복수가 동반된 간경변증을 가진 말기 신부전 환자에서 복막투석의 안정성

김정인 ( Jung In Kim ),이정은 ( Jung Eun Lee ),백현정 ( Hyun Jeong Baek ),최성철 ( Sung Chul Choi ),도정호 ( Jung Ho Do ),허우성 ( Woo Seong Huh ),김윤구 ( Yoon Goo Kim ),김대중 ( Dae Joong Kim ),오하영 ( Ha Young Oh ) 대한신장학회 2007 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.26 No.3

Purpose : When liver cirrhosis patients accompanying ascites need renal replacement therapy because of chronic renal failure (CRF), peritoneal dialysis (PD) can allow direct removal of ascites and prevent anticoagulants use. However, since PD might aggravate hypoalbuminemia and increase chances of peritonitis, clinicians tend to hesitate to apply it to those patients. The aim of the present study is to assess the outcome and stability of PD for the treatment of CRF patient with cirrhosis accompanying ascites. Methods : A retrospective study based on the clinical records was performed in cirrhotic patients with ascites in whom PD was performed for the treatment of CRF and who were followed up at Samsung Medical Center unit, between January 1995 and July 2005. Results : In our study, 15 patients were enrolled. Child-pugh class was worse in non-survival group than survival group (p<0.01). One-year patient survival was 40% in Class C and 75% in Class B, and patient survival differed between Class C and Class B (p=0.0014). Causes of death were terminal liver failure (n=6) and sepsis due to pneumonia (n=1). Total 27 episodes of peritonitis occurred, and the peritonitis rates were 0.91 episodes/patients-year. Conclusion : Although the peritonitis rates turned out somewhat high, the use of PD for the treatment of CRF in patients with liver cirrhosis accompanying ascites seems to be safe and effective. Main cause of death in our study seems to be related to liver disease.

『고등학교 국사』 및 『한국근 · 현대사』 교과서의 동아시아사 서술 분석

金正仁(Kim Jeong-In) 歷史敎育硏究會 2009 역사교육 Vol.110 No.-

In this article, the image and perception of the history of East Asia depicted in the 7th Educational curriculum textbooks such as "High School Korean History" and "Korean Modem and Contemporary History", and the historical interpretations regarding both China and Japan as well, are all examined. According to references made in those textbooks, until now we have educated the students that, in case of premodern history, there have been the civilized Chinese people, the barbaric tribes in the North, and the also barbaric japanese people in the South, while ourselves being the 'little' Jungbwa(中華) figure. Such education was based upon a perspective distinguishing the Civilized and the Barbarians, which served as a traditional sino-centric world view for a long time. And in case of the modern periods, that perspective distinguishing the Civilized and the Barbarians was replaced by Orientalism, Westernization=Modernization became the new barometer of determining whether oneself is enlightened or not, civilized or not. In such perspective, a view of the East Asia itself was lost. The traumatic experience of being occupied and colonized once, made us view the modem and contemporary history only from the perspective of 'ruling' & 'resisting', and consider adjacent countries always as a potential threat. In the educational curriculum revised in 2007, 'East Asian History' was selected as further-study' option for High school classes for the first time. The general stance behind this new 'East Asian History' basically emphasizes the necessity of teaching East Asian history to the students from the Koreans' point of view, yet it also refrains from adopting another biased perspective which would consider the Korean people and their interest above and before all else(a so-called Korean-centric view). Also, it aspires for an education of 'peace', which would mean and be realized by sharing historical understanding with a lot of countries and trying to resolve certain conflicts regarding historical facts and interpretation. Hopefully this education of 'East Asian History', which is based upon an image and perception of East Asian history that is arguably quite different from the one advocated and presented in previous history education classes, would contribute to the advent of a multi-racial, multi-cultural society where Koreans, East Asians and all the people around the globe would happily coexist and live together.

