증여의 네 번째 의무

정헌목(Jung, Heon?mok) 서울대학교 비교문화연구소 2018 비교문화연구 Vol.24 No.2

『증여론』에서 선물교환에 관해 모스(Mauss)가 전개한 논의에는 고들리에(Godelier)가 ‘네 번째 의무’라 지칭한 또 다른 주제가 존재한다. 모스 자신이 “신과 자연을 위해서 인간에게 행하는 증여의 문제”라 부른 이 주제는 바로 신과 자연, 조상의 영에게 행하는 증여에 관한 문제이다. 인간들 사이에 존재하는 주고, 받고, 답례하는 세 가지 의무 외에 신을 비롯한 신성한 존재에 대한 증여가 선물교환의 네 번째 의무로 자리하고 있다는 것이다. 본고에서는 여기에 주목하여 『증여론』에서의 선물교환 원리와 희생제의에 관한 이론을 연결하여 모스의 논의를 검토한다. 이를 통해 희생제의의 원리와 모스가 설명하는 선물의 논리 간의 연관성을 바탕으로 한 분석이 현대사회에서 어떤 시사점을 갖는지, 나아가 사회 혹은 공동체의 형성과 어떤 관련을 갖는지 분석한다. 특히 신성한 존재에 대한 증여가 사람들 간의 호혜적 의무와 동일한 층위에서 작동할 수 없다는 사실을 바탕으로, 증여의 ‘네 번째 의무’에 의해 구성된 위계적 세계를 공동체 형성의 차원에서 이해하는 논의를 고찰한다. This article explores the forgotten theme of “the fourth obligation” called by Maurice Godelier in the discussion of Marcel Mauss about the gift exchange. Mauss explained this theme as that of the gift made to men in the sight of gods or nature. It includes the sacrificing rites to the gods and spirits as the fourth obligation of gift exchange, beyond reciprocal relationships among humans based on three obligations to give, receive, and repay. Focusing on the similarity between discussions about sacrifice and gift exchange, I examine that the “total prestation” system of Mauss and the formation of society or community are closely linked. In particular, discussions about hierarchical worlds constituted by “the fourth obligation” are essential, because gift to the divine beings cannot be compatible with reciprocal relationships among humans. Based on reviews about this kind of discussions, I argue an obligation to give towards the divinities can contribute to the formation of communities on another level.

체외수정시술을 위한 과배란유도시 Nafarelin 과 Triptorelin 사용에 따른 임상성적의 비교

목정은,김낙연,김정훈,강병문,장윤석 울산대학교 의과대학 1996 울산의대학술지 Vol.5 No.1

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists(GnRH-a) vary in structure and route of administration. We performed this study to compare patient response to intranasal nafarelin acetate versus subcutaneous triptorelin as adjuncts to ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization(IVF). From October 1995 to May 1996, sixty-four patients with tubal factor infertility entering their 79 cycles of IVF were randomized to receive either intranasal nafarelin acetate(Group Ⅰ, 38 cycles) or subcutaneous triptorelin(Group Ⅱ, 41 cycles). Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation(COH) using luteal long protocol of GnRH-a was used in all patients. Patient characteristics in the two groups did not differ significantly, nor did sperm parameters or endocrine profiles. There was no significant difference in ovarian response as indicated by duration of GnRH-a administration before ovarian stimulation, number of ampules of gonadotropin used and duration of gonadotropin administration in ovarian stimulation, and serum E( ) level and number of follicles(≥14mm) on the day of hCG administration between the two groups. There were no significant differences in clinical results of oocyte and embryo obtained such as number of oocytes retrieved, oocytes fertilized, embryos cleaved, embryos frozen, and embryos transfered between the two groups. There were also no significant differences between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ in clinical pregnancy rate(31.6% versus 34.1%) and abortion rate per clinical pregnancy(8.3% versus 14.3%). This study suggests that intranasal nafarelin acetate as well as subcutaneous triptorelin can be used successfully in ovulation induction using luteal long protocol of GnRH-a.

