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이홍길 전남사학회 2003 역사학연구 Vol.21 No.-
毛澤東和中國農民是通過土地結成了牢固的聯盟. 但不幸的是這種聯盟具有時限性. 靑年時代的毛澤東共産主義爲救國救民的手段. 爲實現共産中國這개目標, 必須尋求革命的推動力, 而這개推動力他在中國農民身上我到了. 但對中國農民來說, 土地僅僅是賴以生存, 使其擺脫生活困境的生産資料而己, 而不是革命的手段. 通過以土地爲媒介發動和領導農民進行斗爭, 從而達到執政的毛澤東來說, 執政給他創造了改燮中國的落后面貌, 救民衆干苦難, 實現現代化的宏大理想的機會, 而其前提是農民的集體化, 土地的公有化. 他認爲他的革命不是僅僅解決人類物質生活不平等的世俗手段, 而是開創無窮的歷史發展新局面的大根源, 是絶對眞理. 至比, 會出現歷史發展成爲主體, 而人類的生活反而從屬干這一主體的本末倒置現象. 在任何地方都看不到手澤東對大躍進時期衆多農民的死亡曾流露過同情. 通過土地革命, 抗日戰爭和與蔣介石的斗爭, 毛澤東的權力逐步形成絶對化. 農民們在他的領導下, 從生存的壓力中獲得解脫的喜悅中自覺地成爲 “革命的螺絲釘. 因爲這是絶對勸力的需要. 對現實起平衡作用的社會力, 在喊打倒只乘下外形的資産階級和日益高漲的革命氣下己蕩然無存. 人民的各種民主權力當作資産階級的法權被排除, 從而從源泉上就根除悼了對毛澤東的革命能起監督, 制約的力量. 文革時期不允許任何人持有與他不同的見解, 因爲那就是意味着反毛澤東, 意味着反革命. 毛澤東可謂是絶對權力者 領유和人民是魚水關系. 領유離開人民就不能稱其爲領유, 但離開領유的人民依然存在. 也就是說, 任何時候都是人民是第一位, 其次才是領유. 因此, 領유就有全心全意爲國家的主人-人民服務的義務, 其職責是爲人民謀幸福. 只有在人民能自由地表達개人意愿的時候, 領導人才能了解到人民的眞正需求. 爲此, 必須保障人民的各種權利, 這就是民主化. 只有確立普遍的民主化, 才能避免重蹈曾在手澤東與中國農民之間産生過的歷史悲劇
이홍길,김지인,변윤주,김현구,윤정기 한국지하수토양환경학회 2017 지하수토양환경 Vol.22 No.6
The accuracy of analytical results in response to the use of different additives (NH4Cl, KCl, LaCl3) and oxidant gases was evaluated and compared by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Identification of spectroscopic interferences and possible improvements in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis were also discussed. The average accuracies of total chromium using Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were found to be 72.1~94.2% in air/acetylene flame condition by AAS, and they were improved to 100.5~110.5% when the oxidants was changed to nitrous oxide rather than adding the additives. The field samples showed similar trends to CRMs, but chromium concentrations were highly variable depending on analytical conditions. The average accuracies using CRMs were estimated to be 89.3~166.1% by ICP-AES, and improved to below 121.7% after eliminating iron interference. Field samples with low chromium and high iron concentration were measured to be > 30% lower in total chromium concentrations by ICP-AES than AAS in nitrous oxide/acetylene flame. Total chromium concentrations in soil could be analyzed with better accuracy under nitrous oxide/acetylene flame by AAS because it was more effective to increase the temperature of the flame than to eliminate the chemical interference for maximizing atomization of chromium. When using ICP-AES, interference substances, total chromium levels, and analytical conditions should be also considered.
이홍길 전남사학회 1999 역사학연구 Vol.13 No.-
The 2nd Kuomindang-Communist Coalition was a historic moment. Chiang Kaisheck's Kuomindang government put its previous hostility toward the Communists behind and established an anti-Japanese, national unification line with the Commuinists, which received a wholeheart support from the Chinese people. The Japanese invasion of China was more intensive and decisive than any imperialistic nations had ever done. It was the desire of the Chinese people to call a national unity to repel the Japanese invasion. The national demand to stop the internal war between the Kuomindang and the Communists made the coalition possible. Once Japan was defeated, however, the two sides dropped the coalition and resumed the war against each other, leaving the country devastated. As a result of the war, the Communists dominated the nation and the Kuomindang escaped to Taiwan. The coalition was a problematic from the beginning. The two sides failed to achieve agreements in various issues including the political and military principles and the mobilization of the people for the war. Without having these agreements, they focused more on grabbing the dominance of the nation than on fighting against the Japanese. While the Communists gained the support of the people by exercising democratization and land reform, the Kuomindang lost the support of the people by suppressing the people's will to democracy and falling into corruption within its bureaucracy and military. This historical background made the Communist victory possible.
농경지 및 공장지역 토양 내 중금속 존재형태와 토양 특성과의 상관성 평가
이홍길,김지인,노회정,박정의,김태승,윤정기,Lee, Hong-gil,Kim, Ji-in,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Park, Jeong-Eui,Kim, Tae Seung,Yoon, Jeong Ki 한국지하수토양환경학회 2016 지하수토양환경 Vol.21 No.6
The Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme (SM&T-formerly BCR) extraction procedure was applied to fractionate Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in 23 top soil samples into: (i) exchangeable phase; (ii) reducible phase; (iii) oxidisable(sulfides and organics bound) phase; and (iv) residual phase. Fractions of Cr and Ni were in the order of residual > oxidisable > reducible > exchangeable phase. The oxidisable phase was identified as dominant for Cu and Pb. Zn had the highest ratio of exchangeable phase in comparision to the other metals. The bioavailability and mobility were assessed to be the greatest for Zn, followed by a decreasing order of Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr. All metal average concentrations in topsoil samples was higher in industrial sites than in agricultural sites. Our results revealed higher concentrations in topsoil samples (0~15 cm) than in sub soils (15~30 cm, 30~60 cm) for most metals at six sites (No. 5, 6, 17, 19, 20, 23). The fractions of exchangeable, reducible ad oxidisable phases showed relatively high correlation with soil pH, Fe/Mn oxide concentrations and organic matter contents, respectively.
오염원 인근 토양 중 베릴륨(Be), 코발트(Co), 탈륨(Tl), 바나듐(V)의 농도분포 및 오염영향 평가
이홍길,노회정,윤정기,임종환,임가희,김현구,김지인,Lee, Hong-gil,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Lim, Jong-hwan,Lim, Ga-Hee,Kim, HyunKoo,Kim, Ji-in 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.4
Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.