국정 『국사』 교과서와 검정 『한국사』 교과서의 현대사 체계와 내용 분석

김정인(Kim, Jeong-in) 한국역사연구회 2014 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.92

Korean Contemporary historical studies became active in the 1980s. But education of it had begun and continued since right after the liberation, through textbooks. In a sense, education of the Korean contemporary history preceded the academic research of it. Then, since the 『National History』 textbook, which first appeared in 1974 under the government’s textbook-designation system, the national history textbooks ‘designated’ by the government for example in 1979 and 1982 served as a method of ideology education based upon an anti-Communist agenda. Only coming into the 1990s, with the society’s demand for democracy higher than ever and studies in the contemporary history of Korea accumulated to a certain degree, such ideology education grew weaker. A giant leap taken in the education of Korea’s contemporary history was made possible with the new Textbook Certification system, and the advent of a new breed of Korean modern and contemporary history textbooks which were based upon results from new academic researches, in 2002. With this turning point, the textbooks came to serve not as a tool of ideology education, but a conduit to relay academic knowledge to the students in an educational fashion. The textbooks, even the government-designated ones released in 2002 and 2006 along with the ‘certified’ textbooks were no different in that regard. Among the 2014 textbooks, only the Gyohak-sa textbook (and its Contemporary history section) resembled the perspective and structure of the government-designated ones, while the textbooks from the other seven publishers resembled that of the 2002 Certified Korean Modern and Contemporary historical textbooks. Currently there is a drive that intends to resurrect the textbook designation system, and publish the Korean history textbooks accordingly. But Korean Contemporary history education performed through government-designated textbooks would create results entirely different from those that would be created by the academic circle whose overall intention is to connect research and education in an ideal way. In such circumstances, it is highly possible that education would be tainted by political agendas. We should be more than concerned about that prospect.

2009개정교육과정에 따른 고등학교 "한국사"와 "동아시아사" 교과서를 통해 본 영토교육의 현황과 과제

김정인 ( Jeong In Kim ) 수선사학회 2015 史林 Vol.0 No.52

Examined in this article are eight types of High School Korean History Textbooks, as well as three types of High School East Asian History Textbooks, which were all commissioned and published in 2014 according to the Revised Education System of 2009. Analyzed here in particular are references to certain ‘territorial issues,’ in order to determine how the history of borders and territories are described in these textbooks, and how they are usually discussed nowadays. With such determination, I would like to raise some points that would concern the direction education of such histories should take in the future. Personally, it feels relevant to ask what kind of new challenges are being thrown at the historical education community, in a day and age when education of those subjects are being reinforced. Coming into the 21st century, historical education of territories and boundaries continued to be reinforced substantially. In both Korean History and East Asian History highschool textbooks, the amount of paragraphs and chapters dedicated to the description of such histories definitely increased. But the overall tone and nuance displayed by all these textbooks turn out to be more of the same. They do not reflect diverse perspectives from academic differences as much as they reflect state-sanctioned materials for educating territorial and boundary histories.The most primary objective of today’s territory education, which shows a long history being led by the government, and had maintained the issue surrounding Dok-do island as its centerpiece, was the preservation of the territory of the Republic of Korea. In the future, such objective has to be overcome. We should set a new goal that transcends all that. There should be more than one goal that could be pursued by us. The Korean realm of life should be preserved, but a new, forward-looking kind of relationship should be established between Korea and Japan, and theKorean people should keep training themselves on their way to becoming true guardians of democratic values. These goals will often put us on contradictory paths, but a compromise should be out there, somewhere. Historical education of territories and boundaries should be able to serve ultimately as a tool to educate people the merit of peace. And the academic community should not shy away from throwing hard questions, and responding to them in kind.

아프리카 자원 확보를 통한 한국 경제의 경쟁력

김정인(Kim Jeong In),최종석(Choi Jong Seok),정래광(Jung Rae Kwang) 한국아프리카학회 2010 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.31 No.-

As the age of resources war has come, all the nations around the world have already turn towards Africa as a promising market along with other well-knownnations which are rich in natural resources such as Brazil and Russia in order to secure the sound supply of resources. Although Korea also realizes the importance of exploiting and securing the resources and is attempting to enter into the African market, it is extremely difficult due to distinctive regional characteristics. In view of those unique circumstances in Africa position, this study investigates the world powers' strategies for securing resources and analyzes how we could hold the dominant position in securing African resources. The Strategies that each powerful nation uses to secure resources differ in the means and the agent. Above all, we should seek ways of keeping a favorable relations with the leaders and local nobables in 53 nations. Besides, the government should encourage companies to expand their business by providing substantial support as well as enableing information sharing by establishing DB of corporate successes in an effort to minimize the risk of market foray. Sharing imfomation through D/B Construction will also help to minimize the risk. In the long term, through the combination of environment and IT in the domestic energy industry, the complex diplomacy including resources, hospitals, schools and education and constant charity work of civilian groups will enable us to secure resources in Africa

