정화 보조지표와 시료 채취 방법 제안을 통한 토양정화검증 제도 개선 연구

권지철,이군택,김태승,윤정기,김지인,김용훈,김준영,최정민,Kwon, Ji Cheol,Lee, Goontaek,Kim, Tae Seung,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Ji-in,Kim, Yonghoon,Kim, Joonyoung,Choi, Jeongmin 한국지하수토양환경학회 2016 지하수토양환경 Vol.21 No.6

In addition to the measurement of the concentration of soil contaminants, the new idea of indicative parameters was proposed to validate the remedial works through the monitoring for the changes of soil characteristics after applying the clean up technologies. The parameters like CFU (colony forming unit), pH and soil texture were recommended as indicative parameters for land farming. In case of soil washing, water content and the particle size distribution of the sludge were recommended as indicative parameters. The sludge is produced through the particle separation process in soil washing and it is usually treated as a waste. The parameters like water content, organic matter content, CEC (cation exchange capacity) and CFU were recommended as indicative parameters for the low temperature thermal desorption method. Besides the indicative parameter, sampling methods in stock pile and the optimal minimum amount of composite soil sample were proposed. The rates of sampling error in regular grid, zigzag, four bearing, random grid methods were 17.3%, 17.6%, 17.2% and 16.5% respectively. The random grid method showed the minimum sampling error among the 4 kinds of sampling methods although the differences in sampling errors were very little. Therefore the random grid method was recommended as an appropriate sampling method in stock pile. It was not possible to propose a value of optimal minimum amount of composite soil sample based on the real analytical data due to the dynamic variation of $CV_{fund{\cdot}error}$. Instead of this, 355 g of soil was recommended for the optimal minimum amount of composite soil sample under the assumption of ISO 10381-8.

문명 금은광산 주변 논토양에서 As 및 중금속의 토양과 벼작물의 상관성 평가

권지철,박현정,정명채,Kwon, Ji Cheol,Park, Hyun-Jung,Jung, Myung Chae 대한자원환경지질학회 2015 자원환경지질 Vol.48 No.4

이 연구는 휴광된 문명광산 주변의 토양과 식물의 유기적 관계규명을 위해 토양시료를 왕수, 1 M $MgCl_2$, 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ 및 0.05 M EDTA 등 다양한 추출제로 전처리하여 As 및 중금속을 분석하였다. 화학분해 방법에 따른 함량은 왕수 > 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ > 1 M $MgCl_2$ > 0.05 M EDTA 순으로 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 원소별 생물학적 농축계수(BAC)는 Cd, Cu 및 Zn 함량이 As와 Pb에 비해 상대적으로 높은 결과를 얻었다. 이 연구에서 식물농도에 영향을 주는 물리화학적 특성을 이용하여 단계별 다중선형회귀분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 As 및 중금속의 농도 예측에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 농가의 1일 평균 쌀소비량인 287 g을 적용하여 세계보건기구의 미량원소 1일 섭취 최대허용량과 비교한 결과 Cd와 As에서 각각 73.7%, 51.8%의 높은 섭취량을 보였다. 그러므로 현재까지 발현되지는 않았지만 광산주변 거주자들이 지역에서 재배된 쌀을 장기간 섭취할 경우 As 및 중금속 농축에 의한 건강의 악영향이 발생될 수 있으므로 적절한 처리가 요구된다. This study has focused on investigation of correlation for As and heavy metals in paddy soil and rice crops sampled in the vicinity of the abandoned Munmyung Au-Ag mine. Soil samples extracted by various methods including aqua regia, 1 M $MgCl_2$, 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ and 0.05 M EDTA were analyzed for As and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). Rice grain samples grown on the soils were also analyzed for the same elements to evaluate the relationships between soils and rice crops. According to soil extraction methods, As and heavy metal contents in the soils were decreased in the order of aqua regia > 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ > 1 M $MgCl_2$ > 0.05 M EDTA. In addition to correlation analysis, statistically significant correlation with the four extraction methods (p<0.01) were found in the soil and rice samples. As calculation of biological accumulation coefficients (BACs) of the rice crops for As and heavy metals, the BACs for Cd, Zn and Cu were relatively higher than those for As and Pb. This study also carried out a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to identify the dominant factors influencing metal extraction rates of the paddy soils. Furthermore, daily intakes of As and heavy metals from regularly consumed the rice grain (287 g/day) grown on the contaminated soils by the mining activities were estimated, and found that Cd and As intakes from the rice reached up to 73.7% and 51.8% for maximum allowance levels of trace elements suggested by WHO, respectively. Therefore, long-term consumption of the rice poses potential health problems to residents around the mine, although no adverse health effects have yet been observed.

