조기발병형 파킨슨병환자와 정상인의 호흡 및 발성 특성 비교

전은애(Eun Ae Chun),손영호(Young Ho Shon),백승재(Seung Jae Baek),이필휴(Phil Hyu Lee),남정모(Chung Mo Nam),이지은(Ji Eun Lee),최예린(Yaelin Choi) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.4

배경 및 목적: 파킨슨병은 호흡과 발성에 영향을 준다. 49세 이전에 발병하는 조기발병형 파킨슨병(young-onset parkinson’s disease: YOPD, 이하 YOPD)도 호흡과 발성에 문제가 있는지 보기 위해 정상군과 비교하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한 파킨슨병 환자의 음성에 관한 연구는 있었지만 YOPD 환자의 음성특성에 대한 호흡과 발성 기능에 대해서 연구된 선행연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 방법: YOPD 환자군 6명과 빈도대응 시킨 정상군 6명을 대상으로 호흡기능 평가를 위하여 MicroQuarkⓇ를 이용하여 노력성 폐활량(forced vital capacity: FVC, 이하 FVC), 1초간 노력성 호기량(forced expiratory volume at one second: FEV1, 이하 FEV1)과 1초간 노력성 호기량의 노력성 폐활량에 대한 비(이하 FEV1/FVC)를, 음향학적인 평가를 위하여 Multi-Dimentional Voice Program(이하 MDVP)를 이용하여 주기간 주파수 변동률 (이하 jitter)과 주기간 진폭 변동률(이하 shimmer)을, 공기역학적인 평가를 위하여 Phonatory Aerodynamic System(이하 PAS)를 이용하여 평균호기류율(mean airflow rate: MFR, 이하 MFR)과 성문하압(subglottal pressure: Psub, 이하 Psub)을, MDVP를 이용하여 최대발성지속시간(maximum phonation time: MPT, 이하 MPT)을 측정하고 분석하였다. 이비인후과 전문의사가 후두 스트로보스코피(stroboscopy)를 통해 후두의 병리 유무를 평가하였다. 두 집단의 호흡기능, 발성기능의 차이는 맨-휘트니 U검정(Mann-Whitney U-test)을 실시했다. 결과: MPT는 YOPD 환자군에 비하여 정상군이 통계적으로 유의하게 길었고, jitter와 shimmer는 정상군에 비하여 YOPD 환자군이 통계적으로 유의하게 컸다. 그러나 두 군간의 FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MFR, Psub은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 논의 및 결론: 두 집단 간의 호흡기능에서 차이가 없고 YOPD의 MPT, jitter, shimmer가 정상범주를 벗어나 차이가 있다. 이들 변수들이 YOPD의 음성적 진단, 치료계획과 예후를 판단하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 ‘연령’이라는 혼란변수를 배제하고 파킨슨병의 음성 특성을 규명 하는데 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. Background & Objectives: Parkinson’s disease affects respiration as well as phonation. Young-onset Parkinson’s disease (YOPD) can occur even before the age of 49 years. The present study selected YOPD patients in such a manner as to exclude the confounding variable of ‘age’ and thus examine the vocal characteristics of Parkinson’s disease solely. We aimed to compare the respiration function and phonation characteristics of these YOPD patients with a normal group. Methods: The present study’s subjects included a YOPD group comprised of 6 patients whose chronological ages were between 38 and 49 years and onset ages were prior to 49 years, and a normal group comprised of 6 subjects selected by frequency-matching. For testing respiration function, FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were measured using Cosmed’s MicroQuarkⓇ as a basic test for the ventilation function of the lung. For vocal sampling, the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) and the Advanced Model 5105 of KayPENTAX’s Computerized Speech Lab (CSL) Model 4400 were used to analyze maximum phonation time (MPT), jitter, and shimmer. Additionally, KayPENTAX’s Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) 4500 was utilized to analyze mean air flow rate (MFR) and subglottal pressure (Psub). Otolaryngologists and neurologists participated in the research cooperatively, and the otolaryngologists assessed the presence of laryngeal disease directly through larynx stroboscopy in the all subject. Mann-Whitney’s U test was used to analyze the difference between the 2 groups’ respiration and phonation function. Results: The MPT was longer in the normal group than YOPD patient group, and both jitter and shimmer were larger in the YOPD patient group than the normal group; both of these differences were statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MFR, and Psub. Discussion & Conclusion: The 2 groups’ respiration function did not differ, and YOPD patients’ MPT, jitter, and shimmer differed beyond the normal range. Thus, these variables will help in YOPD patients’ phonation diagnosis and therapeutic plans or prognosis. Although there have been studies on the phonation of Parkinson’s disease patients, limited advanced research can be found on the respiration and phonation function of YOPD patients’ vocal characteristics. The results of this study are meaningful and provide a better understanding of Parkinson’s disease because the subjects were selected such that confounding by age was avoided.

