001년 5-6월 한국해양연구원에서 연구선 온누리호를 이용하여 수행된 서태평양 대양항해 중 자동 기록으로 획득된 TSG 자료를 분석하고 이의 운용상 문제점 및 개선책을 제시하였다. 관측된 TSG 값은 CTD 측정값에 비하여 수온은 약 +0.3oC, 염분은 시간에 따라 약 0.06에서 +0.04 psu 편향오류를 보여주었으며, 관측오류의 요인은 취수된 해수의 TSG까지 이동시 수온 상승과 TSG 내에서의 미세한 기포로 판단된다. TSG 운용상 제기된 문제점은 TSG 센서를 통과하는 해수의 공급의 방법(즉, 통과 유속 증가에 의한 센서 통과 해수 내 기포 생성 유무)과 자료(특히, 염분) 검정 문제였다. 관측오류를 감소시키기 위하여 TSG 상태를 쉽게 판단할 수 있도록 기포감지기와 압력계의 설치가 필요하며, TSG 센서의 사전 검·교정이 이루어졌을 경우라도 TSG 자료를 검정할 수 있는 CTD 또는 염분계에 의한 현장 측정이 필수적인 것으로 나타났다.TSG 자료는 동중국해 대륙붕, 쿠로시오 통과해역, 필리핀해 및 서태평양 적도해역 표층의 해황을 잘 나타내었다. 특히, 적도해역에서 표층수온은 약 0.4-1.3oC 변화 폭의 뚜렷한 일 변화를 보여주었고 일중 최고 및 최저 수온은 현지 시간으로 14-15시 및 5-6시경으로 나타나 수온 상승 시간이 하강 시간보다 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 기상 자료와 비교 결과 구름에 의한 태양복사 차단 영향이 약 0.5oC 정도임을 시사해주었다. 적도해역에서 특징적인 염분 변화는 수 십 분에서 수 시간 지속되는 저염의 peak로 이는 열대 소나기성 강우의 영향으로 판단되며 수온도 약 0.2-0.6oC 정도로 낮아지는 영향을 주는 것으로 관측되었다.TSG 자료로부터 여러 해양물리학적 해석이 가능하였던 점은 TSG의 유용성을 나타낸 것으로 적절한 자료 처리 과정을 거치면 TSG 자료가 항해 해역 표층의 물리적인 해황 특성을 정확하게 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 또한 국내의 TSG 운용의 수준이 SOOP(2001)과 같은 선박을 이용한 해양 표층 해황의 모니터링 프로그램에 참가 할 수 있는 수준에 근접해 가고 있음을 나타낸 것이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 앞으로는 연구사업에 관련된 항해에서뿐만 아니라 모든 항해 기간 중 TSG 자료가 획득될 수 있도록 하여 유용한 자료의 누적을 도모하고 연구선 활용의 효율을 높여야 할 것이다. 아울러 TSG 자료를 전지구해양예보를 위한 자료동화에 이용될 수 있도록 위성통신 등을 이용한 준 실시간 자료 전달 체계의 구성이 바람직하다.

2007년 여름 북서태평양 이산화탄소 분압의 공간 변동성

최상화,김동선,김경희,민홍식 한국해양과학기술원 2008 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.30 No.3

In order to study spatial variabilities and major controlling factors, we measured fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), temperature, salinity and nutrients in surface waters of the North Pacific (7o30'~33o15'N, 123o56'E~164o24'W) between September~October 2007. The North Pacific and the marginal sea were distinguished by fCO2 distribution as well as unique characteristics of temperature and salinity. There was a distinct diurnal SST variation in the tropical North Pacific area, and surface fCO2 coincidently showed diurnal variation. In the North Pacific area, surface fCO2was mainly controlled by temperature, while in the marginal sea area it was primarily dependent on alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. Air-sea CO2 flux showed a large spatial variation, with a range of -6.10~5.06 mmol m-2 day-1. The center of subtropical gyre of North Pacific acted as a source of CO2 (3.09±0.95 mmol m-2 day-1). Tropical western North Pacific (i.e. the 'warm pool' area and the subtropical western North Pacific) acted as weak sources of CO2 (1.07±1.20 mmol m-2 day-1 and 0.50±0.53 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively). In the marginal sea, however, the flux was estimated to be -0.68±1.17 mmol m-2 day-1, indicating that this area acted as a sink for CO2.