하계 집중 호우에 따른 강화도 갯벌 퇴적물 내 공극수 성분 변화

목진숙,김성한,조혜연,현정호 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2007 이학기술논문지 Vol.10 No.-

2007년 7월 10일부터 8월 9일까지 강화도 남단 동검리 갯벌에서 표층 퇴적물 6 cm 이내 화학 성분(CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-))의 농도를 측정하였다. 조사 기간 동안 세 차례의 태풍(EWINIAR, BILIS, KAEMI)과 폭우 (110∼202.5 mm)가 있었다. 그로 인해 염분은 7∼21 psu(practical salinity units)의 범위를 보였고, CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-)의 농도는 각각 84∼159, 5.52∼16.46, 3.56∼9.69, 160∼461, 0.58∼0.99 mmol m^(-2)의 범위로 나타났으며, 전반적으로 폭우 이후 급격히 감소한 후 다시 회복되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 폭우 이후 담수 유입 증가에 따른 희석 효과를 반영하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 물리적 교란에 의해 혐기성 상태의 분해 산물이 재산화 됨으로써 퇴적물 내 혐기성 조건이 완화되었음을 의미한다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 기상이변에 따른 집중호우가 갯벌 내 생지화학적 과정에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 지시해 준다. Concentrations of pore water constituents CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-) within top 6 cm sediment were measured from 10 July to 9 August 2007 at Donggeom intertidal mudflat of the south Ganghwa in Korea. There was a typhoon (EWINIAR, BILIS, KAEMI) and heavy rainfall (110∼02.5 mm) of three times during the period. Therefore salinity ranged from 7 to 21 psu concentrations of CO₂, NH₄^(+), Fe^(2+), SO₄^(2-), HS^(-) ranged 84∼159 , 5.52∼16.46, 3.56∼9.69, 160∼461 0.58∼0.99 mmol m^(-2), respectively, and constituents were steeply decreased after heavy rainfall and recovered again. These results reflected the dilution effect by the increasing of freshwater discharge after heavy rainfall and implied that physical disturbance led to less anoxic conditions in the sediment by reoxidizing the anoxic decomposition products. This results also implied that the short-term heavy rainfall may have a profound impact on the sediment biogeochemistry.

Peroxide와 자간전증 환자의 혈청 관류에 따른 제대정맥의 prostaglandin 생성의 변화

목정은,김암,이필량,한지수,이인식 울산대학교 의과대학 1996 울산의대학술지 Vol.5 No.1

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the prostaglandin secretion rates in human umbilical vein with preeclamptic sera and peroxide perfusion. Study design Isolated human umbilical cords(n=10) were perfused for 30-minute intervals with cord buffer, 15% normal pregnant sera and preeclamptic patient sera, 100 mol/L t-butyl hydroperoxide alone, and after perfusion with low-dose aspirin(5×10( )mol/L). Cord buffer gassed with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and warmed to 37℃ was used for the perfusion buffer. Effluent flow rates were measured during each experimental treatment. Effluent samples were measured for 6-keto prostaglandin Flα and thromboxane B( ) by enzyme immunoassays. Results The concentrations of 6-keto prostaglandin F( )α in preeclamptic sera were significantly higher than those in normal pregnant sera.(989.3849 ± 1602.927 vs. 1.3116 ± 1.22085 ng/ml, mean ± SD, p<0.01). However, the concentrations of thromboxane B( ) were not different between normal pregnant sera and preeclamptic sera. The secretion rate of 6-keto-prostaglandin F( )α in human umbilical endothelial cells was not significantly different(p=0.77) between two groups. Comparing to normal pregnant sera, the secretion rate of thromboxane B( ) was significantly increased(p<0.01) after preeclamptic sera perfusion. The secretion rate of 6-keto-prostaglandin F( ) was significantly increased(p<0.01) following peroxide perfusion and that was significantly decreased by aspirin. The secretion rate of thromboxane B( ) was not significantly different between preeclamptic sera and peroxide alone or subsequent perfusion with aspirin. Conclusions (1) Preeclamptic sera stimulate thromboxane production rather than prostacyclin production by endothelial cells of human umbilical vein in vitro. (2) Peroxide stimulates the secretion of both prostacyclin and thromboxane, and low dose aspirin mitigates hydroperoxide-induced prostacyclin secretion. We confirmed that thromboxane secretion is stimulated by preeclamptic sera and the role of peroxide in prostaglandin secretion. We established the perfusion system using human umbilical vein through this study. This perfusion system may be useful to understand the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.

