토론 | Discussion

고현수,김동훈,김희현,이상태,진대식,고승익,김태석,김화경,한상호,홍성화 제주관광학회 2017 제주관광학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.05

공공하수처리시설 운영방식에 따른 성과 차이 분석에 관한 연구

고현수,하동균,Ko, Hyunsoo,Ha, Donggyun 한국수자원학회 2022 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.55 No.5

This study aims to analyze the differences in performance according to various operation methods (direct management, public consignment, and private agency) of public sewage treatment facilities and derive the most efficient and high level of sewage treatment services to the public based on the research results. To this end, economic performance indicators (sewage treatment cost, sewerage rate) and social performance indicators (water quality, number of civil complaints) were selected, and cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal analysis were used to verify the difference between the averages of three or more groups through one-way ANOVA. As a result of the analysis, cross-sectional analysis, there was no difference in economic performance dimension according to the operating method, but in terms of social performance dimension, it was found that there was a difference according to the operating method. In the case of water quality indicators, the results were superior to those directly managed by public consignment and private agencies in the number of civil complaints. In the longitudinal analysis examining the improvement of performance indicators, there was no significant difference by operation method in most performance indicators. In order to improve the efficiency of public services and improve the service level, various approaches suitable for the characteristics of each service are required in addition to the logic of public consignment or introduction of private agency. In the future, when local governments promote public consignment or private agency, it is necessary to understand and promote the nature of the service, the specificity of each local government, and the needs of service users.

지방상수도 서비스의 효율성 및 형평성에 관한 연구

고현수 한국미래행정학회 2024 한국미래행정학회 학술대회 Vol.2024 No.02

대학생의 학업적 자기효능감, 그릿, 학습된 무기력이 학업지연행동에 미치는 영향

고현수,유정은,문은조,박정희 사단법인 한국응급구조학회 2023 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.27 No.3

Purpose: This study attempted to identify how academic self-efficacy, grit, and learned helplessness influence Academic delay behavior in college students and provide a foundation for reducing Academic delay behavior in college students. Methods: Data was collected from October 12, 2023 to October 30, 2023 using a structured questionnaire from 170 college students at a university in City D. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: Academic delay behaviors were significantly negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy (r=-.371, p<.001) and grit (r=-.562, p=.012), and significantly positively correlated with learned helplessness (r=.341, p<.001). Conclusion: Finally, In order to reduce academic delay behaviors among college students, it is necessary to actively utilize educational environments that promote academic achievement and grit, academic-related counseling programs, and learning environments that do not suffer from academic helplessness.

방산기업의 기술혁신 특성과 성공요인 그리고 정부지원효과에 관한 연구

고현수,박재민,이정수 경성대학교 산업개발연구소 2015 산업혁신연구 Vol.31 No.1

방위산업이 기술혁신에서 차지하는 중요성은 높다. 그러나 그간 방산기업의 혁신활동과 특성에 관한 연구는 많지 않았다. 이 같이 연구가 부족했던 가장 큰 이유는 방산기업의 기술혁신활동에 대한 통계와 정보가 부족했던 탓이다. 본 연구에서는 우리 기업들의 기술혁신 활동에 대한 가장 규모가 크고 상세한 조사인 기술혁신조사 결과를 활용하여 방산기업의 기술혁신 성과와 정부지원의 영향을 일반기업과 비교적 관점에서 분석하였다. 특히 대표적 기술혁신 성과인 특허정보를 다룸에 있어 통계적 문제점으로 자주 제기되었던 과산포 문제와 영팽창 문제를 다루기 위해 음이항모형과 영팽창음이항모형을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 설명변수의 과산포로 인해 일반적인 포아송모형이 적정하지 않음과 혁신활동과 특허성과의 관계에 관해 제시한 가설들이 타당함을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 정부지원이 방산기업의 특허성과에 긍정적으로 기여하고, 동일한 조건이라면 방산기업의 성과가 다른 기업에 비해 높다는 점도 확인하였다. 또 방산기술의 경우 높은 보완성이 요구되고 정부가 독점적인 수요자라는 점에서 기술혁신에 있어 내부정보원천의 중요성과 기술개발자금지원의 효과성도 보였다. 더불어 Vuong 검정을 통해 일반적인 음이항모형 보다는 특허출원에 관한 기업의 선택을 고려할 수 있는 영팽창모형의 채택이 바람직함도 확인할 수 있었다. The defense industry is highly significant in the technological innovation systems of a country. However, there have been few studies on the characteristics and innovation activities of defense companies. The biggest reason for this lack of studies involves constraints on the statistics and information on technological innovation activities of defense companies. In this study, the technological innovation outcome of defense companies as well as the effects of government support were analyzed by utilizing the results of a technological innovation survey, the largest and detailed investigation into technological innovation activities of domestic companies. In particular, this study proposed negative binomial models and zero-inflated NB models to cope with the statistical problem of over-dispersion when dealing with patent outcome, which is the representative technological innovation performaneg. Results of the analysis confirmed most of the hypotheses suggested with respect to the relationship between innovation activities and patent outcome. In particular, it was found that government support made a positive contribution to the patent outcome, and the performance of defense companies was higher given the same conditions. It was also identified that general Poison models are not applicable due to the over-dispersion problem. In addition, it was suggested that through the Vuong test, adoption of zero-inflated models that can take into account the selection of companies on the patent application may be needed.

