强風의 發生成因別 時間的 變化에 관한 硏究

황진득,하영철,곽윤근 金烏工科大學校 1994 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The wind resistant design of building generally used up to data has been based on the value of an extreme speed. The extreme speed is normally estimated from wind data observed for the return periods of last 50 years or 100 years on the basis of the importance of building to be constructed. However, it is essential to consider the time variance of wind action because strong winds originated by Typhoon or others are occationally coming for attack. This study is to examine the origin of occurence and the action time of strong wind, and to understand the time variance characteristics. Strong winds are divided into 3 parts such as the regional condition of Korea, namely Typhoon, Frontal system storm, and Monsoon. The areas reflecting the origin of 3 kinds of the strong winds are also devided are selected as such as Seoul-Kyongki, Jungbu, and South-seashore. The representative cities are selected as Seoul fro, Uljin and Kunsan for, and Busan and Yeosu for. Observed wind data of past 20 years will be employed to estimate duration and propability of wind velocity. The observed wind data are recorded with duration of 96 hours at the center that annual extreme wind speed takes place, and with the mean value of wind velocity during 10 minutes at 1 hour interval. Based on these investigations, the duration and probability of wind velocity should be estimated. Generalized probability distribution function of wind velocity will be proposed. Duration of strong winds presented as a function of its maximum wind velocity. From these results, multipling generalized distribution function by generalized number of (wind velocity) samples, approximate equation of wind-duration will be derived. Approximate equation of wind-duration proposed in this study should be useful for analysing fatigue damage of structures and time dependent analysis of structure under strong wind in Korea.

백서 간세포 핵소체 인산단백질 B23의 진화론적인 특성 규명

이혜정,윤상인,박주인,정진숙,김영대,김정만,곽종영,김인후 동아대학교의과대학 1997 동아의대학술지 Vol.9 No.1

광주광역시 치매의 유병률과 위험인자의 도시-농촌 지역 비교

신일선,김재민,윤진상,김석재,양수진,김웅장,이승현,강순아,곽지영,이형영 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.6