루마니아어 기능동사 구문의 위상 검토 : 불어와 관련해서 본 보편성과 특수성

목정수 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2003 외국어교육연구 Vol.- No.17

In this article we clarified the characteristics of the 'support verb constructions' (=SVC) in rumanian and solidified the status of SVC in connection with 'free combinations'(=syntagme verbal), 'idioms'(=locution verbale). Before the main discussions, we showed why to study the SVC and how to construct the lexicon including the informations of SVC. Considering that the concept of 'support verb' was born in the frame of French 'lexicon-grammar' by M. Gross, we compared the lexicon-grammar of the Rumanian predicative nouns with that of French. As a result of that work, we made clear the particularity(=singularity) and the generality(=universality) of Rumanian SVC in the Romance languages, with speical comparison with French. We also utilized the concept of 'grammaticalization' in explaining the phenomena related with SVC and setting the criteria for distinguishing SVC from idioms, phraseologies, collocations, etc..

자궁내막암의 진단과 치료

목정은 한국의학사 1985 診斷과治療 Vol.5 No.2

고효율 폐페인트의 재활용 기술 개발

정재헌,김정수,김종민,김영한,이상록,장상목 동아대학교 공과대학부설 생산기술연구소 1997 生産技術硏究所硏究論文集 Vol.2 No.1

In this study, the equipment and method to recyle waste-paint, were developed and investigated. The efficiency of drying and pulverizing the waste-paint were improved via vescosity reducing process and microwave energy source with a blast of hot air. This method may be useful to recyle the waste-paint, rubber and plastics.

最近 中國佛敎의 變貌

睦楨培 동국대학교 불교대학 1981 東國思想 Vol.14 No.-

오늘날 중국을 상도할 때 우리는 막연할 뿐이다 중화적 의미는 대륙적인 포객성을 뜻하지만 청말 이후 국민당의 패북으로 말미암아 중공적인 의미가 강세하게 되어 무위적인 해석으로 변질되고 불교의 종합적이고 분석적인 학리도 맑스 레닌적인 유물적인 해석으로 오랫동안 흘러왔다. 그러므로 지금와서 중국불교를 이해하거나 승가교육을 밝힌다는 것은 어쩌면 유물적 사관에 입각한 불교를 집어 볼 수 밖에 없다.

소아 Henoch-Schonlein 신염의 임상경과와 조직학적 특성 : Renal Outcome and Prognostic Factors

김병목,장창환,조민현,곽정식,고철우,구자훈 대한신장학회 2003 대한신장학회잡지 Vol.22 No.6

유방의 경화성 선증과 선관암종에서 그상피세포 및 기저막의 변화에 관한 면역 조직화학적 연구

김경목,이중달 한양대학교 의과대학 1995 한양의대 학술지 Vol.15 No.2

The distributions of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), myoepithelial cells (ME), and laminin in eight sclerosing adenosis, four intraductal carcinomas, and five invasive ductal carcinomas were compared. Sections of formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies of EMA, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and laminin, respectively. EMA in normal acini and sclerosing adenosis was confined exclusively to the apical borders, wherase intradctal and invasive carcinoma expressed the EMA in an irregular, non-polar fashion throughout cell surface. SMA-positive cells were well delineated in sclerosing adenosis but not present in invasive carcinomas. In the intraductal carcinomas there were two modes of expression of SMA, one present and the other absent. The intraductal carcinoma with SMA-positive cells were representative of pre-existing duct with luminal extension of cancer(cancerization). Laminin in sclerosing adenosis and other benign proliferative lesions of the breast surrounded completely in continuous linear fashion, while invasive duct carcinomas were negative for this protein. Intraductal carcinoma showed irregular, discontinuous laminin around ducts with carcinoma. It is concluded that a combined analysis of epithelial membrane antigens, myoepithelial cells and basement membrane proteins is a reliable and convenient way to differentiate between sclerosing adenosis and ductal carcinoma of the breast.