두 가지 추출제를 이용한 광산지 인근 농경지 토양 중비소, 카드뮴, 구리, 납의 용출 특성 평가

권지철,이군택,정명채,김정욱,윤정기,김현구,김지인,이홍길,김인자,김태승,강지영 한국지하수토양환경학회 2019 지하수토양환경 Vol.24 No.6

This study evaluated the relative extraction ratio (RER) of As and heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Pb) in paddy soils using thetwo types extractant, 0.05 M EDTA and 0.43M HNO3. The RER was calculated by dividing the concentrations of metalsobtained by 0.05M EDTA or 0.43 M HNO3 extraction by those obtained by aqua regia extraction. The RER of 0.43MHNO3 was larger than that of 0.05M EDTA. Correlation analysis indicated there was statistically significant correlation(p<0.001) between the concentration in aqua regia and 0.05M EDTA or 0.43 M HNO3. Especially, Cd showed the highercorrelation than other metals. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses indicated soil pH, CEC, organic matter content,and soil texture all influenced the metal extraction rates and bioavailability of the metals.

영대 금은광산 주변 농경지에서 비소 및 중금속의 계절적 변화와 토양과 식물의 상관성 평가

권지철,정명채,정선희,김태승 한국자원공학회 2013 한국자원공학회지 Vol.50 No.2

This study has focused on evaluation on environmental contamination and seasonal variation of As and heavy metals in soils and crop plant (rice) in paddy fields around the Yeongdae Au-Ag mine. Paddy soils and crop plants were sampled at June, August and October, 2010 to examine seasonal variation of As and heavy metals. Soil samples were extracted by various methods including aqua regia, 1M MgCl2, 0.01M CaCl2 and 0.05M EDTA to evaluate the soil-plant relationships. Relative extraction ratio (RER) for As and heavy metals in the samples increased in the order of EDTA < MgCl2 < CaCl2. In the same extraction methods, the RER values for Cd and Zn were relatively higher than those for As, Cu and Pb due to differences in geochemical mobilities. For seasonal variation, relatively high concentrations of the elements were found in the soils and rice stalk grown under oxidizing conditions (October) than reducing (August) conditions. In addition, biological accumulation coefficients (BACs) of the rice stalks were higher than those of the rice grain, and the coefficients for Cd, Cu and Zn were higher than those for As and Pb. 이 연구는 영대 금은광산 주변의 논토양과 식물(벼)의 비소와 중금속 오염과 계절적 변화를 고찰하고자 하였다. 계절적인 변화를 고찰하기 위하여 2010년 6월, 8월 및 10월에 조사 대상 농경지의 토양과 식물을 채취하였다. 또한 토양과 식물의 유기적 관계를 규명하기 위하여 토양 시료를 왕수, 1M MgCl2, 0.01M CaCl2 및 0.05M EDTA 등 다양한 추출제로 전처리하여 비소 및 중금속을 분석하였다. 비소와 중금속의 상대적인 추출비(RER)는EDTA < MgCl2 < CaCl2 순서로 증가되었으며, 동일한 추출법에서는 원소의 지구화학적 이동도에 따라 Cd과 Zn의 상대적인 추출비가 As, Cu 및 Pb 보다 상대적으로 높았다. 또한 토양과 식물의 비소 및 중금속에 대한 계절적 변화에 있어서는 산화환경(10월)이 환원환경(8월)에 비해 상대적으로 높은 함량이 검출되었다. 또한, 벼줄기의 생물학적 농축계수(BAC)가 벼(쌀)보다 높았으며, 원소별로는 Cd, Cu 및 Zn이 As와 Pb에 비해 상대적으로 높은 결과를 얻었다.

Impact assessment of heavy metal pollution in the municipal lake water, Yaounde, Cameroon

권지철,Ekengele Nga Léopold,정명채,Ekodeck Georges Emmanuel,Mbome Lape Israël,김기현 한국지질과학협의회 2012 Geosciences Journal Vol.16 No.2

The objectives of this study are to evaluate the extent of heavy metal pollution in water at the Municipal Lake of Yaounde, and to find out their variability and origin. Water from fifteen selected sites of the lake and River Mingoa, Cameroon was sampled in August 16th of 2005 and 2006 and in 30th August 2007 during the minor dry season; and subjected to the analyses of physico-chemical parameters and various elements. In addition, multivariate data analysis techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) were utilized to determine the variations in heavy metal content in the Municipal Lake water and their natural or anthropogenic sources. The chemical results indicated that concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Cd and Pb in the study area exceeded the drinking water quality and they would pose health risk for users of these waters. This is evidence that River Mingoa, the main tributary to the Municipal Lake is the main collector of pollutants from activities in the sloping side of the Municipal Lake. Based on the multivariate statistical analysis, very high positive correlations were observed between elements, and five factors computed from PCA explained 86.6% of total variance. These factor loadings are mainly controlled by anthropogenic inputs, lithogenic processes during weathering progress of natural parent materials and local geology