L-spine Bone SPECT/CT에서 획득된 저선량 CT 영상을 이용한 용적 골밀도 결과의 유용성

고현수,박순기,김은혜,최종숙,정우영,이동윤,Hyunsoo Ko,Soonki Park,Eunhye Kim,Jongsook Choi,Wooyoung Jung,Dongyun Lee 대한핵의학기술학회 2023 핵의학 기술 Vol.27 No.2

Purpose: CT scan makes up for the weak point of the nuclear medicine image having a low resolution and also were used for attenuation correction on image reconstruction. Recently, many studies try to make use of CT images additionally, one of them is to measure the bone mineral density(BMD) using Quantitative CT(QCT) software. BMD exams are performed to scan lumbar and femur with DXA(Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) in order to diagnose bone disease such as osteopenia, osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to identify the usefulness of QCT_BMD analyzed with low dose CT images on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT comparing with DXA_BMD. Materials and Methods: Fifty five women over 50 years old (mean 66.4 ± 9.1) who took the both examinations(L-spine Bone SPECT/CT with SIEMENS Intevo 16 and DXA scan with GE Lunar prodigy advance) within 90 days from April 2017 to July 2022, BMD, T-score and disease classification were analyzed. Three-dimensional BMD was analyzed with low dose CT images acquired on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT scan on Mindways QCT PRO^TM software and two-dimensional BMD was analyzed on DXA scan. Basically, Lumbar 1-4 were analyzed and the patients who has lesion or spine implants on L-spine were excluded for this study. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in BMD and T-score, chi-square test was performed in disease classification between QCT and DXA. Results: On 55 patients, the minimum of QCT_BMD was 18.10, maximum was 166.50, average was 82.71 ± 31.5 mg/cm³. And the minimum of DXA-BMD was 0.540, maximum was 1.302, average was 0.902 ± 0.201 g/cm², respectively. The result shows a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD(p<0.001, r=0.76). The minimum of QCT_T-score was -5.7, maximum was -0.1, average was -3.2 ± 1.3 and the minimum of DXA_T-score was -5.0, maximum was 1.7, average was -2.0 ± 1.3, respectively. The result shows a statistical correlation between QCT T-score and DXA T-score (p<0.001, r=0.66). On the disease classification, normal was 5, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 25 in QCT and normal was 10, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 20 in DXA. There was under-estimation of bone decrease relatively on DXA than QCT, but there was no significant differences statistically by chi-square test between QCT and DXA. Conclusion: Through this study, we could identify that the QCT measurement with low dose CT images QCT from L-Spine Bone SPECT/CT was reliable because of a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD. Bone SPECT/CT scan can provide three-dimensional information also BMD measurement with CT images. In the future, rather than various exams such as CT, BMD, Bone scan are performed, it will be possible to provide multipurpose information via only SPECT/CT scan. In addition, it will be very helpful clinically in the sense that we can provide a diagnosis of potential osteoporosis, especially in middle-aged patients.