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 광주광역시의 도시 및 농촌 지역에 거주하는 노인에서 치매의 유병률과 위험인자를 조사하고자 하였다. 부가적으로 이 두 지역간에 치매의 유병률과 위험인자를 비교하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 광주광역시의 전형적인 도시와 농촌지역의 65세 이상의 노인(N=1,598)을 대상으로, 2단계의 역학연구를 수행하였다. 1차 선별 단계에서는 38명의 훈련된 연구보조원이 대상노인을 면담하여, 사회인구학적 특징을 조사하고 한국판 간이정신상태검사(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination ; MMSE-K)로 평가하였다. 2차 임상 진단 단계에서는 1차 단계에서 MMSE-K 점수가 24점 이하인 노인(N=431)을 대상으로, 전문연구팀의 임상적 평가를 통해 치매를 진단하고 원인질환별로 알쯔하이머병(Alzheimer's disease ; AD), 혈관성 치매(vascular dementia ; VaD) 및 기타 치매로 분류하였다. 대상노인에서 치매의 유병률을 측정한 후, 광주광역시 전체 노인의 연령보정 유병률을 산출하였다. 전체 대상에서 AD의 위험인자를 조사한 후, 도시와 농촌군으로 나누어 분석을 다시 시행하였다. 결 과 : 1차 및 2차 단계의 참가율은 각각 71.0%(N=1,134) 및 83.2%(N=410) 였다. 연구 참여 노인(N=1,134)에서 전체 치매, AD 및 VaD의 유병률은 최소 각각 9.7%, 5.2%, 1.8%였다. 광주광역시 전체 노인의 연령 보정 유병률은 각각 10.7%, 5.7%, 1.9%인 것으로 산출되었다. AD의 독립 위험인자는 고령, 여성, 무학이었다. 도시와 농촌에 따른 유병률의 차이는 파악되지 않았다. 그러나 AD의 위험인자는 지역에 따라 차이가 있었다. 도시 노인에게는 무학만이, 농촌 노인에게는 고령과 여성인 경우가 독립 위험인자였다. 결 론 : 광주광역시 노인에서 치매의 유병률은 높았고, 이는 국내 다른 지역에서 수행된 선행연구 결과와 유사하였다. 알쯔하이머형 치매의 위험인자는 도시와 농촌에 따라 다른 결과를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 한국에서의 치매의 실태를 반영하며, 치매의 적절한 관리와 예방을 위해서는 지역성 특성이 고려되어야 함을 시사한다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and risk factors of dementia in an urban and a rural sample of older persons in the metropolitan Kwangju area, Republic of Korea. In addition, the prevalence rate and risk factors of dementia between the two samples were compared. Methods : A two-phase epidemiological study of residents aged 65 or over(N=1,598) was conducted in a highly developed, urban and a non-contiguous, poorly developed, rural area of metropolitan Kwangju. In the first(screening) phase, 38 trained research assistants collectively peformed in-home interviews for all participants. Detailed sociodemographic characteristics were gathered and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) was administered. In the second (diagnosing) phase, diagnosis of dementia was established for those scoring 24 or less on the MMSE-K in the screening phase(N=431), and etiological types of dementia were classified to Alzheimer's disease(AD), vascular dementia(VaD) or miscellanous type by two teams of experts. Prevalence rate of dementia was determined in the participants, and age-standardized prevalence rate adjusted by age distribution in metropolitan Kwangju was estimated. For AD, the risk factors were investigated in all participants, and analyses were repeated for the urban and rural samples separately. Results : The participating rates in the first and second phases were 71.0%(N=1,134) and 83.2%(N=410), respectively. In the participants, the prevalence rates of dementia(all types), AD and VaD were 9.7%, 5.2% and 1.8%, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rates were 10.7%, 5.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Aging, female gender and no education(complete lack of formal education) were identified as independent risk factors for AD. No difference between the urban and rural samples was observed in the prevalence rates of dementia(all types), AD and YaD. However, risk factors for AD differed between these areas. In the urban sample, no education was the only significant factor ; whereas, aging and female gender were identified as risk factors in the rural sample. Conclusion : A high prevalence rate of dementia was observed among old persons in metropolitan Kwangju, consistent with previous studies conducted in other Korean areas. The risk factor profi1es for AD differed between urban and rural settings. The results of this study reflect the current status of dementia in Korea and suggests that appropriate management and prevention strategies for dementia should be tailored toward the geographic settings.

비글개에서 신원방우황청심원의 급성 및 아급성독성시험

성하정,권오경,방명주,곽형일,이진영,신대희,박대규,정규혁,윤효인,조명행 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1998 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.10 No.1

Single and 4 weeks oral administration of New wonbangwoohwangchungsimwon (NSCH) which was used l-muscone as substitutive material of musk, to beagle dogs of both sexes were performed to investigate both acute and subacute toxicity. Beagle dogs (3 males and 3 females) in acute experiments were administered orally with sinlge dose of 2,000 ㎎/㎏ and groups of 9 male and 9 female beagle dogs in subacute experiments were given daily different dosage of NSCH, 160 ㎎/㎏/day (low dosage group), 400 ㎎/㎏/day (middle dosage group), 1,000 ㎎/㎏/day (high dosage group) once a day for 4 weeks by oral route according to the Established Regulation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (1996. 4. 16). LD_50 value for beagle dogs was more than 2,000 ㎎/㎏ per oral for both male and females. In animals administered with NSCH, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical sign, urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weight and other fingings. No histological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Above data strongly suggset that NSCH in beagle dogs is considered to be safe.

BRAFV600E mutation testing in fine needle aspirates of thyroid nodules: potential value of real-time PCR.