완전 방실차단을 동반한 급성 심근염

이유선,정진옥,박용규,박형서,노상필,정승현,김정희,이재환,최시완,성인환 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

급성 심근염환자에서 발행한 완전 방실차단을 영구 심장박동 조율기로 치료한 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Myocarditis, an inflammatory process involving the myocardal wall, may be caused by most infectious agents. Irrespective of its etiology, it presents commonly with evidence of heart failure, hypotension, and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Patient with myocarditis may be asymptomatic or may have a rapidly progressive fatal disease. Medical management of patients with myocarditis includes specific therapy for underlying infection and control of the complication of myocarditis such as congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Recently we had experienced myocarditis with complete atrioventricular block in 37-year-old man. Although he had shown complete recovery of heart failure, he had shown complete atrioventricular block, so we inserted permanent pacemaker. We report it with review of the literature.

생략 가능한 특수 터미날 심볼의 오류보정

이명준,박양수,정영필 울산대학교 1993 공학연구논문집 Vol.24 No.2

본 논문에서는 프로그램 작성시 주어진 투수 터미널 심볼의 생략 가능성을 분류하기 위한 형식론을 제안한다. 제안된 방법을 만족하는 문법의 경우, 생략된 심볼의 어휘 분석단계(lexical analysis phase)나 구문분석단계(syntax analysis phase)와 같은 컴파일하는 각 단계에서 보정할 수 있게 한다. 그리고, 제시된 방법에 근거하여, 각 컴파일 단계에서 복구할 수 있는 심볼이 포함된 프로그래밍 언어들의 특성을 논의한다. 또한, 제안된 방법론을 실제 구현하였으며 Ada나 Modula-2와 같은 주요 프로그래밍 언어들에 적용하였다. 이들 언어들에 대해서는 심볼을 생략함으로써 야기되는 오류를 만족할만하게 보정해 준다. 제안된 방법을 적용하기 어려운 프로그래밍 언어들에 대한 특성 또한 논의되었다. This paper presents a formalism for classifying the possibility of omitting a given special terminal symbol when writing programs. For the grammars satisfying the proposed formalism, the formalism enables to repair the symbol during phases of compilation such as lexical analysis or syntax analysis. Based on the method, this paper also discusses the characteristics of programming languages in which the symbol is repaired during such phases. The method was implemented and applied to major programming languages such as Ada and Modula-2, repairing satisfactorily the errors caused by omitting the symbol. In addition, the characteristics of the programming languages to which the presented method is hardly applicable, are discussed.