PET 검사실 종사자의 업무 행위 별 방사선피폭 조사에 따른 피폭선량 저감화를 위한 연구

고현수,김호성,남궁창경,윤순상,송재혁,류재광,정우영,장정찬,Ko, Hyun Soo,Kim, Ho Sung,Nam-Kung, Chang Kyeoung,Yoon, Soon Sang,Song, Jae Hyuk,Ryu, Jae Kwang,Jung, Woo Young,Chang, Jung Chan 대한핵의학기술학회 2015 핵의학 기술 Vol.19 No.1

핵의학과 방사선 작업 종사자는 진단 방사선 발생장치를 사용하는 업무처럼 방사선원으로부터 완전히 격리 된 공간에서 근무하거나, 선원과의 거리를 멀게 유지하기가 쉽지 않다. 또한 종사자는 시행하고 있는 업무 행위에 대해 익숙해지고 오랫동안 업무를 하게 되면, 본인이 시행하고 있는 업무가 최적화 된 방법이라고 인식되는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 방사성동위원소를 이용하는 환자 검사 및 정도 관리 행위마다 얼마만큼의 방사선피폭을 받는 지를 측정해보고, 개선 해야 할 업무 방법에 대해 모색하여 실제로 개선 하였을 경우 피폭 선량의 차이는 얼마나 되는지를 조사해 보고자 한다. PET 검사실에서 시행 되는 업무 형태를 행위 별로 장비 정도 관리, 주사, 영상획득, 기타 사항으로 크게 네 가지로 분류 하였다. 장비 정도 관리 업무 에서는 $^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom을 이용한 일 별(Daily) 정도 관리 중 테이블을 직접 조종 하는 방법과 조종실에서 원격으로 조정하는 두 가지 방법으로, 주사 업무에서는 주사 전 안내와 주사 후 안내 두 가지 방법으로, 영상획득 업무에서는 환자 바로 옆에 있는 테이블 조종 버튼을 사용하는 방법과 멀리 떨어진 곳에서의 버튼을 사용하는 방법 두 가지로 나누어 실험하여 비교하였다. 행위 별 누적 피폭 선량을 측정하기 위해 시간 별 피폭 누적치(${\mu}Sv$) 측정이 가능한 Tracerco 사의 'PERSONAL ELECTRONIC DOSEMETER (PED)'를 사용하였다.$^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom을 이용한 일 별정도 관리(Daily QC) 업무에서 테이블을 직접 조종 하는 경우에는 1회당 평균 $0.27{\pm}0.04{\mu}Sv$를, 조종실에서 원격으로 조정하는 경우에는 평균 $0.13{\pm}0.14{\mu}Sv$의 피폭을 받았다. 주사 업무에서는 주사 후 안내 시 한 명당 평균 $0.97{\pm}0.36{\mu}Sv$를, 주사 전 안내 시에는 $0.62{\pm}0.17{\mu}Sv$의 피폭을 받았다. 또한 영상획득 업무에서는 환자 바로 옆 테이블 조종 버튼 사용 시 한 명당 평균 $1.33{\pm}0.54{\mu}Sv$를, 멀리 떨어진 곳의 버튼 사용 시$0.94{\pm}0.50{\mu}Sv$의 피폭을 받았다. 이는 모두 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 실험을 통해 PET 검사의 업무 행위 별로 1회 시행 시 어느 정도의 피폭을 받는지를 평균적으로 확인 할 수 있었고, 행위 별로 업무 방식을 나누어 비교하여 얼마만큼의 피폭 차이가 발생하는지도 확인 하였다. 같은 업무라 하더라도 개인 성향이나 습관에 따라 업무 방식이 다를 수 있고, 피폭을 최소화 하기 위한 업무 방법이 어떤 것인지 인식하고 있음에도 그렇게 실천하지 않는 경우도 있다. 본 실험에서 비교한 업무 방법 이외에 더 추가적으로 피폭을 저감화 할 수 있는 방법을 더 모색한다면 PET 업무뿐 만 아니라 핵의학 검사에 있어 방사선 작업 종사자의 피폭을 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 사료 된다. Purpose For nuclear medicine technologists, it is difficult to stay away from or to separate from radiation sources comparing with workers who are using radiation generating devices. Nuclear medicine technologists work is recognized as an optimized way when they are familiar with work practices. The aims of this study are to measure radiation exposure of technologists working in PET and to evaluate the occupational radiation dose after implementation of strategies to lower exposure. Materials and Methods We divided into four working types by QC for PET, injection, scan and etc. in PET scan procedure. In QC of PET, we compared the radiation exposure controlling next to $^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom directly to controlling the table in console room remotely. In injection, we compared the radiation exposure guiding patient in waiting room before injection to after injection. In scan procedure of PET, we compared the radiation exposure moving the table using the control button located next to the patient to moving the table using the control button located in the far distance. PERSONAL ELECTRONIC DOSEMETER (PED), Tracerco$^{TM}$ was used for measuring exposed radiation doses. Results The average doses of exposed radiation were $0.27{\pm}0.04{\mu}Sv$ when controlling the table directly and $0.13{\pm}0.14{\mu}Sv$ when controlling the table remotely while performing QC. The average doses of exposed radiation were $0.97{\pm}0.36{\mu}Sv$ when guiding patient after injection and $0.62{\pm}0.17{\mu}Sv$ when guiding patient before injection. The average doses of exposed radiation were $1.33{\pm}0.54{\mu}Sv$ when using the control button located next to the patient and $0.94{\pm}0.50{\mu}Sv$ when using the control button located in far distance while acquiring image. As a result, there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05). Conclusion: From this study, we found that how much radiation doses technologists are exposed on average at each step of PET procedure while working in PET center and how we can reduce the occupational radiation dose after implementation of strategies to lower exposure. And if we make effort to seek any other methods to reduce technologist occupational radiation, we can minimize and optimize exposed radiation doses in department of nuclear medicine. Conclusion From this study, we found that how much radiation doses technologists are exposed on average at each step of PET procedure while working in PET center and how we can reduce the occupational radiation dose after implementation of strategies to lower exposure. And if we make effort to seek any other methods to reduce technologist occupational radiation, we can minimize and optimize exposed radiation doses in department of nuclear medicine.