근대 한국 민주주의 문화의 전통 수립과 특질

김정인(Kim, Jeong-in) 한국역사연구회 2013 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.87

In this article, reconstruction of the historical nature of the Korean modern democracy will be attempted. But it will not view democracy as something foreign that was transplanted upon Korean soil. Democracy will be analyzed as a network of values, convictions, and action. It will be perceived as a culture. Democratic values supporting horizontal relationships among people, such as freedom, equality and independence, replaced traditional Confucian values which supported vertical relationships, such as loyalty or filial piety. Democratic values prompted not only individuals but also groups and institutions to change, and established themselves as a culture in Korea. First, we shall remember that it was the people who inherited the Korean traditions of democratic nature, and connected them to the democratic reforms. The Dong"hak Peasantry movement, the Gabo-year reform which was a democratic effort performed under a despotic kingdom, the Parliamentary Foundation movement which was staged by the Independence Club and Man"min Gongdong-hwe and strived for a Legal Kingdom and the realization of democracy, and the March 1st movement in 1919 which demanded freedom and equality for the Korean people, and the foundation of the Dae"han Min"guk Provisional Government as a Republic. All the turning points in Korean history of democracy were triggered by the people themselves. Second, the characteristic nature of Korean modern democracy should be examined from two directions. Modern historical studies have concentrated their focus upon nationalism. Instead of maintaining such trend, the concept of "Group Democracy" should be examined. The logic of independence argued by modern nationalism can be interpreted in democratic terms, and judging from that angle, another argument that "freedom and equality for all the Korean people, in other words democracy for all the Korean people, is the same with independence, also works. And another characteristic of the Korean modern democratic culture is that the concept of equality established itself in the Korean history rather quickly, since the appearance of social demands in the 19th century for the abolishment of the social class system, through the Equality argument in the "Dae"han Min"guk Provisional Constitution" in 1919. In the process, discriminative Confucianism lost its ground, and lowborn and female population became part of the people.

종북프레임과 민주주의의 위기

김정인(Kim, Jeong-in) 한국역사연구회 2014 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.93

2013 was a year that not only marked the first year of the Park Geun-hye registration, but also witnessed the so-called ‘Following-North’ frame (in ideologial conflicts) taking shape and gaining influence. The primary function of this frame, is in fact not to energize the animosity against the North (North Korea) primarily, but to be used in attacking opponent political factions with the accusation that it is indeed helping the ‘enemy.’ From the standpoint of all conservative parties throughout the Korean society, any faction ‘following the North’ should be regarded essentially as an anti-ROK(Republic of Korea) element and should be crushed for that reason alone. This ‘Following-North’ frame continued to gain popularity thanks to the conservative press. The conservative faction of Korea will most surely continue to use this frame as much as it can, in order to consolidate its supporters and ‘warn’ the public of the instability of the North Korean Kim Jeong-eun regime. One thing is certain: As this frame continues to gain strength, the democracy will be increasingly threatened. This is a frame that is used to crush not only the enemy ‘outside’ as in desperate times like the Korean war, but also monitor, locate and oppress enemies ‘inside,’ even at the cost of breaching the integrity of law and proper procedures. It is indeed from a culture and atmosphere based upon a wartime sentiment. Efforts to secure human dignity, maintain autonomous control over one’s life, and restore social community should continue, in order for us to overcome the aforementioned offensive way of life, and restore unity and coexistence as the everyday way of life. This ‘Following-North’ frame, the epitome of hatred cultivated by war, conflict, dissension that continued for over 60 years, should be overcome in order for democracy to thrive once again.

내원시 저혈당이 당뇨병을 동반한 심근경색증 환자의 예후에 미치는 영향

김은정 ( Eun Jung Kim ),정명호 ( Myung Ho Jeong ),정인석 ( In Seok Jeong ),오상기 ( Sang Gi Oh ),김상형 ( Sang Hyung Kim ),안영근 ( Young Keun Ahn ),김주한 ( Ju Han Kim ),김영조 ( Young Jo Kim ),채성철 ( Shung Chull Chae ),홍택종 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회지 Vol.87 No.5