조사 대상 부지 신규 분류 체계 제안 및 개황조사 강화를 통한 토양정밀조사 방법 개선 연구

권지철,이군택,황상일,김태승,윤정기,김지인,Kwon, Ji Cheol,Lee, Goontaek,Hwang, Sang-il,Kim, Tae Seung,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Ji-in 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7

This study suggested the new site classification system according to land use, type of contamination and contaminants. Because the present site classification system can not cover all the areas, we changed the concept of land use to more detail one and enlarged the concept of other areas to cover all the areas not defined as certain land use. In case of the present industrial area, it was merged as other areas to avoid the confusion with oil and toxic material storage tank farm area. Accident area was separated from other areas and defined as only accident area caused by the mobile storage facility. In addition to classify the sites according to the basic land use, we classify the sites again in lower level according to the type of contamination and contaminants. With this classification system, we proposed different soil sampling strategy with the consideration of the origin of contamination and the interactions between soil and contaminants. We removed the surface soil sample (0~15 cm depth) around above storage tank because it was not a effective sample to assess whether that area contaminated or not. We also proposed to take the deeper soil samples at minimum three sampling points to confirm the depth of contamination in exploratory soil survey. We also proposed to remove the one point of 15 m depth sampling because it is not effective to confirm contaminated soil depth and needs the exhausted labor and cost. Instead of doing this, we added the continuous sampling to uncontaminated subsoil. Soil sampling points and depth in detailed soil survey is determined based on the results of exploratory soil survey. Therefore, effectiveness and reinforcements of exploratory soil survey would play an important role in improving the reliability of detailed soil survey.

국내 휴·폐금속광산 주변 백미의 비소 및 중금속 함량과 일일 섭취량

권지철,이군택,김정욱,정명채 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol. No.

Rice is a staple food source in Asian countries. In paddy field, rice plant can take up toxic elements through its roots from contaminated soils, and its leaves and grain can absorb the toxic elements deposited on the soil surface. A totla of 40 soil and polished rice samples were collected around four abandoned metal mines in Korea and analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The average contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in rice grain grown on the contaminated soils were 0.247, 0.174, 4.694, 0.804 and 16.78 mg/kg, respectively. These levels are higher than worldwide average concentrations. Assuming the rice consumption of 169 g/day by overall households in Korea, the estimated daily intakes from the rices were found to be 33, 48, and 63% for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) suggested by the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee.

폐금속광산 주변 농경지 토양의 비소 및 중금속에 대한 용출특성 평가

권지철,이명규,정명채 한국자원공학회 2014 한국자원공학회지 Vol.51 No.3

This study evaluated extraction rates of As and heavy metals in soils using representative three soil extraction procedures. The three chemical leaching methods by aqua regia, 1M MgCl2 and 0.01M CaCl2 wereexamined to evaluate metal mobility for 120 paddy soils from abandoned metal mines. As results of chemical analysis, relative extraction ratio(RER) defined as elements extracted by extractant divided by those by aqua regia for As and heavy metals in the samples increased in the order of 0.01M CaCl2 < 1M MgCl2. The RER values for Cd were relatively higher than those for As, Cu and Pb due to their differences in geochemical mobilities. According to statistical analysis, significant correlation was found between those three methods(p<0.001). This study also established a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis for identification of dominant factors influencing metal extraction rates of contaminated paddy soils from mining sites. 이 연구에서는 국내 휴・폐금속광산 주변의 논토양 120개의 시료를 채취하여 비소 및 중금속 함량을 왕수분해법을 통해 확인하고 1M MgCl2과 0.01M CaCl2을 활용하여 금속의 이동도를 평가하고자 하였다. 화학적 용출법을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 용출제로 용출한 비소와 중금속 농도에 대한 왕수 추출 농도의 비로 정의되는 상대적인 추출비(RER)는 1M MgCl2 > 0.01M CaCl2 순으로 나타났다. 원소별로 비교하면 Cd은 다른 원소에 비해 상대적으로 높은 추출율을 보이며, 이는 지구화학적 이동도가 높은 원소이기 때문으로 판단된다. 화학분해 방법에 따른 함량 변화는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보이며(p<0.001), 1M MgCl2이 0.01M CaCl2보다 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 얻었다. 이 연구에서는 토양의 용출율에 영향을 주는 토양의 원소 함량과 물리화학적 특성을 이용하여 다중선형회귀분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 비소 및 중금속의 농도 예측에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