부분 체적 효과에서 회복 계수를 이용한 보정 전과 후 SUV의 비교 분석

고현수,박순기,최재민,김정선,정우영,Ko, Hyun-Soo,Park, Soon-Ki,Choi, Jae-Min,Kim, Jung-Sun,Jung, Woo-Young 대한핵의학기술학회 2011 핵의학 기술 Vol.15 No.1

추적 검사에서의 PET/CT 재구성 영상은 추적자의 분포를 균일하고 정확하게 표현하여야 일관된 정량분석 값을 제공 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 PET/CT 장비의 제한된 공간분해능 때문에 발생하는 부분 체적 효과(Partial Volume Effect: PVE)로 인해 관심영역의 방사능 농도가 실제의 값보다 낮게 측정될 가능성이 있고, 따라서 관심부위의 SUV가 실제 값보다 낮게 측정 될 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 PET/CT 스캐너의 PVE를 보정하는 회복계수(Recovery Coefficient: RC)를 팬텀 실험을 통해 산출하고, 실제 PET/CT 검사 자료에 적용하여 보정 전과 후 SUV를 비교 분석 하고자 한다. ACR phantom을 이용하여 1000 mL의 증류수에 20.72 MBq (0.56 mCi)을 균일하게 희석하고 열소 원통 (hot cylinder-2.5, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8 cm in diameter)에 주입하였다. 또한 6440 ml의 증류수에 33.30 MBq (0.90 mCi), 22.20 MBq (0.60 mCi), 16.65 MBq (0.45mCi)을 균일하게 희석하고 배후 방사능을 채워 열소 원통과 배후방사능이 각각 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 (Hot/Background ratio: H/B ratio)이 되도록 만들어 3회 반복 실험하였다. 서울아산병원의 Biograph Truepoint 40 (SIEMENS, Germany) 장비로 whole body protocol을 사용하여 phantom 실험 및 환자 검사를 시행하였다. 2010년 7월부터 8월까지 서울아산병원에서 PET/CT 검사 후 폐암으로 판정 받은 환자 30명을 대상으로, 본 연구의 결과에서 산출된 RC를 적용하여 PVE 보정 전과 후 SUV를 비교 분석하였다. 열소 원통과 배후방사능이 4:1일 때 2.5, 1.6, 1.2, 0.8 cm 에서의 RC는 각각 0.75, 0.72, 0.40, 0.27이었고, 6:1일 때 0.74, 0.59, 0.55, 0.43이었으며, 8:1일 때 0.77, 0.76, 0.58, 0.42로 열소 영역의 크기가 작아질수록 RC가 감소하였다. 폐암으로 판정 받은 환자 중에서 30명의 환자를 무작위 표본 추출하여 보정 전과 후의 SUV 최대값을 비교 분석 한 결과, 보정 전 평균은 7.83이었고 보정 후 평균은 10.31이었다. 또한 보정 전과 후의 SUV 최대값을 대응 표본 t 검정으로 차이를 분석한 결과, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(t=7.21, p=0.000). PVE에 의해서 과소 평가 되었던 보정 전의 SUV가 보정 후에는 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 병변의 크기와 H/B ratio가 환자마다 제각기 다른 값을 갖기 때문에, RC를 사용하여 PVE를 보정한 SUV가 정확한 값이라고 판단하기는 어려우나 PVE에 의해 감소된 SUV를 실제 값과 유사하게 보정할 수 있는 방법일 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: The partial volume effect occurs because of limit of the spatial resolution. It makes partial loss of intensity and causes SUV to be lower than it should actually be. So the purpose of this study is to calculate recovery coefficient for correcting PVE from phantom study and to compare before and after SUV correction applying to PET/CT examination. Materials and Methods: The flangeless Esser PET phantom consisting of four hot cylinders was used for this study. All of the hot cylinders were filled with FDG solution of 20.72 MBq per 1000 ml, and the phantom background was filled with FDG solution of different concentrations (33.30, 22.20, 16.65 MBq per 6440 ml) to yield H/B ratios of around 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1. Using the Biograph Truepoint 40(SIEMENS, Germany), we applied recovery coefficient method to 30 patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer after PET/CT exam. And then we analyzed and compared SUV before and after correcting partial volume effect. Results: The smaller the diameter of hot cylinder becomes, the more recovery coefficient decreased. When we applied recovery coefficient to clinical patients and compared SUV before and after correcting PVE, before the correction all lesions gave an average max SUV of 7.83. And after the correction, the average max SUV increases to 10.31. The differences in the max SUV between before and after correction were analyzed by paired t test. As a result, there were statistically significant differences (t=7.21, p=0.000). Conclusion: The SUV for quantification should be measured precisely to give consistent information of tumor uptake. But PVE is one of factors that causes SUV to be lower and to be underestimated. We can correct this PVE and calculate corrected SUV using the recovery coefficient from phantom study. And if we apply this correction method to clinical patients, we can finally assess and provide quantitative analysis more accurately.

SPECT/CT 장비에서 정량분석을 위한 핵종 별 Broad Quantification Calibration 시행 및 SUV 평가를 위한 팬텀 실험에 관한 연구

고현수,최재민,박순기,Hyun Soo, Ko,Jae Min, Choi,Soon Ki, Park 대한핵의학기술학회 2022 핵의학 기술 Vol.26 No.2

