1630년대 심양 사행일기의 면모 -<심양사행일기>와 <심양왕환일기>를 중심으로

신해진 ( Hae Jin Shin ) 택민국학연구원 2015 국학연구론총 Vol.0 No.16

선약해(宣若海)의 <심양사행일기(瀋陽使行日記)>와 위정철(魏廷喆)의 <심양왕환일기(瀋陽往還日記)>의 연구를 통해 1630년대 심양 사행일기의 구체적 면모와 전반적특징을 살피고자 하였다. <심양사행일기>는 1630년 선약해가 위문사(慰問使)로서, <심양왕환일기>는 1631년 위정철이 회답사(回答使)로서 심양에 다녀온 일기이다. 둘다 사신으로서 공식 임무를 수행한 일지이자, 중원의 정세 정탐보고서이기도 하다. 먼저, 사신으로서 공식 임무 수행 과정에서는 공격적인 불손한 후금인들을 상대하며 목숨을 내놓고 임무를 수행하는 사신의 모습을 만날 수 있었다. 선약해는 ‘가도(가島)의 명군에게 쌀 제공 여부’를 놓고 집중적으로 추궁을 당하면서 또한 ‘변발한 사람을 쇄환하는 일, 후금의 잠상(潛商)들을 정벌한 일, 군사를 빌려주는 일’ 등에 대해 갈등과 마찰을 빚는 가운데 조선의 국서 전달 및 후금의 분노를 달래는 임무를 수행하였다. 반면, 위정철은 ‘가도의 변란 뒤에 일어날 상황’에 대한 관심을 갖고 있으면서 ‘예물의 감소에 대해 불만’을 품고 있으며 ‘변발한 사람의 쇄환’을 요구하는 후금에게 당당하게 대응하기도 하고 옹색한 사정을 들어 달래기도 하고 어쩔 수 없이 요구를 들어주기도하면서 조선의 국서 및 예물을 전달하는 임무를 수행하였다. 게다가 위정철은 후금으로부터 대금을 받고 약재(藥材)을 거래하기도 하고, 후금에 귀순한 조선인의 쇄환을 요구하기도 하였다. 하지만 둘 다 후금의 회답국서를 받지 못한 채 귀국해야 했다. 다음으로, 다양한 방법으로 명나라와 후금의 정세 등을 정탐한 첩보의 구체적 양상을 알 수 있었다. 뇌물을 주고 호인을 매수하기도 하고, 길에서 만난 농부에게 은근슬쩍 돌려 묻기도 하고, 호인들끼리 하는 말을 엿듣기도 하여 얻은 정보를 빠짐없이 기록하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 포로로 잡혀간 조선인들, 조선에서 죄를 짓고 후금에 투항한 자들의 근황에도 촉각을 세우고 있다. 향후 조선의 정치적 외교적 행보를 결정하는데 중요한 단초를 마련하고자 명과 후금의 정세를 상세하게 기록하고자 한 것이다. 그리고 <심양사행일기>와 <심양왕환일기>는 모두 후금의 차사들과의 대화를 그대로 옮겨놓음으로써 사신들의 고충과 노력에 대한 형상화를 극대화할 수 있었고, 포로조선인 및 후금인들과의 대화나 제보를 그대로 옮겨놓음으로써 첩보의 신빙성을 높일수 있었으니, 이는 사실성을 확보에도 기여하는 것이어서 실기로서 그 가치가 인정된다 하겠다. This paper studies Seon Yak-hae(宣若海)``s <Simyang sahaeng ilgi> (Consolation Messenger``s Diary about Shenyang Travel), and Wi Jeong-cheol (魏廷喆)``s <Simyang wanghwan ilgi> (Reconciliation Messenger``s Diary of Shenyang Travel) to examine Simyang sahaeng ilgi in the 1630s. <Simyang sahaeng ilgi> was written in 1630 by Seon Yak-hae after he visited Simyang as a consolation messenger, and <Simyang wanghwan ilgi> was written in 1631 by Wi Jeong-cheol after he visited Simyang as a reconciliation messenger. Both are diaries on official missions and intelligence reports on China at the same time. Seon Yak-hae was intensively questioned about whether Joseon(朝鮮) provided rice to Ming(明) troops in Gado(가島), and faced conflicts and confrontations over the repatriation of pigtailed people, subjugation of Later Jin (後金) smugglers(潛商), and the lending of troops, and yet carried out his missions of delivering Joseon``s credentials and appeasing Later Jin``s wrath. On the other hand, Wi Jeong-cheol boldly responded to Later Jin which was deeply concerned about possible civil war in Gado, which was dissatisfied over the reduced tributes, and which requested the repatriation of pigtailed people. He listened to their mean excuses and appeased them, reluctantly accepted their demands, and yet carried out his missions of delivering Joseon``s credentials and tributes. They as emissaries carried out their official missions, even risking their lives, as they handled the aggressive, impolite Later Jin officials. Seon Yak-hae and Wi Jeong-cheol tried to get the intelligence about the political situations of Later Jin and Ming in diverse ways. To do that, they bribed people, asked farmers on the roads, eavesdropped on the Chinese. In this way, they gathered and recorded all these intelligence. They also were keen about the captured Joseon people and Joseon people who defected to Later Jin after they committed felonies in Joseon. To determine Joseon``s future political and diplomatic strategy, the two emissaries recorded the political situations of Ming and Later Jin in detail. <Simyang sahaeng ilgi> and <Simyang wanghwan ilgi> recorded the emissaries`` talks with Later Jin``s officials to fully show their difficulty and efforts. They also recorded the talks with and intelligence about the captured Joseon people and Later Jin people so as to boost the reliability of the intelligence, but also contributed to securing the factual truth, offering tremendous values as actual records(實記).