목적: 당뇨병 환자에게 철저한 혈당 조절은 논란의 여지가 있으며, 이에 당뇨병을 동반한 급성 심근경색증 환자의 내원 시 저혈당과 병원 내 주요 임상 사건 및 사망률 그리고 추적관찰 1년간 사망률과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2005년 11월부터 2012년 3월까지 KAMIR에 등록된 당뇨병이 동반된 급성 심근경색증 환자 5,249명을 혈당 수치에 따라서 저혈당을 보인 환자(≤ 70 mg/dL)를 I군(93명, 72.6± 11.0세, 여성 46.2%), 정상혈당을 보인 환자(> 70 and < 140)를 II군(1,262명, 71.3 ± 10.7, 여성 34.3%), 고혈당을 보인 환자(≥ 140)를 III군(3,894명, 70.3 ± 11.1, 여성 36.0%)으로 분류하여, 병원 내 주요 임상사건 및 1년 후 사망률과의 관계를 비교하였다. 결과: 각 군의 평균 연령은 I군(72.6 ± 11.0세), II군(71.3 ±10.7세), III군(70.3 ± 11.1세)으로 I군에서 연령이 높았다(p =0.006). I군에서 내원 시 비전형적인 증상 양상(p = 0.002), Killip class III-IV (p = 0.003), 심초음파을 이용한 좌심실 구혈률 40% 미만의 환자(p = 0.002), NSTEMI가 많았다(p = 0.001). 전체 대상 환자 5,249명 중 344명(6.6%)이 입원 중 사망하였으며, 이 중에서 I군 12명(12.9%), II군 66명(5.2%), III군 266명(6.8%)으로 I군에서 사망률이 유의하게 높았다(p = 0.006).다변량 회귀분석에서 나이(p = 0.001), Killip class III-IV (p =0.001), 뇌혈관 질환(p = 0.002), 만성 신부전증(p = 0.001), 급성 신부전증(p = 0.001), 심인성 쇼크(p = 0.001), 심실성 빈맥증(p = 0.005), 좌심실 구혈률 40% 미만(p = 0.001), 내원시 혈당 70 mg/dL 미만(p = 0.005)은 추적관찰 한 달간 사망률에 독립적인 예측인자이었다. 정상 혈당군에 비하여 저혈당 군에서 사망률이 유의하게 증가하였고(OR 3.571, 95% CI1.465-8.705, p = 0.005). 고혈당군에 비해 저혈당군에서 사망률이 유의하게 증가하였다(OR 4.088, 95% CI 1.757-9.511, p= 0.001). 그러나 추적관찰 1년간에서 내원시 혈당은 사망률의 유의한 예측인자가 아니었다(p = 0.428). 결론: 당뇨병을 동반한 심근경색증 환자의 내원 시 저혈당은 입원중과 추적관찰 한 달간의 사망률을 예측할 수 있는 예후인자였다. Methods: We analyzed 5,249 diabetic patients who enrolled in the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry from November 2005 to March 2013. The patients were divided into three groups according to their blood glucose level at admission; Group I:hypoglycemia (≤ 70 mg/dL), Group II: normoglycemia (70-140 mg/dL) and Group III: hyperglycemia (≥ 140 mg/dL). We assessed in-hospital mortality and the major adverse cardiac events based on blood glucose levels at admission. Results: The mean age was older in group I at 72.6 ± 11.0 years compared to 71.3 ± 10.7 in group II and 70.3 ± 11.1 in group III (p < 0.006). A total of 344 patients died during hospitalization. In-hospital mortality was higher in group I at 12.9%, compared to 5.2% in group II and 6.8% in group III (p < 0.006). Multivariable logistic regression analysis determined that the independent predictors of 1-month mortality were age, Killip class III-IV, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal failure, acute renal failure, cardiogenic shock, ventricular tachycardia, ejection fraction < 40% and hypoglycemia in admission. The mortality rate at 1 month was significantly higher in group I compared to group II (odds ratio [OR] 3.571; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.465-8.705, p = 0.005) compared to group II and group III (OR 4.088; 95% CI 1.757-9.511, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Hypoglycemia on admission was an important predictor of in-hospital and one-month mortality in AMI patients with diabetes mellitus. (Korean J Med 2014;87:565-573)

중앙아시아의 수자원 문제와 국가 간 협력 방안

김진욱 ( Gene Uhc Kim ),김정인 ( Jeong-in Kim ),홍준근 ( Jun-keun Hong ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2017 유라시아연구 Vol.14 No.3