Kwak, Jin Young,Han, Kyung Hwa,Yoon, Jung Hyun,Kim, Eun-Kyung,Moon, Hee Jung,Kim, Yoo-Li,Park, Seo-Jin,Choi, Jong Rak Institute for Clinical Science] 2012 Annals of clinical and laboratory science Vol.42 No.3

<P>The BRAF(V600E) mutation is a valuable adjunctive diagnostic tool to ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA). The objective of this study was to investigate the potential value of realtime PCR to detect BRAF(V600E) mutation. This study included 447 thyroid nodules in 420 patients who underwent US-FNA and BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis using dual priming oligonucleotide-based multiplex polymerase chain reaction (DPO-PCR) and real-time PCR. We calculated and compared the diagnostic performances of DPO-PCR and real-time PCR to detect BRAF(V600E) mutation in the thyroid nodules. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to quantify the cut-off value of the Ct values of BRAF(V600E) mutation on real-time PCR. Optimal thresholds were determined (Youden index). We also compared the diagnostic performances between DPO-PCR and real-time PCR after applying the cut-off value on real-time PCR. Sensitivity, accuracy, and NPV were significantly higher in real-time PCR than DPO-PCR. When the optimal cut-off value of 32.4 at Ct values of BRAF(V600E) mutation was adjusted on real-time PCR, sensitivity was 66.2% and specificity was 100%. Sensitivity, accuracy, and NPV of real-time PCR were also significantly higher than DPO-PCR. In contrast, specificity and PPV were not significantly different between DPO-PCR and real-time PCR. Real time PCR can be a promising diagnostic method in detecting BRAF(V600E) mutation using optimal cut-off value.</P>

Picropodophyllotoxin Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells by Dual-Targeting EGFR and MET

( Jin-young Lee ),( Bok Yun Kang ),( Sang-jin Jung ),( Ah-won Kwak ),( Seung-on Lee ),( Jin Woo Park ),( Sang Hoon Joo ),( Goo Yoon ),( Mee-hyun Lee ),( Jung-hyun Shim ) 한국응용약물학회 2023 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.31 No.2

Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification or sensitive mutations initially respond to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, however, the treatment becomes less effective over time by resistance mechanism including mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) overexpression. A therapeutic strategy targeting MET and EGFR may be a means to overcoming resistance to gefitinib. In the present study, we found that picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), derived from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum, inhibited both EGFR and MET in NSCLC cells. The antitumor efficacy of PPT in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells (HCC827GR), was confirmed by suppression of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth. In the targeting of EGFR and MET, PPT bound with EGFR and MET, ex vivo, and blocked both kinases activity. The binding sites between PPT and EGFR or MET in the computational docking model were predicted at Gly772/Met769 and Arg1086/Tyr1230 of each ATP-binding pocket, respectively. PPT treatment of HCC827GR cells increased the number of annexin V-positive and subG1 cells. PPT also caused G2/M cell-cycle arrest together with related protein regulation. The inhibition of EGFR and MET by PPT treatment led to decreases in the phosphorylation of the downstream-proteins, AKT and ERK. In addition, PPT induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and GRP78, CHOP, DR5, and DR4 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulated involving signal-proteins. Taken together, PPT alleviated gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis by reducing EGFR and MET activity. Therefore, our results suggest that PPT can be a promising therapeutic agent for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.

Propofol Post-conditioning Protects against COS-7 Cells in Hypoxia/reoxygenation Injury by Induction of Intracellular Autophagy

Kwak, Jin-Won,Kim, Eok-Nyun,Park, Bong-Soo,Kim, Yong-Ho,Kim, Yong-Deok,Yoon, Ji-Uk,Kim, Cheul-Hong,Yoon, Ji-Young The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2014 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.14 No.1