국제법상 월경자원의 처리에 관한 고찰 -해저석유 및 가스자원을 중심으로-

이용희 한국해양과학기술원 2007 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.29 No.2

Exploitation of transboundary oil and gas on continental shelves may cause conflicts between or among States concerned due to the physical character of these resources. As oil and gas are fluid, exploitation of such a transboundary oil field by one side may affect other parties in other jurisdictions. However, there is no universal international legal regime on the issue. This article tries to find the international legal regime governing such resources through analysing UN Assembly's resolutions, UNCLOS, international judicial opinions, bilateral agreements and ILC activities relating to transboundary natural resources. As a result of this study, it seems that each coastal State has an inherent sovereign right on its part of the transboundary oil and gas deposit, but this right is not unlimited. Each state involved with the deposit has a duty to cooperate with other states--through information exchange, consultation, and negotiation. Furthermore, the state has an obligation to refrain from unilateral action when there is a possibility of causing irrevocable damage to the interests of the other states.

생태계모델을 이용한 황해투기해역에서의 춘계 식물플랑크톤 대증식 연구

송규민,이상룡,이석,안유환 한국해양과학기술원 2007 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.29 No.3

To explore limiting factors of spring bloom caused by waste disposal after dumping activity commenced in the Yellow Sea, we used a 1-dimensional temperature-ecological coupled model. The vertical structure of temperature and vertical diffusivity (Kh) are calculated by the temperature model with sea surface temperature using the 2.5 layers turbulence closure scheme. The ecological model applied results at the temperature model consisted of five state variables (DIN, DIP, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus) forced by photosynthetically available radiation. We simulate year-to-year variations of plankton and nutrients using the coupled model from 1998 to 2000 and compare results of the model with observed data. It turned out that temperature is the growth factor of spring bloom in dumping area. During the winter the weak stratification made sufficient supply of the accumulated nutrients from the sea bed into the upper water column and led to the bloom in the coming spring. Radiation also turned out to be another important factor of spring bloom in the study area. Insufficient radiation of March 1999 showed low chlorophyll-a concentration despite sufficient nutrients in the surface.

서해 근소만 조간대 퇴적물에서 여름과 겨울에 인의 존재형태

김동선,김경희 한국해양과학기술원 2010 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.32 No.3

A sequential extraction technique was used to study sediment phosphorus speciation and its relative importance in the intertidal flat of Keunso Bay during summer and winter for a better understanding of the phosphorus cycle and bioavailability in intertidal sediments. Loosely sorbed P contents were the lowest among the five P-pools and showed little seasonal or spatial variation. Although Fe-bound P contents were almost constant in winter, they decreased rapidly with sediment depth in summer. The dissolution of Fe oxides, used as an oxidant for the anaerobic respiration, ascribed the rapid decrease of Fe-bound P in summer. Al-bound P contents displayed little seasonal variation, but showed a large spatial variation, with higher values in the upper intertidal flat. Comprising about 50% of total P, Ca-bound P contents were the highest among the five P-pools. Ca-bound P contents were higher in winter than summer, but did not exhibit a clear spatial variation. Organic P contents were higher in summer than winter, which was associated with higher primary production and clam biomass in summer. Organic P contents were higher in the lower intertidal flat than the upper intertidal flat. In Keunso Bay, bioavailable P contents of the intertidal flat comprising about one third of total P ranged from 2.41 to 5.09 μmol g−1 in summer and 3.82 to 5.29 μmolg−1in winter. The bioavailability of P contents was higher in the lower intertidal flat than the upper intertidal flat, which was attributed to the large clam production in the lower intertidal flat.

Remote Sensing of Surface Films as a Tool for the Study of Oceanic Dynamic Processes

Leonid Mitnik,Vyacheslav Dubina,Oleg Konstantinov,Vitaly Fischenko,Denis Darkin 한국해양과학기술원 2009 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.31 No.1

