트랜스내셔널 소설에서의 참여의 의미

이영아(Young A Lee) 한국현대소설학회 2014 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.56

Transnational novel takes notice of beings that creat new reciprocal culture through their contacts with other cultures in multicultural age. Accordingly the subject, I, should become ``a reflective subject`` objectifying oneself in the presence of others rather than ``a egocentric subject`` revolving around unversal identity. The reflective subject transfigured through self crack could form solidarity with others and make one``s way to the existing social structure and finally develop new social order. This study was conduted to investigate the transfiguration of the subject, the solidarity with others and social engagement in a transnational novel, 「My stepbrothers」 written by Myungrang Lee. In this novel Youngwon, living in Youngdeungpo market as a minor and runaway girl, undergoes ``being looked at`` by others from ``looking at`` others. This experience is not passive one since she transfigures herself to the reflective subject by writing her observation on people in market, finding out life will from them, feeling compassion toward them and building self-identity. At last Youngwon refigured as a flective subject makes new order through forming solidarity with others in the market. The writer has Korean recognize anew the notions of others and their community because they are suffering from the ignorance of others and the conflicts with others. In this context, the murder of ``Team up, uncle``, who is a symbol of an egocentric subject, means a kind of warning not to stay in past hegemony and ideology. In conclusion, the writer persist the active and concrete engagement suitable for the multicultural society.

증후성 멕켈 게실의 임상적 고찰

이영아,서지현,윤희상,이경훈,김재영,최광해,최병호,박재홍,Lee, Young Ah,Seo, Ji Hyun,Youn, Hee Sang,Lee, Gyeong Hun,Kim, Jae Young,Choi, Gwang Hae,Choi, Byung Ho,Park, Jae Hong 대한소아소화기영양학회 2006 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.9 No.2

목 적: 증후성 멕켈 게실 환자들의 임상 증상, 검사 소견, 조직학적 소견, 치료법 등에 대한 임상적 고찰을 통하여 그 특징을 알아보고 진단과 치료에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 방 법: 1997년 1월부터 2006년 3월까지 6개 대학교병원에서 멕켈 게실로 진단받은 58명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 조사를 통해 임상 증상, 검사실 소견, 조직학적 소견, 진단 방법, 수술 방법 등을 분석하였다. 결 과: 성별 비율은 남자 43예, 여자 15예로 2.8 : 1이었다. 증상이 발생한 연령은 평균 47개월로 생후 1일부터 27세였고, 2세 이하가 31명(53%), 2~5세가 13명(22%), 5세 이상이 14명(25%)으로 5세 이전에 대부분 증상이 나타나 진단되었다. 주요 증상으로는 출혈(78%)이 가장 많았고, 구토(43%), 복통(43%), 보챔(19%), 복부팽만(13%), 발열(9%) 등이 있었다. 임상 양상은 장관 출혈이 76%로 가장 많았고, 그 외 장폐색(34%), 천공(13%), 게실염(9%), 혈성 복수(2%)를 보였다. 장폐색을 유발한 원인으로는 장중첩(38%), 내탈장(27%), 띠(16%), 염전(11%), 함입(5%)의 순이었다. 멕켈 스캔이 70%의 환자에서 시행되었고 이소성 위 점막이 있었던 26예 중 21예에서 양성을 보였다. 그 외 복부 전산화 단층 촬영(19%), 복부 초음파(24%), 진단적 개복술(20%) 등이 진단에 이용되었다. 진단이 되기까지 걸린 시간은 평균 51일(1일~4년)이었다. 수술을 받았던 55명 중 44명(80%)이 소장 부분 절제술, 11명(20%)이 게실 절제술을 받았으며 술 후 합병증은 없었다. 게실의 위치는 회맹판에서 평균 45.9 cm (2~120 cm) 근위부에 있었고 게실의 길이는 평균 3.2 cm (1~10 cm), 직경은 평균 1.8cm (0.5~6 cm)로 대부분 5 cm 이하였다. 게실의 이소성 조직은 위 점막이 26예(48%), 위 점막과 췌장점막이 동시에 있었던 경우가 5예(9%)였다. 결 론: 증후성 멕켈 게실은 주로 5세 이하 남자에서 호발하며 출혈과 장폐색 소견을 보이는 경우가 많으나 다양한 임상적 발현을 보인다. 원인이 뚜렷하지 않은 장관의 출혈이나 반복성 장중첩증, 장폐색의 소견이 있는 경우 멕켈 게실을 염두에 두고 멕켈 스캔과 복부 초음파 검사, 복부 컴퓨터 단층 촬영을 즉시 시행하고 임상적으로 의심이 되면 시험 개복술로 확인하는 것이 필요하다. Purpose: The proper diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is difficult and delayed because of the variety of clinical manifestations. We reviewed clinical characteristics of symptomatic MD to facilitate early detection. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, histopathological findings, and operative findings in 58 patients with symptomatic MD. Results: The male to female ratio was 2.8 : 1. The most common symptom of MD was bleeding. Others symptoms included: vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, abdominal distension and fever in the order of frequency. The clinical manifestations of symptomatic MD were lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, perforation, diverticulitis and hemoperitoneum, in the order of frequency. The causes of intestinal obstruction were intussusception, internal hernia, band, volvulus, invagination, in the order of frequency. Seventy five percent of patient with MD were diagnosed prior to 5 years of age. The most frequently used diagnostic tool was the Meckel's scan. The diverticulum was located 2 cm to 120 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The length of the diverticulum ranged from 1 cm to 10 cm and 94% were less than 5 cm. The most common ectopic tissue found in the MD was gastric mucosa. Ileal resection was more frequently performed than diverticulectomy. Conclusion: In cases of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction and repeated intussusception, the meckel's scan, ultrasound and computed tomography shoud be considered to rule out MD, and if clinically necessary, an exploratory laparotomy when needed.