태권도 교육프로그램이 유아의 정서발달에 미치는 영향

이필영,윤지희 용인대학교 무도연구소 2000 武道硏究所誌 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examin the influence of Taekwondo training on Infant's emotional intelligence considering untraned Infant. This study made total 100 infants of 6-7 years old an object in Yongin and Suwon city. 50 trained infants and 50 untrained infants were sampled in Taekwondo exercise hall and kindergarten. The questionnaire used for collection data was slightly modified from Moon(1997)'s and tested its validity and reliability. Each questionnaire was filled out by the subject researcher using man to man interview method. In the analysing of materials, using the statistical program SPSS/WN 10.0 for window, a simple effect verification was executed for the difference of two groups by mutuality verification method and for the difference of average and standard deviation between who took part in the Taekwondo program and who did not take part in the program of physical activity, a independence t-verification was applied. The results as were follows; 1.The levels of emotional cognition of oneself are non significant difference in taekwondo training group and untraining group. 2.The levels of emotional cognition of others people are non significant difference in taekwondo training group and untraining group. 3.The levels of emotional control of oneself are significant difference in taekwondo training group and untraining group. 4.The levels of emotional control of others people are significant difference in taekwondo training group and entraining goup. 5.The levels of emotional agreement are non significant difference in taekwondo training group and entraining goup. As above mentioning, in the result of difference verification between groups for the development of infant's emotion intelligence, the degree of change in emotion control is shown hightly in the order of the group who took part in the program of taekwondo.

불포화 폴리에스테르 수지의 물성이 폴리머 콘크리트의 강도에 미치는 영향

이필호,박재근,황보 영,이정우 강원대학교 석재복합신소재제품연구센터 1996 석재연 논문집 Vol.1 No.-

본 연구에서는 폴리머 콘크리트의 결합재인 불포화 폴리에스테르 수지(UPR)의 물리적 성질을 조사하였다. 그 결과는 비중 1.1 g/mL, 점도 3.0 poise, styrene의 함량은 40% 내외이고 산값은 약 20이었다. 본 실험에서 제조된 폴리머 콘크리트의 압축강도는 평균 1,056 Kg/cm², 휨강도는 216 Kg/cm², 인장강도는 110 Kg/cm²이었는데, 이는 시멘트 콘크리트에 비해 비교적 좋은 역학적 성질을 나타낸 것이다. 변동계수는 압축강도의 경우 약 3%, 휨강도의 경우 5%, 인장강도의 경우 6% 내외로서 매우 양호하다. 강도비를 산출하여 본 바 압축강도와 휨강도의 비가 4.9, 압축강도와 인장강도의 비가 9.7, 휨강도와 인장강도가 1.97로서 나타났는데 이는 폴리머 콘크리트의 압축강도는 1000 Kg/cm²를 상회함을 감안할 때 휨 및 인장강도가 상대적으로 큼을 보여주는 결과이다. In this study, effect on the strength of polymer concrete of unsaturated polyester Resin's(UPR) property was investigated. The physical property of UPR was as follows; density 1.1 g/mL, viscosity 3.0 poise, the content of styrene 40%, and acid value 20. The mechanical property of Polymer Concrete was relatively good; compressive strength 1,056 Kg/cm², flexural strength 216 Kg/cm², splitting tensile strength 110 Kg/cm², The coefficient of fluctuation was 3% of compressive strength, 5% of flexural strength, and 6% of splitting tensile strength. The ratios of respective strength were 4.9(compressive strength to splitting tensile strength), and 1.97(flexural strength to splitting strength). Therefore, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of polymer concrete was relatively big under consideration of compressive strength(1,000 Kg/cm²).

제지 슬러지-합성 섬유-목섬유 복합재의 개발

이필우,이영규,김현중 한국목재공학회 2002 목재공학 Vol.30 No.1

제지 공정중에서 발생하는 슬러지의 효율적인 활용 방안중의 하나로써 목질보드 원료 대체 재료로써의 그 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 제지 슬러지, 합성 섬유, 목섬유의 혼합비를 각각 5:5:90, 15:15:90, 25:25:50으로 PMDI와 요소수지 접착제를 사용하여 목표비중 0.7, 0.8, 0.9인 복합재를 제작하여 물리적 및 기계적 성질을 측정한 결과 제지 슬러지와 합성 섬유를 30%∼50%를 혼합하여 복합재를 제조하여도 기존의 보드와 비교하여 손색이 없는 제품을 생산할 수 있다고 판단되었다. The aim of this research was to investigate the manufacturing possibility of the paper sludge-synthetic fiber-wood fiber composite. Three levels of the formulation of paper sludge, synthetic fiber and wood fiber (5:5:90, 15:15:70, 25:25:50), two types of adhesive (PMDI, urea-formaldehyde resin) and three levels of density(0.7, 0.8, 0.9) were designed. From the test result, composites with similar or better properties, when compared with commercial fiberboard, appeared to be possible by the addition of up to 30∼50% paper sludge and synthetic fiber into wood fiber.