Purpose Broad Quantification Calibration(B.Q.C) is the procedure for Quantitative Analysis to measure Standard Uptake Value(SUV) in SPECT/CT scanner. B.Q.C was performed with Tc-99m, I-123, I-131, Lu-177 respectively and then we acquired the phantom images whether the SUVs were measured accurately. Because there is no standard for SUV test in SPECT, we used ACR Esser PET phantom alternatively. The purpose of this study was to lay the groundwork for Quantitative Analysis with various isotopes in SPECT/CT scanner. Materials and Methods Siemens SPECT/CT Symbia Intevo 16 and Intevo Bold were used for this study. The procedure of B.Q.C has two steps; first is point source Sensitivity Cal. and second is Volume Sensitivity Cal. to calculate Volume Sensitivity Factor(VSF) using cylinder phantom. To verify SUV, we acquired the images with ACR Esser PET phantom and then we measured SUV_mean on background and SUV_max on hot vials(25, 16, 12, 8 mm). SPSS was used to analyze the difference in the SUV between Intevo 16 and Intevo Bold by Mann-Whitney test. Results The results of Sensitivity(CPS/MBq) and VSF were in Detector 1, 2 of four isotopes (Intevo 16 D1 sensitivity/D2 sensitivity/VSF and Intevo Bold) 87.7/88.6/1.08, 91.9/91.2/1.07 on Tc-99m, 79.9/81.9/0.98, 89.4/89.4/0.98 on I-123, 124.8/128.9/0.69, 130.9, 126.8/0.71, on I-131, 8.7/8.9/1.02, 9.1/8.9/1.00 on Lu-177 respectively. The results of SUV test with ACR Esser PET phantom were (Intevo 16 BKG SUV_mean/25mm SUV_max/16mm/12mm/8mm and Intevo Bold) 1.03/2.95/2.41/1.96/1.84, 1.03/2.91/2.38/1.87/1.82 on Tc-99m, 0.97/2.91/2.33/1.68/1.45, 1.00/2.80/2.23/1.57/1.32 on I-123, 0.96/1.61/1.13/1.02/0.69, 0.94/1.54/1.08/0.98/ 0.66 on I-131, 1.00/6.34/4.67/2.96/2.28, 1.01/6.21/4.49/2.86/2.21 on Lu-177. And there was no statistically significant difference of SUV between Intevo 16 and Intevo Bold(p>0.05). Conclusion Only Qualitative Analysis was possible with gamma camera in the past. On the other hand, it's possible to acquire not only anatomic localization, 3D tomography but also Quantitative Analysis with SUV measurements in SPECT/CT scanner. We could lay the groundwork for Quantitative Analysis with various isotopes; Tc-99m, I-123, I-131, Lu-177 by carrying out B.Q.C and could verify the SUV measurement with ACR phantom. It needs periodic calibration to maintain for precision of Quantitative evaluation. As a result, we can provide Quantitative Analysis on follow up scan with the SPECT/CT exams and evaluate the therapeutic response in theranosis.

PET/CT 검사에서 냉소 인공물 발생 시 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘 적용에 따른 영상 평가