퍼지 클러스터링을 이용한 강화학습의 함수근사

이영아,정경숙,정태충,Lee, Young-Ah,Jung, Kyoung-Sook,Chung, Tae-Choong 한국정보처리학회 2003 정보처리학회논문지B Vol.10 No.6

강화학습을 적용하기에 적합한 많은 실세계의 제어 문제들은 연속적인 상태 또는 행동(continuous states or actions)을 갖는다. 연속 값을 갖는 문제인 경우, 상태공간의 크기가 거대해져서 모든 상태-행동 쌍을 학습하는데 메모리와 시간상의 문제가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 학습된 유사한 상태로부터 새로운 상태에 대한 추측을 하는 함수 근사 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 1-step Q-learning의 함수 근사를 위하여 퍼지 클러스터링을 기초로 한 Fuzzy Q-Map을 제안한다. Fuzzy Q-Map은 데이터에 대한 각 클러스터의 소속도(membership degree)를 이용하여 유사한 상태들을 군집하고 행동을 선택하고 Q값을 참조했다. 또한 승자(winner)가 되는 퍼지 클러스터의 중심과 Q값은 소속도와 TD(Temporal Difference) 에러를 이용하여 갱신하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법은 마운틴 카 문제에 적용한 결과, 빠른 수렴 결과를 보였다. Many real world control problems have continuous states and actions. When the state space is continuous, the reinforcement learning problems involve very large state space and suffer from memory and time for learning all individual state-action values. These problems need function approximators that reason action about new state from previously experienced states. We introduce Fuzzy Q-Map that is a function approximators for 1 - step Q-learning and is based on fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy Q-Map groups similar states and chooses an action and refers Q value according to membership degree. The centroid and Q value of winner cluster is updated using membership degree and TD(Temporal Difference) error. We applied Fuzzy Q-Map to the mountain car problem and acquired accelerated learning speed.