일반논문 : <심양왕환일기>의 저자 고증

신해진 ( Hae Jin Shin ) 한국고전연구학회 2014 한국고전연구 Vol.0 No.29

정묘호란과 병자호란 사이에 후금과 조선의 외교적 교섭에 관한 중요사료라 할 수 있는 <심양왕환일기(瀋陽往還日記)>는 1631년 3월 19일부터 4월 30일까지 장계(狀啓) 형식으로 거의 매일 기록한 사행일기(使行日記)인데, 후금의 정세뿐만 아니라 그 명나라 및 몽골과의 관계에 관한 낌새까지 기사가 상세하다. 이 일기는 위순량(魏順良)의 소장본을 1927년 베껴 옮긴 등초본이다. 그간 이 문헌의 저자는 일기의 내용을 충분히 검토도 하지 않은 채 빈약한 근거를 통해 1631년 춘신사(春信使) 박난영(朴蘭英)으로 추정되어 왔다. 이러한 추정에 대해, 이 글은 1631년의 춘신사로서 박난영, 선유사(宣諭使)로서 박난영 등으로 행적을 나누어 각종 문헌자료를 살펴봄으로써 잘못된 것임을 밝혔다. 또한 조선사편수회가 1935년에 편찬한『조선사료집진』 및 『조선사료집진해설』의 자료에서 새로운 근거를 찾아냄으로써 입증의 단서를 마련하고 각종 문헌자료를 통해 위정철(魏廷喆)이 저자임을 입증하였으며, 그 인물의 간략한 일대기도 아울러 정리하였다. 위정철은 위손량과 10대의 방조(傍祖)와 방손(傍孫) 사이였다. <Simyangwanghwan Ilgi (瀋陽往還日記, Diary on Travel to and from Shenyang)> is an important historical record on diplomatic negotiations between Later Jin Dynasty(後金) and Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮) during the Jeongmyohoran(丁卯胡亂) and Byeongjahoran(丙子胡亂). It was an envoy``s diary which was written in the form of a report to the king nearly every day from March 19 to April 30, 1631. It details not only the Later Jin``s political situations but also movements about its relations with Ming(明) and Mongolia(蒙古). This diary is the transcript which was copied from the copy possessed by Wi Sun Ryang(魏順良) in 1927. The author of this literature was presumed to be Park Nan-yeong(朴蘭英), a Chunsinsa(春信使) envoy appointed in 1631, based on poor grounds without reviewing the contents of the diary. Regarding this presumption, this study examined literature on Park Nan-yeong as a Chunsinsa envoy, and on Park Nan-yeong as a Seonyusa(宣諭使) envoy, proving that such presumption was wrong. Also, 『Collection of Joseon Historical Records(朝鮮史料集眞)』 and 『Interpretation of Collection of Joseon Historical Records(朝鮮史料集眞解說)』, compiled in 1935 by Joseon History Compilation Association(朝鮮史編修會) were explored, and other literatures were also examined, proving that Wi Jeong Cheol(魏廷喆) is the author of the diary. His brief biography was also mentioned. Wi Jeong Cheol was a tenth-generation descendant of Wi Sun Ryang.

Urapidil, Labetalol의 투여가 기관내 삽관시 심혈관계에 미치는 영향

신용섭,윤석화,손수창,이원형,이정은,황원재,김만수,김영주,김혜자,최세진 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1994 충남의대잡지 Vol.21 No.2