Background: Propofol (2.6-diisopropylphenol) is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgeries and sedation for ICU patients. Propofol has a structural similarity to the endogenous antioxidant vitamin E and exhibits antioxidant activities.13) However, the mechanism of propofol on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury has yet to be fully elucidated. We investigated how P-PostC influences the autophagy and cell death, a cellular damage occurring during the H/R injury. Methods: The groups were randomly divided into the following groups: Control: cells were incubated in normoxia (5% CO2, 21% O2, and 74% N2) without propofol treatment. H/R: cells were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia (5% CO2, 1% O2, and 94% N2) followed by 12 h of reoxygenation (5% CO2, 21% O2, and 74% N2). H/R + P-PostC: cells post-treated with propofol were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia followed by 12 h of reoxygenation. 3-MA + P-PostC: cells pretreated with 3-MA and post-treated propofol were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia followed by 12 h of reoxygenation Results: The results of our present study provides a new direction of research on mechanisms of propofol-mediated cytoprotection. There are three principal findings of these studies. First, the application of P-PostC at the onset of reoxygenation after hypoxia significantly increased COS-7 cell viability. Second, the cellular protective effect of P-PostC in H/R induced COS-7 cells was probably related to activation of intra-cellular autophagy. And third, the autophagy pathway inhibitor 3-MA blocked the protective effect of P-PostC on cell viability, suggesting a key role of autophagy in cellular protective effect of P-PostC. Conclusions: These data provided evidence that P-PostC reduced cell death in H/R model of COS-7 cells, which was in agreement with the protection by P-PostC demonstrated in isolated COS-7 cells exposed to H/R injury. Although the this study could not represent the protection by P-PostC in vivo, the data demonstrate another model in which endogenous mechanisms evoked by P-PostC protected the COS-7 cells exposed to H/R injury from cell death.

대학의 경제화와 대학의 자치

곽상진 ( Kwak Sang-jin ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2019 法學硏究 Vol.27 No.4