Biogenic surface films, which are often present in coastal areas, may enhance the signatures of hydrodynamic processes in microwave, optical, and infrared imagery. We analyzed ERS-1/2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images taken over the Japan/East Sea (JES). We focused on the appearance of the contrast SAR signatures, particularly the dark features of different scales caused by various oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. Spiral eddies of different scales were detected through surface film patterns both near the coast and in the open regions of the JES in warm and cold seasons. During field experiments carried out at the Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI) Marine Station ‘Cape Shults’ in Peter the Great Bay, the sea surface roughness characteristics were measured during the day and night using a developed polarization spectrophotometer and various digital cameras and systems of floats. The velocity of natural and artificial slicks was estimated using video and ADCP time series of tracers deployed on the sea surface. The slopes of gravity-capillary wave power spectra varied between −4 and −5. Surface currents in the natural and artificial slicks increased with the distance from the coast, varying between 4 and 40 cm/s. The contrast of biogenic and anthropogenic slicks detected on vertical and horizontal polarization images against the background varied over a wide range. SAR images and ancillary satellite and field data were processed and analyzed using specialized GIS for marine coastal areas. Biogenic surface films, which are often present in coastal areas, may enhance the signatures of hydrodynamic processes in microwave, optical, and infrared imagery. We analyzed ERS-1/2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images taken over the Japan/East Sea (JES). We focused on the appearance of the contrast SAR signatures, particularly the dark features of different scales caused by various oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. Spiral eddies of different scales were detected through surface film patterns both near the coast and in the open regions of the JES in warm and cold seasons. During field experiments carried out at the Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI) Marine Station ‘Cape Shults’ in Peter the Great Bay, the sea surface roughness characteristics were measured during the day and night using a developed polarization spectrophotometer and various digital cameras and systems of floats. The velocity of natural and artificial slicks was estimated using video and ADCP time series of tracers deployed on the sea surface. The slopes of gravity-capillary wave power spectra varied between −4 and −5. Surface currents in the natural and artificial slicks increased with the distance from the coast, varying between 4 and 40 cm/s. The contrast of biogenic and anthropogenic slicks detected on vertical and horizontal polarization images against the background varied over a wide range. SAR images and ancillary satellite and field data were processed and analyzed using specialized GIS for marine coastal areas.

시계열 신호의 혼돈분석 기법 소개: 해양 수중소음 신호를 중심으로

최복경,김봉채,신창웅 한국해양과학기술원 2006 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.28 No.4

Ambient noise as a background noise in the ocean has been well known for its the various and irregular signal characteristics. Generally, these signals are treated as noise and they are analyzed through stochastical level if they don't include definite sinusoidal signals. This study is to see how ocean ambient noise can be analyzed by the chaotic analysis technique. The chaotic analysis is carried out with underwater ambient noise obtained in areas near the Korean Peninsula. The calculated physical parameters of time series signal are as follows: histogram, self-correlation coefficient, delay time, frequency spectrum, sonogram, return map, embedding dimension, correlation dimension, Lyapunov exponent, etc. We investigate the chaotic pattern of noises from these parameters. From the embedding dimensions of underwater noises, the assesment of underwater noise by chaotic analysis shows similar results if they don't include a definite sinusoidal signal. However, the values of Lyapunov exponent (divergence exponent) are smaller than that of random noise signal. As a result, we confirm the possibility of classification of underwater noise using Lyapunov analysis.

마산만 퇴적층서 발달 특성

최동림,이태희 한국해양과학기술원 2007 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.29 No.4

We studied the bottom morphology and sedimentary environments of the Masan Bay using high-resolution Chirp seismic profiles and sediments data. According to deep-drilled core samples (up to 20 m thick) penetrated into the weathered rock basement, the sediments consist largely of three sediment types: the lower sandy gravel facies (Unit I) of 1-4 m in thickness, the middle sandy mud and/or muddy sand facies (Unit II) of 1-2 m thick and the upper mudfacies (Unit III) of over 10 m in thickness. The sedimentary column above the acoustic basement can be divided into two major sequences by a relatively strong mid-reflector, which show the lower sedimentary sequence (T) with parallel to subparallel internal reflectors and the upper sedimentary sequence (H) with free acoustic patterns. Acoustic basement, the lower sedimentary sequence (T), and the upper sequence (H) are well correlated with poorly sorted massive sandy gravels (Unit I), the sand/mud-mixed sediment (Unit II), and the muddy facies (Unit III), respectively. The acoustic facies and sediment data suggest that the Masan bay is one of the most typical semi-enclosed coastal embayments developed during the Holocene sea-level changes. The area of the Masan Bay reduced from about 19 km2 in 1964 to about 13 km2 in 2005 by reclamation, and its bottom morphology changed as a result of dredging of about 2x107 m3.