폐금속광산 주변 논토양 및 벼작물의 비소함량과 계절적 변화

권지철,정명채,강만희,Kwon, Ji Cheol,Jung, Myung Chae,Kang, Man Hee 대한자원환경지질학회 2013 자원환경지질 Vol.46 No.4

The objective of this study is to investigate the contents and seasonal variation of arsenic in soils and crop plant(rice) in paddy fields around the abandoned metal mines in Korea. The soils were extracted by various methods including aqua regia, 1 M $MgCl_2$, 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ and 0.05 M EDTA to evaluate the relationships between soils and crop plants(rice). According to correlation analysis, statistically significant correlation with the four methods(p<0.01) were found in soils extracted by various chemical solutions and arsenic contents in soils were decreased in the order of 1M $MgCl_2$ > 0.01M $CaCl_2$ > 0.05 M EDTA. Biological accumulation coefficients(BACs) of rice stalks were higher than those of rice grain, and the coefficients under reducing(August) environment were higher than those under oxidizing conditions(October). Assuming the rice consumption of 315 g/day by farm households in Korea, the amount of daily intake of arsenic were estimated to be 77.8 ${\mu}g/day$. The daily intake of arsenic from the rice estimates up to 65% of ADI(acceptable daily intake) that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties. 이 연구는 국내 휴폐금속광산 주변의 논토양과 식물(벼)의 비소 오염과 계절적 변화를 고찰하고, 토양과 식물의 유기적 관계규명을 위해 토양시료를 왕수, 1 M $MgCl_2$, 0.01 M $CaCl_2$ 및 0.05 M EDTA 등 다양한 추출제로 전처리하여 비소를 분석하였다. 화학분해 방법에 따른 함량 변화는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보이며(p<0.01), 1 M $MgCl_2$ >0.01 M $CaCl_2$ >0.05 M EDTA 순으로 나타났다. 벼줄기의 생물학적 농축계수는 산화환경보다 환원환경에서 높았으며, 백미시료에서는 농축계수가 0.02로 낮게 나타났다. 농가의 1일 평균 쌀소비량인 315 g을 적용하여 세계보건기구의 미량원소 1일 섭취 최대허용량과 비교한 결과 농가에서는 65%의 높은 섭취량을 보여, 이들 쌀 소비에 의한 비소의 인체섭취도에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 확인하였다.

폐금속광산 주변 오염농경지의 As 및 중금속 안정성 효율 평가

권요셉,정명채,권지철,정선희,김기준,인현진,안상곤,이근춘,김윤수 한국자원공학회 2013 한국자원공학회지 Vol.50 No.6

This study has focused on evaluation of stabilization ability of Arsenic and heavy metals in agricultural soils contaminated by mining activities. According to column test (adding 5% of granule limestone), concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soils were decreased to 35%, 80%, 75%, 100 and 85% respectively. By adding 3% of granule limestone and 2% of steel making slag, more elements in soils were stabilized, except As. In comparison with sequential extraction results for before and after stabilization treatment, over 90% of As and Cu (step 4 and 5), also more than 80% of Pb and Zn in the soils existed in the strong bound, and over 75% of Cd in the soils existed in relatively weak bound (step 1, 2 and 3). consequently crop plants which grown in contaminated soils can be affected by accumulation of As and heavy metals derived from covering materials. 이 연구는 금속광산 주변 농경지 토양으로부터 비소 및 중금속 안정성 효율 평가를 위해 실험을 실시하였다. 컬럼실험 결과, 5% 입상석회석을 첨가한 경우 비소는 35%, 카드뮴 80%, 구리 75%, 납 100% 및 아연 85%로 감소하였으며, 입상석회석 3%와 제강슬래그 2% 첨가시 비소를 제외한 모든 원소에서 좋은 처리효과를 나타내었다. 컬럼 전, 후 시료를 이용한 단계별(연속)추출 결과 비소와 구리는 90% 이상 안정된 형태(4~5단계)의 토양으로 존재하며, 카드뮴은 75%가 쉽게 용출되는 형태(1~3단계)의 토양으로 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 납과 아연에서도 80% 이상 안정된 형태로 존재하는 반면, 복토재의 컬럼실험 전, 후 단계별 추출 결과는 컬럼실험 후에 생물학적 이용도가 높은 단계인 1~3단계가 모두 상승하여 식물에 중금속이 흡수될 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.