어말어미의 습득 과정에 관한 연구 : 36개월 이전의 영·유아를 중심으로 A case of Korean children under 36 months

이삼형,이필영,임유종 국어교육학회 2004 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.18 No.-

이 연구의 목적은 한국 아동의 어미 습득에 대하여 밝히는 데에 있다. 어미를 습득하는 첫 단계는 종결어미를 습득하는 것이다. 종결어미의 습득 과정을 보면, 서술형-의문형-명령형-청유형-감탄형의 순으로 습득이 이루어짐을 알 수 있다. 그 이후 비종결어미를 습득하는 과정이 이어진다. 비종결어미는 연결어미와 전성어미로 구분되는데, 두 가지 어미 모두 같은 시기에 출현을 한다. 그러나 비종결 어미의 전형적인 용법의 관점에서 보면, 연결어미의 습득 과정이 전성어미의 경우보다 빠르다. 연결어미의 경우는 대등적, 종속적, 보조적 연결어미로 구분이 되는데, 보조적-종속적-대등적 연결어미의 순으로 습득된다. 전성어미의 경우는 관형형 어미, 명사형 어미로 구분되는데, 관형형 어미-명사형 어미의 순으로 습득이 이루어진다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of Korean children's acquisition of final endings. First, children acquire terminal endings, and the order of terminal endings acquisition is a declarative-interrogative-imperativeproposal-exclamative endings. Children, then, continued the acquisition of nonterminal endings. Non-terminal endings has connective endings and transformative endings, and both seem to appear at the same time. However, during a typical use of non-terminal endings, children acquire connective endings prior to transformative endings. Connective endings have three parts; coordinative endings, subordinate endings and subsidiary endings. The acquisition process of connective endings is in the order of subsidiary-subordinate-coordinative endings. Transformative endings are divided into two; adnominal endings and nominal endings. In transformative endings, the sequence of acquisition is adnominal ending-nominal endings.

리기다소나무 (Pinus rigida Miller) 판재의 압축이상재 (壓縮異常材) , 대응재 (對應材) 및 측면재 특성에 관한 주사전자현미경적인 연구

이필우,엄영근 한국목재공학회 1985 목재공학 Vol.13 No.1

In Korea, a study on the anatomical features of pitch pine(pinus rigida Miller) branch wood through photo-microscopical method was reported in 1972 by Lee. Therefore, as a further study of Lee's on the anatomical features in branch wood of pinus rigida miller that grows in Korea, compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood were selected and treated for the purpose of comparing their structures revealed on cross and radial surface through scanning electron microscope in this study. The obtained results in this study were summarized as follows: 1. The trachied transition from earlywood to latewoad is very gradual and the tracheids are nearly regular in both arrangement and size in compression wood but this transition in opposite wood and side wood is abrupt and the tracheids in opposite wood and side wood are less regular than those in compression wood. Also, the annual ring width of opposite wood is narrower than that of compression wood or side wood and the rays revealed on cross surface of side wood are more distinct than compression wood and apposite wood rays. 2. The tracheids of compression wood show roundish trends especially in earlywood but those of apposite wood and side wood show same angular trends. And intercellular space, helical cavity, and spiral chock are present in both earlywood and latewood of compression wood but not present in opposite wood and side wood irrespective of earlywood and latewood. 3. The wall thickness of latewood tracheid is similar to that of earlywood tracheid in compression wood whereas the wall thickness of latewood tracheid is by far thicker than that of earlywood tracheid in opposite wood and side wood and the S₃ layer of secondary wall is lack in comgression wood tracheid unlike opposite wood and side wood traeheid. 4. The tracheids in compression wood are often distorted at their tips unlike those in opposite wood and side wood and the bordered pit in compression wood tracheid is located at the bottom of helical groove unlike that in opposite wood and side wood tracheid. 5. The bordered pits in radial wall of apposite wood and side wood tracheids are oval in shape but those of compression wood tracheids show some modified oval shape. 6. in earlywood of side wood, the small apertures of cross-field pits are roundish triangle to rectangle and the large one are fenestriform through the caalition of two small ones. However, the small apertures of cross-field pits are upright oval and the large ones are procumbent oval shape in earlywood of opposite wood and the apertures of cross-field pits in compression wood are tilted bifacial convex lens shape in earlywood and slit in latewood because of the border on tracheid side.

