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식민주의 질서와 농토의 상동성 혹은 거리 - 농민 형상으로 다시 본 김유정소설의 의미 -
김형규 한중인문학회 2015 한중인문학연구 Vol.49 No.-
김유정 소설의 농민형상은 먹을 것을 생산하는 직접적인 생산재와 이를 위한 구체적인 노동의 대상으로 땅을 대하던 농민의 삶이 심각한 위기에 몰렸음을 보여준다. 식민지배의 수탈구조를 내면화한 지주소작제도의 모순이 ‘농토’의 사용가치를 생산하는 주체로 자기규정을 하던 농민의 전통적인 존재 조건을 붕괴시키기 때문이다. 하지만 그들의 ‘농토’에 대한 감각과인식은 여전히 생산수단으로서의 ‘땅’, 그리고 점유와 경작의 가치를 중시하는 전통적인 태도를 고수한다. 그리고 농토의 사용가치를 바탕으로 유지되던 마을 공동체가 붕괴되는 과정에서도 농민적 소유를 물적 토대로 운영되었던 가족의 형태를 존속하고자 하는 모습을 보인다. 이러한 양상은 소유권을 중심으로 하는 식민지적 근대의 수탈 구조를 부정하면서 한편으로는점유와 경작이라는 농민적 권리가 지닌 근원적 가치를 환기하는 역할을 하는 것이라 할 수있다. 김유정 소설의 농민 형상은 식민지 지배 질서의 수탈 구조에 대응하는 현실비판의 의미를 선명하게 유지하면서 농민의 삶이 몰락하는 물적 토대의 변화와 생활인으로서의 농민의역동적인 모습 또한 생생하게 보여줌으로써 좀 더 근원적인 농토의 생래적 가치에 대해 생각하게 한다. Farmers portrayed in Kim Yujeong's novel shows that contradiction of landowner & tenant farming system that internalized Japanese colonial exploitation put direction production of food, farmers' attitude toward farmland, and life based on farming in serious danger. Traditional notion in which the value of 'farmland' is for self-definition is collapsing in the process; however the perception and recognition on 'farmland' still takes traditional stance that respects 'land' as the means of production and the value of owning and farming. Such attitude may be seen in an attempt to continue a form of a family based on physical farming ownership even when a community is collapsing. It refuses the modern colonial exploitation by ownership yet redefines the original value that farming rights for owning and farming. Therefore the image of farmers in Kim's novel clearly maintains the significance of criticism of reality that corresponds to the colonial order and exploitation while showing dynamic image of farmers as well as change of physical foundation as the life of farmers collapses to consider more original inherent value of farmland.
김형규,권영주,박상은,차대룡,신진호,조원용,김향,이규백,표희정,이영래,조상경,김용섭,서상열 대한신장학회 1999 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.18 No.5
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of most common hereditary disorders that is potentially fatal. To elucidate clinical and genetic characteristics of ADPKD in Korea, 166 patients were analyzed retrospectively. The results were as follows ; 1) The male-to-female ratio was 83: 83, and age of patients was 4813(meanSD) years. 6496 of patients have a family history of the ADPKD. 2) Most common symptom was flank and abdominal pain. In urinalysis, proteinuria(42%), hematuria(18%) were found. Other organ involvement included hepatic cysts(58%), pancreatic cysts(8%) and splenic cyst(296). 3) The age at diagnosis was 44% 12 years. Hypertension was observed in 65%, the age of detection was 45% 11 years. Azotemia was observed in 36%, the age of detection was 52±11 years. 4) Echocardiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy 5896(19/33), valve regurgitation 1596(5/33) and mitral valve prolapse 3%(1/33). Cerebrovascular events occurred in 14 patients(8.4%), and 6 patients confirmed cerebral aneurysm rupture. 5) 29 patients(17%) reached end stage renal failure(ESRD), the age was 53±10 years. The provability of being alive and not having ESRD was 88% by age 50, 76% by age 58, and 48% by age 65. Sex and hepatic cyst were not associated significantly with the course of renal function(p$gt;0.05). 6) 15 patients(9%) died, the age of death was 55±12 years. 6 patients died after reaching ESRD. The cause of death were was cancer(4), cerebrovascular event(3), cessation of dialysis(2), sudden death (2), liver cirrhosis(1), sepsis(1), suicide(1) and unknown(1). Results of our study revealed the complications of ADPKD in Korea, hypertension 6596, ESRD 17% and cerebrovascular event 8%. Functional survival was 88M by age 50, 76% by age 58, and 48M by age 65. The extrarenal manifestations are more important contributors to mortality than renal manifestations of ADPKD.