중앙아시아 국가들의 경우 구소련 체제 하에서는 통합 정책에 의거하여 수자원과 에너지를 서로 공유할 수 있었다. 소련이 붕괴된 후에도 이들 국가들은 일정기간 동안 수자원을 공유하였다. 그러나 기후 변화로 말미암아 수자원이 부족하기 시작하자 중앙아시아 국가들은 수자원을 둘러싸고 갈등이 유발되었다. 키르기즈스탄이나 타지키스탄과 같은 상류 지역 국가들은 수자원이 풍부한 반면 에너지가 부족하고, 하류 지역 국가(우즈베키스탄, 카자흐스탄, 투르크메니스탄)들은 풍부한 에너지 자원을 소유하고 있지만, 수자원이 부족한 실정이다. 상류 지역 국가들은 에너지가 부족하게 되자 물을 새로운 전략상품으로 부각시키고 있다. 중앙아시아의 톈샨산맥 빙하는 지난 50년 동안 면적의 1/4이 줄었고, 2050년이면 나머지 빙하의 절반이 없어질 것이다. 특히 톈샨산맥 빙하는 카자흐스탄, 우즈베키스탄, 키르기즈스탄과 마찬가지로 하류 지방에 있는 국가들에게 가장 중요한 수자원의 원천이 되는 것이다. 세계에서 네 번째로 깨끗한 물이었던 아랄해는 호수 면적의 10%만 남았다. 소금호수인 아랄해 고갈은 유역의 건조화를 가속화시켰고 소금기 섞인 모래바람은 호흡기 질환과 주변국 농토에 영향을 미쳤다. 50만㏊의 산림도 7만㏊로 감축됐었으며, 423종의 식물 중 18종이 멸종했으며 50여종이 멸종 위기에 처해 있고, 동물 개체수도 감소하는 등 생태계 변화가 나타났다. 중앙아시아 국가들은 수자원의 공급이나 수질을 개선하거나 통합수자원관리를 위해 여러 프로젝트를 수행하고 있다. 이슬람개발은행은 카자흐스탄의 수자원 개량 사업 프로젝트를 지원하였다. 이 프로젝트는 농촌 지역사회(특히 알마티 지역)에 식수 공급을 개선하고, 관개 시스템을 복구시키기 위한 두 가지 프로젝트로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 프로젝트는 알마티 지역의 식수 공급을 개선하기 위해서 15개 지역에 680 ㎞의 수자원 파이프라인을 건설하고자 한다. 두 번째는 `카자흐스탄 공화국의 관개 및 배수 시스템 재건`으로 이름 붙여졌고, 알마티 지역의 관개시스템 복원와 남 카자흐스탄 지역의 토양 개선 프로젝트로서 2억 3,550만$에 달하며, IDB와 UNDP가 공동으로 투자하고 있다. 키르기즈스탄의 GoAL WaSH project는 2013∼2015년 동안 공공교육을 통해 깨끗한 식수와 위생을 가능하게 했다. 타지키스탄은 2015년 수자원분야 개혁 프로그램을 채택하여 2016년부터 2025년까지의 수자원 개혁 프로그램을 승인하였다. 이 프로그램은 UNECE, UN, UNDP 그리고 CAREC이 지원했으며, 수로에 대한 수자원 관리의 기반을 변경하는 것과 다른 국가의 시설들의 자격과 역량을 명확히 설정하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 특히 이 프로그램과 더불어 정부 조직도 조정하였는데, 에너지 수자원부가 개혁의 조정자였으며, 국가 수자원위원회, 하천유역기구, 하천유역위원회를 설치하였다. 국가 수자원 위원회는 국가 차원의 수자원 정책 자문기구이고, 하천유역기구는 하천 유역 차원에서 국가 수자원 정책의 이행을 조정하는 역할을 담당하고 있다. 하천유역위원회는 하천지역 물 사용자나 이해관계자의 불만을 대변하는 하천 유역 대표 권한을 보유 하고 있는 조직이다. 투르크메니스탄은 인구 당 물 소비량이 세계 1위이지만 비효율적인 기술과 자원분배로 말미암아 독립 후 25배의 토지가 염분화 되어 관개농지 염분화 비율이 73%에 이를 정도이다. 투르크메니스탄 정부는 농업 및 수자원부, 환경 및 토지 보호 국가 위원회 등에서 법적 개정을 통해 통합 수자원관리를 도입하려고 한다. 심각한 수자원 확보를 위하여 스위스는 우즈베키스탄에 보조금 266만 달러를 지원하였다. 시범적으로 점적 관개를 도입하고, 고랑 관개를 개선하여 5개의 농장에서 약 47,500㎥의 물을 절약할 수 있게 되었다. 카자흐스탄과 키르기즈스탄이 공유하고 있는 츄-탈라스강 유역 협력은 가장 성공적인 협력의 예이다. 츄-탈라스 수자원위원회는 폐수 배분 비율에 합의하였고, 양 국가 간 상수도 시설에 대해 자기 자본 조달을 하도록 하였다. 우즈베키스탄의 물 소비량이 가장 많기 때문에 중앙아시아 국가 사이의 대부분의 수자원 분쟁은 우즈베키스탄을 중심으로 발생한다. 카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄의 수자원 문제는 수질오염이 가장 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 키르기즈스탄과 우즈베키스탄은 톡토굴 저수지의 물 공급과 가스공급에 대한 가격 설정 메카니즘이 문제로 부각되고 있다. 타지키스탄과의 문제는 로건댐 건설에 관한 것으로 집약된다. 투르크메니스탄과 우즈베키스탄은 수자원 관리에 대한 우즈베키스탄과 투르크메니스탄 사이의 협약에 의거하여 아랄해에 배수하는 수자원을 규제하는 것으로 되어 있어서 양 국은 그나마 좋은 관계를 유지하고 있다. 다자간 협력인 CAREC 프로젝트 “Stake holders partnerships in collaborative policy making”는 2012년 4월에 시작하여 소규모 하천인 아스파라, 이스파라, 우감강과 슈도체를 연계하여 대규모 강 유역으로 확대하는 통합수자원관리시스템(IWRM)을 도입하는 것이다. 수자원 문제는 효율적인 규제 메카니즘을 만들거나 협약을 통해서 해결하는 것이 바람직하다. 다자간 협력은 기준을 설정하거나 적절하고 투명한 규범을 구축하면 수자원 가치를 평가하는데 결정적인 역할을 담당할 수 있을 것이다. Central Asian countries developed their standard for water and energy resources under the former Soviet Union resource-allocation policies. In the early stage of independence of these countries, they continued to share the natural resources including water resources. Due to the climate change, water resources conflict among upstream and downstream countries took place. The upstream Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan possess rich water resources and hydropower resources, but they have few energy resources. The downstream Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are rich in energy resources such as oil, gas, but they faced with a severe water shortage. Since upstream countries are short of energy resources, they treat water resources as a strategic commodity. Tien Shan glacier of Central Asia was decreased into of one fourth of the total glacier area for the past 50 years because of climate change. Until 2050, half of the glacier will be gone. Tien Shan glacier water is very important water resources for the low level area such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan. As Aral sea is also dry up in recently, it had declined to only 10% of its original size. Salt lake, Aral sea, also has an effect on the breathing problem for the people and turns the land into salt surface. Only 70,000ha of forest has been remained out of 500,000ha of forestry. 