PSO의 다양한 영역 탐색과 지역적 미니멈 인식을 위한 전략

이영아,김택헌,양성봉,Lee, Young-Ah,Kim, Tack-Hun,Yang, Sung-Bong 한국정보처리학회 2009 정보처리학회논문지B Vol.16 No.4

PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization)는 군집(swarm)을 구성하는 단순한 개체들인 입자(particle)들이 각자의 경험을 공유하여 문제의 해답을 찾는 최적화 알고리즘으로 다양한 분야에서 응용되고 있다. PSO에 대한 연구는 최적화를 위해 군집이 적합한 영역으로 빠르게 수렴하도록 하는 파라미터 값의 선정, 토폴로지, 입자의 이동에서 주로 이루어지고 있다. 표준 PSO 알고리즘은 입자 자신과 최고의 이웃이 제공하는 정보만을 이용해서 이동하므로 다양한 영역을 탐색하지 못하고 지역적 최적점에 조기 수렴하는 경향이 있다. 본 논문에서는 군집이 다양한 영역을 탐색하기 위해, 각 입자는 더 나은 경험을 가진 이웃입자들의 정보를 상대적인 중요도에 따라서 참조하여 이동하도록 하였다. 다양한 영역의 탐색은 표준 PSO 알고리즘보다 지역적 최적화의 확률을 줄이고 탐색 속도를 가속화하며 탐색의 성공률을 높일 수 있다. 또한 군집이 지역적 미니멈으로부터 벗어나기 위한 검사 전략을 제안하여 탐색의 성공률을 높였다. 제안한 PSO 알고리즘을 평가하기 위하여, 벤치마크 함수들에 적용한 결과 최적화의 진행 속도 개선과 탐색 성공률의 향상이 있었다. PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization) is an optimization algorithm in which simple particles search an optimal solution using shared information acquired through their own experiences. PSO applications are so numerous and diverse. Lots of researches have been made mainly on the parameter settings, topology, particle's movement in order to achieve fast convergence to proper regions of search space for optimization. In standard PSO, since each particle uses only information of its and best neighbor, swarm does not explore diverse regions and intended to premature to local optima. In this paper, we propose a new particle's movement strategy in order to explore diverse regions of search space. The strategy is that each particle moves according to relative weights of several better neighbors. The strategy of exploring diverse regions is effective and produces less local optimizations and accelerating of the optimization speed and higher success rates than standard PSO. Also, in order to raise success rates, we propose a strategy for checking whether swarm falls into local optimum. The new PSO algorithm with these two strategies shows the improvement in the search speed and success rate in the test of benchmark functions.

일 지역 대학생의 암에 대한 지식, 태도 및 국민 암 예방 10대 수칙 건강행위

이영아,Lee, Young-Ah 한국응급구조학회 2019 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to assess college students' knowledge, attitude, and health behavior regarding cancer based on 10 national cancer prevention recommendations and to examine the relation between these variables. Methods: The participants were 189 college students in J city. Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of items on cancer-related knowledge, attitude toward cancer, and implementation of 10 national recommendations on cancer. The data were analyzed using independent two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ multiple comparison test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression(stepwise) analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0 program (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and health behavior were 23.83 points (out of a possible 32), 33.10 points (out of possible 50), respectively. Attitude was positively correlated with health behavior and accounted for 37.7% of cancer prevention health behavior. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the related factors should be considered in the development and implementation of systemic education programs that can encourage and promote cancer prevention health behavior among college students.