1990년대부터 시작된 우리나라의 신자유주의적 대학개혁 정책은, 신자유주의적 시장경제질서에 기초하여 대학의 운영방식을 효율화하여, 경쟁력을 높이려는데 목표를 둔 것이다. 즉 대학운영에 경제화의 개념을 도입하는 것에 그 핵심이 있다. 따라서 대학운영을 기업방식으로 전환하는 것이다. 궁극적으로 시장경제적인 개방을 교육제도의 영역까지 확장하여, 교육을 서비스산업화 함으로써 자본시장의 원리에 합당한 경쟁과 이윤창출을 유도하려는 것이다. 이렇듯 대학개혁은 그 내용에 있어서 대학을 경제화하는 것이 필수적 사항이 된 것이다. 국립대학의 법인화도 이러한 대학의 경제화 정책으로서의 대학개혁에 해당한다. 국립 대학은 국가가 제공하는 중요한 공공서비스 중의 하나로서, 그 유지와 운영에 많은 국가예산이 소요된다는 점에서, 대학을 법인으로 독립시켜 성과에 따른 재정만을 지원하고자 하는 것이다. 국립대학의 법인화는 국가가 여전히 재정지원을 한다는 점에서, 큰 차이는 없다. 다만 대학경영의 성과를 평가하여 그에 따른 재정지원을 한다는 것이다. 그리고 대학이 독립법인으로서 재정에 대하여 책임지도록 한 것이다. 이러한 신자유주의 교육개혁 정책 추진의 결과, 법인화 대학과 비법인 대학 모두에서 대학지도부의 권한강화로 나타난다. 그리고 이에 반비례하여 대학구성원의 자치기구는 권한축소로 이어진다. 독일에서는 대학개혁을 통하여 대학의 지배구조를 바꾸기 위해서, 대학이사회를 새로운 기구로 만들어 의사결정기관으로 운영하고 있다. 이는 대학과 국가 간의 대립을 완화하기 위한 목적도 있는데, 그 구성에 있어 대학외부인으로 과반수를 채운다. 이점에서 대학자치와 민주적 정당성이 문제로 되고 있다. 이는 많은 부분 평의회와의 협력하여 운영되고 있다. 이렇게 대학이 경제화 되면서, 대학의 내부조직에도 변화가 생긴 것이다. 그러나 전통적인 대학운영과는 차이가 있어서 이를 주목할 필요가 있다. 그러나 이러한 대학을 경제화해 나가는 개혁정책 추진에도 일정한 한계가 있다고 보지 않으면 안 된다. 즉 학문의 자유와 대학의 자치의 본질적인 내용을 부정할 수 없기 때문이다. 헌법재판소는 대학에 대하여 학문의 자유와 대학자치의 기본권 주체성을 인정하고 있다. 그러나 국립대학은 국가시설인 영조물의 지위에 있으므로, 학문의 자유의 기본권의 주체라고 하더라도, 어느 정도의 독립성은 인정되더라도 대학의 자치가 거의 인정되고 있지 않다. 더욱이 신자유주의적 교육정책으로 인하여, 대학자치의 폭은 더욱 축소되었다. 즉 정부는 2017년의 고등교육법 개정으로 대학평의회를 제도화하고, 교수의 대학평의회의 참여비율을 1/2이 넘지 못하도록 함으로써, 교수의 참여비율을 축소시켰다. 이는 대학운영에서 교수의 지위와 의견반영을 현저히 낮추고, 대신 총장을 중심으로 한 대학지도부의 권한을 강화시킴으로써, 대학경영의 효율성과 경쟁력을 높이려는 것이다. 그러나 대학이 곧 기업으로 운영될 수는 없다. 대학은 제품 생산성과 수익성이 없거나 기업생산품과 다르기 때문이다. 따라서 대학에서 학문연구와 강학을 담당하는 교수의 중추적인 역할을 감안할 때, 대학평의회에서 구성원집단 간에 획일적인 기준으로 참여비율을 정하는 것은 평등의 원칙에 위반된다. 즉 대학에서의 교수의 역할과 기능에 따른 참여비율을 직능에 따라 배분해야 한다. 오히려 여기서 획일적 평등은 불평등을 야기하므로, 대학의 의사결정에 참여비율은, 직능에 따른 기준이 적용되는 직능제 민주주의가 실시되어야 한다. 그러므로 교수 참여비율을 1/2 이상이 되도록 법개정이 이루어져야 한다. 또한 대학평의회의 권한확대와 의결기구로의 전환이, 대학자치에 최소한 필요하다. 대학의 공공성의 측면에서 생각할 때, 대학개혁정책으로 인해서 대학이 평가를 받고, 기업방식으로 그 운영체제를 전환시켜 가는 것에 한계를 두어, 일정한 정도의 대학의 자치를 허용하지 않으면 안 된다. 대학은 연구나 교육의 기능을 통하여, 사회적 문화적 경제적인 현실적 수요에 부응하는 것은 물론이고, 장기적으로는 헌법이 지향하는 문화국가의 형성에도 중요한 기능과 역할을 한다. 이처럼 대학이 사회에 제공하는 현실적 효용성과 미래 성장잠재력을 함께 갖는다는 점에서, 그 공공성이 크다. 따라서 대학개혁도 이러한 대학의 공공서비스 기능을 고려하여 그 평가의 적용기준에 차등을 두어 추진할 필요가 있다. 영조물로 본다면 대학자치를 인정할 여지가 없으므로, 대학의 자치가 허용되는 법적형태를 형성할 필요가 있다. 즉 독일의 연방대학기본법에서, 국립대학이 공법상의 사단으로서의 성격을 가짐과 동시에 국가시설이라고 규정한 것과 같은, 법률을 제정할 필요가 있다. 우리나라는 선진국과 같이 신자유주의적 대학개혁을 하고 있지만, 선진국은 대학의 자치가 이미 확립되어 있는 상태에서, 이러한 대학개혁정책들이 이루어진다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 그에 비해서 우리나라는 대학자치가 확립되지 않은 상태에서 기업경영식 운영을 한다는 점에서, 대학 자치기반의 와해가 우려된다. 대학의 자치기반 정도에 따라 대학개혁의 결과가 선진국과는 전혀 다르게 나타기 때문이다. 따라서 대학 운영에 경제화의 개념을 일부라도 완화시켜서, 대학의 문화를 장려하는 방향으로, 개혁의 기준을 설정하여 대학의 문화적 경쟁력에 목표를 두는 방향으로 대학개혁의 목표를 정 해야 할 것이다. Damit sich die individuelle Wissenschaftsfreiheit der Hochschulangehörigen entfalten kann, bedarf es einer freiheitsfördernden Organisation der Hochschulen mit partizipatorischen Strkturen im Innern und gewisser Autonomie nach außen gegenuber dem Staat, dies alles im Gewande einer wissenschaftsadäquaten Rechtsform. Verfassungsrecht Art.22 Abs.1 Abs.4 kommt insoweit als wertentscheidende Grundsatznorm fur das Verhältnis des Staates zur Wissenschaft oder, präziser noch, als Organisationsgrundrecht zum Tragen. Die Staatliche Hochschulen ist im Wandel. Nunmehr ist allenhalben von Autonomie und Wettbewerb von Universitäten die Rede. Diese Ursache verbreite sich die Einsicht, daß Bildung und Wissen in der globalen Dienstleistungs- und Wissensgesellscaft von entscheidender Bedeutung im internationalen Wirtschafts- und Standortwettbewerb sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist mit den Schlagworten “Ökonomisierung” die Richtung einer Vielzahl von Veränderungen gekennzeichnet, mit denen sich die Universitäten seit einigen Jahren konfrontiert sehen. Ökonomiesierung der Universitäten schlagen sich nieder in Änderungen bezuglich der Finanzierung, in veränderten Handlungs-, Rechts- und Organisationsformen. Das Problem der Freiheits- und Autonomiesicherung im Verhältnis der Universitäten zum Staat stellt sich in besonderer Weise, Weil die nationale Universität, stets ein Zwittergebilde mit Anteilen beider Sphären war. Er klärtes Ziel der Reformen ist es, die Autonomie der Hochschulen zu steigern. Gibt man dem Begriff der Autonomie gegenuber dem organisationsrechtlichen Gehalt der Wissenschaftsfreiheit eine spezifische Bedeutung, so betrifft er nicht die universitäre Binnenorganisation, sondern als Garantie wissenschaftsgeforderter Selbstverwaltung die Verteilung der Zuständigkeiten zwischen Universität und Staat. Da die Organisation einer Hochschule als Staatsanstalt mangels hinreichender Autonomie ausscheiden muss, kommt als öffentlich-rechtliche Alternative zur Körperschaft vor allem die Rechtsform der Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts in Betracht. Aber das faktische Substrat fur echte Selbständigkeit fehlt, solange die Stiftung finanziell von jährlichen staatlichen Zuwendungen abhängig bleibt und nicht uber ein eigenes und ausreichendes Stiftungskapital verfugt. Rechtlich konstruierte Selbständigkeit lässt sich aber gleichermaßen im Rahmen der herkömmlichen Organisationsform der Körperschaft herstellen. Hand in Hand mit der Einfuhrung des neuen Finanzierungsmodells erfolgten Änderungen in der Organisation der Universitäten mit dem Ziel, diese zu effektiver und effizienter Aufgabenerfullung zu befähigen. Die Aufmerksamkeit ist deshalb von der Rechtsform auf die praktisch bedeutsameren Veränderungen in der Binnenorganisation der Universität zu richten. Die mit dem neuen Finanzierungsmodell notwendig gewordenen Entscheidungen uber die Mittelverwendung, die Schwerpunktsetzung mit Folgen fur Berufungen oder die Verwirklichung von Berichtspflichten sind organisatorisch den Leitungsorganen der Universität zugeordnet worden. Die Gremien werden vielfach auf Kontroll- und Informationsrechte beschränkt. Bestrebungen zur Stärkung der Rolle der Dekane und Rektoren (Vorstandsmodell), zur Bildung von Hochschulräten (Aufsichtsratsmodell) mit komple -mentärer Teilentmachtung der traditionellen Hochschulselbstverwaltungsgremien (Tendenz zum bloßen Mitbestimmungsmodell) nähern die Selbstverwaltungskörperschaft Hochschule einem mitbestimmten Wirtschaftsunternehmen an. Zur Kompensation fur die verlorengehenden direkten mitgestaltungsmöglichkeiten mussen den Gremien aber adäquat verstärkte und effektive Kontrollrechte gegenuber der Leitungsebene eingeräumt werden. Im Lichte des Autonomierkriteriums zeigt sich das Problem in der Weise, daß die Übertragung von bisher staatlichen Entscheidungsbefugnissen auf einen mit Externen besetzten Hochschulrat zwar formal zu einem Zuwachs an Autonomie fur die Universitäten fuhrt, da ein Universitätsorgan mit Befugnissen ausgestattet wird. Ein materieller Autonomierzuwachs im Sinne einer Steigerung der grundrechtlich legitimierten Selbstbestimmung tritt dagegen nicht ein. Keiner der hier untersuchten Bestandteile der Organisationsreformen fuhrt damit zu einem Zuwachs an Autonomie fur die Universitäten.