18 species are already extinct out of 423 species and 50 species are facing extinction in the future. Central Asian countries have adopted several projects for improve water supply and water quality, or for implement Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM). An agreement on attraction of Islamic Development Bank(IDB) funds(more than $300 million) was signed for implementation of two water conservancy projects in Kazakhstan(Almaty region). Under the first project on improving water supply, construction of water pipelines is planned in 15 locations, the total length of 680 kilometers. The second project “Reconstruction of the irrigation and drainage systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan” provides for the restoration of irrigation system in Almaty region and improvement of soil condition in South Kazakhstan region. This project will cost $ 235.5 million, and UNDP funds will be involved as co-financing. Kyrgyzstan also has introduced GoAL WaSH programme from 2013∼2015. Through this programme, public education is very effective for the clean water and sanitation. On 2015, the government of Tajikistan adopted the Water Sector Reform Programme 2016∼2025. The Water Sector Reform is about transferring water resources management from administrative to hydrological boundaries. As the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources is the reform coordinator, new organizations have been formed: the National Water Council(a consultative body on a state water policy at the national level), River Basin Organizations(a basin executive authority and responsible for coordinating the implementation of the state water policy at a basin level), River Basin Councils(a basin representative authority representing the voice of basin water users and stakeholders). Turkmenistan is the highest per capita users of water in the world. However a salinity increased 25 times compared with former Soviet Union, as inefficient technology and bad water distribution. In order to solve this problem, government, public company, and private stake holders are involving a law amendment in order to implement IWRM. In order to have secure water resources, Swiss have subsidized 2.66million dollars to the Uzbekistan. Introducing drip irrigation and furrow irrigation, 5 farm can save 47,500㎥ of water. Interstate cooperation in Chu and Talas river basins shared by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan is a most successful example of bilateral relations in the water resources sector. Chu-Talas Water Commission had agreed to a reasonable distribution for the wasted water and will have more investment for the drinking water system. Most of conflict are Uzbekistan and other neighboring countries in the Central Asia, because Uzbekistan is the largest consumer of water resources in this area. The problem of water pollution is an example of regal and territorial issues between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. As there is a long conflict between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, they could not find an optimal solution of water resources price, because during summer Uzbekistan needs water from Kyrgyzstan`s Toktogul reservoir, in turn, Kyrgyzstan consumes gas from Uzbekistan in winter. As Tajikistan has reactivated a project of construction of a HPP in Rogan, Uzbekistan`s reaction became a real threat to the regional security. According to the Agreement between Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan on water management, the scope of this Agreement is to regulate some issues regarding joint waterworks regulating water drain into the Aral Sea. Multilateral cooperation such as CAREC project, so called, “Stake holders partnerships in collaborative policy making” is started from april 2012. The project is try to connect small river streams like Aspara, Isfara, Ugam and Sudoche lake to have large transboundary basins. To solve water resource problems is not having a competition but having a effective regulation and cooperation among and between Central Asian countries. The good standard of cooperation and transparent norms in the multilateral cooperation will be most efficient and effective solution for the water resources in the Central Asia.