응급구조과 대학생의 원격수업 경험 분석

이영아,Lee, Young-Ah 한국응급구조학회 2021 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: The study was a qualitative study to examine the synchronous and asynchronous distanced learning experience of online paramedic students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The subjects included 10 students enrolled in the department of emergency medical service at J City C University. Written consent was provided by the subjects prior to the study, and focus group interviews were then conducted with sufficient explanation. The interviews were recorded and were directly transcribed immediately after the interview. Research results were then derived through content analysis. Results: A total of 4 domains and 9 categories were derived from the experiences of paramedic students on distanced learning. The 4 domains included "distanced lectures type," "student's adaptation and non-adaptation," "change of evaluation," and "learning anxiety." Conclusion: Contents of each domain derived from this study are expected to be used as basic data for the design of the distanced learning in the future.

$Periotest^(R)$ Value와 Implant Stability Quotient에 영향을 미치는 요소

이영아,차인호,이호용,한동후,Yi Young-Ah,Cha In-Ho,Lee Ho-Yong,Han Dong-Hoo 대한치과보철학회 2006 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.44 No.1

Statement of problem: $Periotest^(R)\;and\;Osstell^{TM}$ were known as the most objective and quantitative mobility tests available for evaluating stability of implant in vivo. Although a correlation between PTV widely used and ISQ recently introduced exist, a PTV was corresponded to various ISQ. A correct evaluation of implant stability could be obtained only after one has a thorough understanding of the limitations of devices and factors that affect measurements. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of variables in the values obtained with these two tests. Material and method: A total of 333 implants 134 $Br{\aa}nemark$, 5 Silhouette and 194 ITI implants were investigated. Result: 1. There was a correlation between PTV and ISQ (Spearman correlation =0.39, p<0.0001) 2. The factors that affected ISQ were diameter of implant future, location of implant and implant system (submerged type vs non-submerged type). 3. The factors that affected W were dimeter of implant future, location of implant, and elapsed time after implant placement. 4. There was no significant difference between different surface treatments of RBM, smooth surface and ti-unite on PTY and ISQ. 5. In radiographic finding, no saucerization or bone resorption has been detected in implants with ISQ values that were above the average level of each PTV. These higher values had higher bone densities around the implant fixture. Saucerization was observed in the most impants with ISQ values that were below the average level of each PTV. Conclusion: There was a correlation between ISQ and PTV. However, each measuring methods had factors influencing the measured values. PTV were less sensitive to marginal bone resorption and influenced with the striking point on an implant to the level of bone. With ISQ, the height of implant from bone level to transducer should be considered.

기본소생술 S-PBL 패키지 개발 및 적용 후 평가

이영아,Lee, Young-Ah 한국응급구조학회 2005 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a simulation-problem based learning(S-PBL) package in basic life support(BLS). Methods: This study was used to developed BLS' S-PBL package throughout 12 steps of PBL package development model. Then, BLS' S-PBL methodology was implemented in second year student in the undergraduate emergency medical technology, and survey was done. Results: 1. S-PBL package model was presented based on conceptual model II of PBL ; PEL for professional action. 2. Quantitative analysis of survey was to the effectiveness of learning, 3.59 points ; 4.15 of BLS and 3.84 of integration and practical use of knowledge. 3. As to the satisfaction of student, S-PBL package management, tutor and self-satisfaction' score was 3.59, 3.82, 3.39 respectively. Conclusion: This study was suggested that S-PBL education would be necessary with improved tutor skill and achieved advantage of simulation and PBL.

Detection of ClO₄^- via A Hypersensitive Receptor : Unusual Electrostatic Equilibria between Host and Guest in Aqueous Media

이영아,홍종기,정옥상,Lee, Young-A,Hong, Jongki,Jung, Ok-Sang 한국분석과학회 2002 분석과학 Vol.15 No.1