POSIX 쓰레드를 이용한 SR 실행 환경 지원에 관한 연구

이명준,박양수,정영필,김영곤 울산대학교 1995 공학연구논문집 Vol.26 No.1

병행성은 컴퓨터 시스템에서 주요한 추상화중의 하나이다. 이러한 병행성은 하드웨어의 디자인과 오퍼레이션, 운영체제, 다중프로세서, 분산계산, 실시간시스템, 프로그래밍 언어와 시스템의 디자인 수단으로 사용되어왔다. 운영체제 서비스에 대하여 응용 프로그램들의 원시코드 이식성을 제공하기 위하여 최근 몇년동안 운영체제에 대한 응용 프로그램 인터페이스를 위한 일련의 표준화 작업으로 IEEE의 운영 체제 기술 협의회는 POSIX를 개발해오고 있다. POSIX 쓰레드 확장에 관한 표준안은 운영체제 서비스가 하나의 프로세스내에서 제어의 다중 쓰레드를 생성하고 수행하는 것을 지원하는 응용 프로그램 인터페이스를 지원한다. 우리는 이러한 POSIX 쓰레드를 사용하여 SR 언어의 실행지원 시스템을 새로이 설계 및 구현한다. 개발된 실행지원 시스템의 이식성은 POIX 쓰레드를 지원하는 시스템들 사이에서 자연스럽게 보장된다. 주어진 컴퓨터 시스템에 대하여 이 새로운 실행지원 시스템의 성능은 그 시스템에서의 POSIX 쓰레드 자체의 구현에 대한 질에 좌우된다. 특히 그 시스템이 많은 프로세서를 가지고 이러한 프로세스들을 효과적으로 지원하도록 POSIX 쓰레드가 구현되었을때 이 새로운 실행지원 시스템은 매우 유용하게 된다. Concurrency is one of the key abstractions in Computer System. It has relevance to hardware design and operation, operating systems, multiprocessor and distributed computation, real-time systems, programming languages and system design methods. To provide source code portability of operating system services for application programs, POSIX is being developed for the recent several years by the IEEE Technical Committee on Operating System as a family of standards for application program interface to an operating system. The draft standard POSIX Threads Extension provides an application program interface to operating system services supporting the creation and execution of multiple threads of control within a single process. Using this POSIX Threads, we present a new design and implementation of the runtime support system of SR. Naturally, the portability of the runtime support system developed is guaranteed between the systems supporting POSIX Threads. For a given system, the performance of the new runtime support system depends on the quality of the implementation of POSIX Threads for the system. In particular, when the system has a lot of processors and the implementation of POSIX Threads utilizes those processors effectively, the new runtime support system is very useful.

언양 자연 집단내 Drosophila melanogaster의 유해 유전자 빈도 분석

김영필,최영현,유미애,이원호 한국환경과학회 1996 한국환경과학회지 Vol.5 No.1

The genetic variabilities of second chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster concealed in O^n-yang natural population have been analyzed by the Cy//Pm method and an allelism test during two years (1993-1994). The mean frequencies of deleterious(lethal and semilethal) genes in O^n-yang natural population were estimated to be 23.97% in 1993 and 27.15% in 1994, respectively. The allelism rates between lethal genes in the population were 0.654%(1993) and 1.429%(1994). The mean values of elimination by frequencies of deleterious genes and allelism rates were 0.0004(1993) and 0.0010(1994), respectively. The frequencies of phenotypic sterility of males in 1994 were estimated to be 1.95%, and thoses of genotypic sterility of females and males were estimated to be 1.54% and 2.31%, respectively.