고현수,류재광,Ko, Hyun-Soo,Ryu, Jae-kwang 대한핵의학기술학회 2018 핵의학 기술 Vol.22 No.1

PET/CT 검사에서 환자의 움직임이나 높은 비방사능에 의해 냉소 인공물(washed-out artifact)이 발생하여 육안적 판독 및 정량평가의 정확성을 감소시킬 가능성이 있다. GE PET/CT 장비의 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘은 영상에 발생한 냉소 인공물을 제거하여 영상을 회복시켜주는 알고리즘이다. 본 연구의 목적은 팬텀 실험을 통해 높은 비방사능에 의해 냉소 인공물이 발생한 영상에 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘을 적용하였을 때 기존의 정량 값으로 회복 가능한 비방사능의 역치 값을 측정하고, 냉소 인공물이 발생한 임상 환자 영상에 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘을 적용하여 보정 전과 후의 영상을 비교 분석하고자 한다. $^{68}Ge$ 실린더 팬텀 영상에 냉소 인공물을 발생시키기 위해 임의의 $^{18}F$ 선원의 비방사능이 20 ~ 20,000 kBq/ml 가 되도록 20 단계로 분주하고 $^{18}F$ 선원의 CT 영상과 PET 영상간에 불일치(mis-registration) 정도가 없을 때, 불일치가 각각 1, 2, 3, 4 cm 일 때의 영상을 획득하였다. 또한 본원에서 $^{18}F-FDG$ Fusion Whole Body PET/CT 검사를 시행한 환자 중 유치 도뇨관 내에 높은 비방사능에 의해 냉소 인공물이 발생한 34명의 환자를 대상으로, CT 영상과 PET 영상간의 불일치 정도(cm), 인공물을 발생시키는 원인이 되는 비방사능의 수치(kBq/ml), 인공물이 발생한 단면 내 근육에서의 $SUV_{mean}$, 인공물이 발생한 단면 내 병변에서의 $SUV_{max}$, 인공물이 발생하지 않은 단면 내 병변에서의 $SUV_{max}$를 측정하였다. 통계는 보정 전과 후의 차이를 비교하기 위해 대응 표본 t 검정을 시행하였다. 팬텀 실험에서는 $^{18}F$ 선원의 비방사능이 커질수록 $^{68}Ge$ 실린더 팬텀의 $SUV_{mean}$가 감소하였다. 불일치 거리가 커질수록 $SUV_{mean}$가 급격히 저하 되었지만 반대로 보정 효과는 더 크게 나타났다. 비방사능 50 kBq/ml 이하에서는 모든 조건에서 육안적으로도 냉소 인공물이 발생하지 않았으며 $SUV_{mean}$에도 차이가 없었다. 불일치가 없을 때와 1 cm 차이가 있을 때는 120 kBq/ml 이하부터 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘을 적용 할 때 기존 $SUV_{mean}$(0.95)와 동일하게 회복 되었고, 2 cm와 3 cm 차이에서는 100 kBq/ml 이하부터, 4 cm 차이에서는 80 kBq/ml 이하부터 기존 $SUV_{mean}$와 동일하게 회복 되었다. 임상 환자 34명의 영상을 분석한 결과, 불일치 평균 거리는 2.02 cm 이었고, 냉소 인공물을 발생시키는 평균 비방사능은 490.15 kBq/ml 이었다. 인공물이 발생한 단면 내 근육의 $SUV_{mean}$와 병변의 $SUV_{max}$는 보정 전 후 각각 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었지만(t=-13.805, p=0.000) (t=-2.851, p=0.012), 인공물이 발생하지 않은 단면 내 병변의 $SUV_{max}$는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(t=-1.173, p=0.250). GE PET/CT 장비의 산란 제한 보정 알고리즘은 임상 검사에서 환자의 심한 움직임뿐만 아니라 높은 비방사능의 미세한 움직임에 의해 발생한 냉소 인공물을 제거하여 영상을 회복해 주는 알고리즘이다. 냉소 인공물이 발생 하였을 때 산란제한 보정 알고리즘 적용 후 그 원인이 되는 비방사능의 수치, CT 영상과 PET 영상의 불일치 거리 등을 감안하여 영상을 분석한다면 냉소 인공물 부위의 재촬영 없이, 육안적 판독 및 정량 값을 더 정확하게 평가 하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료 된다. Purpose In PET/CT exam, washed-out artifact could occur due to severe motion of the patient and high specific activity, it results in lowering not only qualitative reading but also quantitative analysis. Scatter limitation correction by GE is an algorism to correct washed-out artifact and recover the images in PET scan. The purpose of this study is to measure the threshold of specific activity which can recovers to original uptake values on the image shown with washed-out artifact from phantom experiment and to compare the quantitative