${CIO_4}^-$ 이온만을 선택적으로 감지하는 새로운 수용체가 개발되었다. $[Pd(Me_4en)(Py_2S){\cdot}2ClO_4]_4$ ($Me_4en$ = N,N,N'N'-tetraethylethylenediamine; $Py_2S$ = 4,4'-dipyridyl sulfide) 착화합물에서 주-객 화학종 간의 고감도 작용력을 연구하였다. $Py_2S$의 피리딜 기는 온도, 농도, 매개체 등에 아주 민감한 두 가지의 셋트의 $^1H$ NMR, 공명 시그날을 보여주었다. 이러한 NMR 거동을 수용액에서 고리 사합체의 양이온과 ${CIO_4}^-$ 음이온 간의 정기적 인력에 의한 평형 때문인 것으로 해석되었다. A useful receptor for the sensing of ${CIO_4}^-$ species with remarkable selectivity has been developed. The hypersensitive interaction between a host and a guest has been investigated for the complex $[Pd(Me_4en)(Py_2S){\cdot}2ClO_4]_4$ ($Me_4en$ = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine; $Py_2S$ = 4,4'-dipyridyl sulfide). The pyridyl moiety of $Py_2S$ exhibits two sets of $^1H$ resonances that are delicately dependent upon temperature, concentration, and media. The nonrigidity has been explained in terms of an electrostatic equilibrium between the tetrameric host and the ${CIO_4}^-$ guest. The equilibrium is a useful method for the detection of ${CIO_4}^-$ anion with remarkable selectivity via "a restricted guest within a big host" in aqueous solution.

조선시대 여성의 이미지 변화 과정 연구 -머리 모양을 중심으로-

이영아 ( Young A Lee ) 한국동양예술학회 2013 동양예술 Vol.22 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 조선시대를 초기, 중기, 후기로 나누어 시대적 배경에 따른 머리모양의 변화를 연구하는 것이다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조선시대 초기는 체계확립기로서 여성들은 신분과 역할에 따라 정해진 머리모양을 해야 했다. 머리모양은 고려시대 수발 양식과 조선시대의 머리 모양이 혼재 된 이미지를 보이고 있었다. 조선시대 중기는 사림 정치가 행해져 지배 체제에 변화가 온 시기로 둥근 모양의 가체가 크게 유행하였다. 가체 머리는 황소 한마리 값과 가격이 비슷할 정도로 사치스러워 문제가 야기 되었다. 조선시대 후기는 붕당원리가 붕괴되고 노론 중심의 일당 독재가 등장하였으며, 가체 금지령 이후 궁중에 정착한 삼각형 모양의 첩지머리를 하도록 장려하였고 신분에 따라 그 모양이 구분되었다. 즉 조선시대 초기에는 머리모양이 혼재되는 양상을 보이고 있었으나, 조선시대 중기에서는 체재가 안정되면서 머리모양이 화려한 가체가 유행하게 되었다. 조선 후기에는 사치스럽다는 이유로 가체가 금지되고 첩지머리가 유행한 것이다. 이렇게 조선시대 여성의 머리모양은 시대적 배경에 따라 변화되는 것을 알 수 있었다. The objective of this study was to examine distinctive changes in hair-style in Lee Dynasty times at different temporal stages, that is, the early, middle, and late stage. The results were summarized as follows. In the early Lee Dynasty when the basic system was still being founded, women were forced to keep their hair-style according to their status and roles and the new hair-style and the typical hair-style of Koryo Dynasty were mingled. In the middle stage characteristic of politics controlled by groups of confucian scholar-officials, round-shaped wigs called gha-ches were in vogue. The price of a gha-che was high enough to be worth an adult cow. In the late stage that featured a single party political system dominated by No-ron party, wearing gha-ches was prohibited. As a result, a new triangle-shaped Cheopji hair-style (so called because a hairpin called cheopji was used) appeared first in the royal court and spreaded to other parts of the country. The shapes were further split into different sub-categories according to the status of individuals. In conclusion, over the many hundred years of Lee Dynasty the women``s hair-style changed, roughly reflecting different degrees of social instability, that is, the coexistence of the two different styles in the early stage, the appearance of the spectacular Gha-che style in the middle stage, and lastly the advent of cheopjis put on hairs together with the prohibition of gha-ches in the late stage.