텍스트마이닝을 활용한 국외 노인작업치료의 연구동향 분석

김아람(Kim, Ah-Ram),이태권(Lee, Tae kwon),정인재(Jeong, In Jae),박혜연(Park, Hae Yean) 대한신경계작업치료학회 2021 재활치료과학 Vol.10 No.1

목적( : 본 연구는 텍스트마이닝을 활용하여 국외 노인 작업치료의 양적 변화와 현황 파악을 정량적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 2009~2019년까지 PubMed를 활용하여 Elderly, Health, Occupational therapy가 들어간 제목과 초록이 존재하는 연구논문을 분석대상으로 선정하여 초록의 단어들을 수집하였다. 수집된 정보를 통해 연도별 발생 논문 편수, 핵심어 분석, 연도별 핵심어 분석, 단어들 간의 관계성을 분석하였다. 결과 : 2009-2019년에 발표된 논문은 9,941편이며, 2009년부터 점차적으로 증가하여 2017년 또는 2018년에 최다 빈도를 보인 후 2019년에 감소하는 추이를 보였다. 최근 5년간 빈도수가 많은 단어는 Care, Group, Intervention, Pain, Treatment, Work이었다. 최근 11년간 평균적인 빈도수를 기준으로 단어 간의 관계성을 파악한 결과, Function, Health, Intervention, Participation이 단어들 간의 높은 관계성을 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 텍스트마이닝이라는 새로운 연구방법을 적용하여 작업치료의 동향을 실증적, 체계적으로 분석하여 거시적이고 종합적인 결과를 제시했다는 점에 의의가 있다. 이를 토대로 노인과 관련된 작업치료 임상 및 연구 현장에서 새로운 연구방향을 설정하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the quantitative changes in, and the status of, overseas occupational therapy using text mining. Methods : Using PubMed, research papers on Elderly, Health and Occupational therapy published between 2009 and 2019 were selected for analysis, Abstracts of the selected papers were analyzed. The number of annual papers, the key words, the key words by year, and the relationship between the words were analyzed. Results : The number of papers published from 2009 to 2019 was 9,941, there was a gradual increase from 2009 to the highest in 2017 or 2018, followed by a decreasing trend in 2019. Within the last five years, the most frequent words were Care, Group, Intervention, Pain, Treatment, and Work. There was a strong relationship between the words based on the average frequency over the last 11 years, function, health, event, and partition. Conclusion : This study is meaningful because it applied a new research method called text mining to the empirical and systematic analysis of trends in occupational therapy and presented macroscopic and comprehensive results. The findings are expected to help establish new research directions at clinical and research sites for occupational therapy related to older adults.