Evidence-based clinical recommendations for hypofractionated radiotherapy: exploring efficacy and safety - Part 1. Brain and head and neck

Soo-Yoon Sung(Soo-Yoon Sung),Jin Ho Song(Jin Ho Song),Byoung Hyuck Kim(Byoung Hyuck Kim),Yoo-Kang Kwak(Yoo-Kang Kwak),Kyung Su Kim(Kyung Su Kim),Gyu Sang Yoo(Gyu Sang Yoo),Hwa Kyung Byun(Hwa Kyung Byu 대한방사선종양학회 2024 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.42 No.1

Advances in radiotherapy (RT) techniques, including intensity-modulated RT and image-guided RT, have allowed hypofractionation, increasing the fraction size over the conventional dose of 1.8–2.0 Gy. Hypofractionation offers advantages such as shorter treatment times, improved compliance, and under specific conditions, particularly in tumors with a low α/β ratio, higher efficacy. It was initially explored for use in RT for prostate cancer and adjuvant RT for breast cancer, and its application has been extended to various other malignancies. Hypofractionated RT (HFRT) may also be effective in patients who are unable to undergo conventional treatment owing to poor performance status, comorbidities, or old age. The treatment of brain tumors with HFRT is relatively common because brain stereotactic radiosurgery has been performed for over two decades. However, re-irradiation of recurrent lesions and treatment of elderly or frail patients are areas under investigation. HFRT for head and neck cancer has not been widely used because of concerns regarding late toxicity. Thus, we aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the current evidence for HFRT for brain tumors and head and neck cancer and to offer practical recommendations to clinicians faced with the challenge of choosing new treatment options.

내시경적 " O "-형 밴드 결찰술로 제거된 식도 과립세포종 1예

이효진,박종욱,이재동,오인택,곽현철,석윤철,홍상인,박흥진,곽성진 대한소화기내시경학회 1996 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.16 No.1

The first case report of granular cell tumor was by Abrikossoff in 1926, the tumor has been named with more than 20 different synonyms. It is found usually in the tongue, oral cavity, and the skin. It occurs rarely in the esophagus. Esophageal granular cell tumor is a benign lesion which can be diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. Large symptomatic lesion can be removed by polypectomy. A 29-year-old female visited our hospital for intermittent epigastric pain and anterior chest discomfort. Endoscopy showed a 0.6 *0.4 cm whitish yellow nodule in the mid-esophagus, 25 cm from the incisor teeth. Endoscopic polypectomy was performed with $quot;O$quot;-type rubber band for endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL). A case of esophageal granular cell tumor conformed by S-100 protein stain is reported with the review of literature.