analysis of the clinical patient's data before and after correction. Materials and Methods PET and CT images were acquired in having no misalignment(D0) and in 1, 2, 3, 4 cm distance of misalignment(D1, D2, D3, D4) respectively, with 20 steps of each specific activity from 20 to 20,000 kBq/ml on $^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom. Also, we measured the distance of misalignment of foley catheter line between CT and PET images, the specific activity which makes washed-out artifact, $SUV_{mean}$ of muscle in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of lesion in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of the other lesion out of artifact slice before and after correction respectively from 34 patients who underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ Fusion Whole Body PET/CT exam. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the difference in the SUV between before and after scatter limitation correction by paired t-test. Results In phantom experiment, $SUV_{mean}$ of $^{68}Ge$ cylinder decreased as specific activity of $^{18}F$ increased. $SUV_{mean}$ more and more decreased as the distance of misalignment between CT and PET more increased. On the other hand, the effect of correction increased as the distance more increased. From phantom experiments, there was no washed-out artifact below 50 kBq/ml and $SUV_{mean}$ was same from origin. On D0 and D1, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin(0.95) below 120 kBq/ml when applying scatter limitation correction. On D2 and D3, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 100 kBq/ml. On D4, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 80 kBq/ml. From 34 clinical patient's data, the average distance of misalignment was 2.02 cm and the average specific activity which makes washed-out artifact was 490.15 kBq/ml. The average $SUV_{mean}$ of muscles and the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions in artifact slice before and after the correction show a significant difference according to a paired t-test respectively(t=-13.805, p=0.000)(t=-2.851, p=0.012), but the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions out of artifact slice show a no significant difference (t=-1.173, p=0.250). Conclusion Scatter limitation correction algorism by GE PET/CT scanner helps to correct washed-out artifact from motion of a patient or high specific activity and to recover the PET images. When we read the image occurred with washed-out artifact by measuring the distance of misalignment between CT and PET image, specific activity after applying scatter limitation algorism, we can analyze the images more accurately without repeating scan.