We have examined the comparative efficacy of small doses of intravenous urapidil and labetalol in blunting hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation and surgical incision in 30 patients without cardiovascular diseases. After intravenous urapidil 0.2 mg/kg or labetalol 0.2 mg/kg anesthesia was induced with thiopental 5mg/kg. Endotracheal intubation was facilitated by vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg with priming principle and anesthesia was maintained with enflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured before administration of the drugs, 5 minute after administration, just prior to endotracheal intubation and 1, 3, 5, 10 minute after intubatin. Also the peak blood pressures and heart rate within 10 minutes after surgical incision were measured. Endotracheal intubation and surgical stimulation were associated with significant increases in blood pressures and heart rate in both urapidil and labetalol group. Comparison of the changes in systolic, diastolic, and mean artrial pressures and heart rate between urapidil and labetalol group showed no significant difference except peak systolic pressure after surgical incision. It is concluded that the pressor response to endotracheal intubation and surgical stimulation are not influenced significantly by urapidil 0.2 mg/kg or labetalol 0.2 mg/kg. However, urapidil and labetalol preloading may be similarly effective in the blunting of the increases in blood pressures with larger doses of the durgs during anesthetic induction.

자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용한 작업환경내 총 먼지 중 수용성 추출물의 유전독성 평가

신해식,김진규,이재환,황갑성,김균,이정주,이진흥 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.6

In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity of heavy metals among particulates with Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad - MCN) assay in the various working environment. In a synthetic fiber factory and a rubber factory, chromium concentration was higher than any other heavy metals. On the other hand, nickel concentration was the highest in a semi-conductor factory. The difference in genotoxicity among the working environment was statistically significant as Trad-MCN frequencies were 4.67±0.35 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.01) for the synthetic fiber factory, 5.73±0.81 MCN/100 tetrads (p<0.0I) for the rubber factory, and 15.60±2.58 (p< 0.01) (p< 0.001) for the semi-conductor factory. As a result, heavy metals among particulates in the working environment can be considered to have hazardous potential to human health, although they cannot directly induce DNA damage to the workers in the working environments.

원발성 폐암의 CT상 병기 결정:새로 재정된 TNM 체계와의 비교

신현준,최영칠,전혜정,박정희,김요한,이원진 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1998 건국의과학학술지 Vol.8 No.-

Accurate staging of lung cancer is essential for defining operability, selecting treatment regimens, predicting survival, and reporting comparable end results. Revisions in stage grouping of the TNM subsets in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer have been adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union Internationale le Cancer at 1996. We compared the previous TNM systems with revised stage grouping rules, and tried to applicate the new size-criteria for metastatic lymph nodes in mediastinum. Twenty-two patients were undergone CT stagings by using three different systems of previous, revised, and modified TNM subsets. Ten patients showed different TNM stage by the revised stage grouping rules and seven patients were altered in lymph node stage by the new size-criteria. Recognition of revised stage grouping rules is very important for treatment plan and predicting the correct prognosis.

사인에 의한 즉시형 과민반응의 억제 효과

신태용,염정열,김원,김현미,박해정,장진이,조성룡,채병숙 우석대학교 생명과학연구소 1998 생명과학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.-

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Ammomum xanthioides(AXAE) on immediate hypersensitivity. AXAE inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in mice. AXAE inhibited serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 in mice. Moreover, AXAE dose-dependently inhibited histamine release in peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. These results indicate that the AXAE may be benificial in the regulation of immediate type allergic reaction.

자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용한 비스페놀 에이 및 감마선의 생물학적 영향 비교 연구

신해식,송희섭,현성희,이진홍,김진규 한국환경생물학회 2002 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.20 No.2

합성화학물질의 몇몇은 고등동물의 내분비계를 교란하는 물질로 작용하는 것이 알려져 있다. 다이옥신,디디티,피시비 및 비스페놀 에이 등이 내분비계 장애물질로 분류되어 선진 각국에서는 엄격한 통제하에 관리되고 있다. 본 연구는 자주달개비 미세핵 분석법을 이용하여 염색체이상 유발에 있어서의 BPA와 방사선의 상대적 효과를 비교하기 위하여 시행되었다 흡수처리를 위하여 자주달개비 4430클론의 절취화서를 각각의 농도로 조제된 BPA용액에 여섯시간 동안 침지하고 폭기를 실시하였다. 한편 방사선의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 동일 식물체의 화서군을 양액에 침지한 상태로 O∼0.5 Gy까지 선량별로 조사하였다. 실험선량의 범위에서 미세핵 생성률은 분명한 선량-반응 관계를 나타내었으며 BPA 실험농도 범위에 대해서도 농도-반응 관계를 나타내었다. 이들 두가지 반응 관계식을 이용하여 동일한 미세핵 빈도를 유발하는 방사선량과 비스페놀 에이 농도를 산출할 수가 있는데, BPAll.8μM은 방사선 피폭후 임상증상이 나타나기 시작하는 선량인 0.25Gy에 상응하는 염색체 이상을 유발하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 자주달개비 화분모세포는 비스페놀 에이, 욱틸페놀 또는 노닐페놀 등의 내분비계 장애물질의 생물학적 독성을 평가하는데 유용하게 활용할 수 있는 생물말단 점이라는 것이 입증되었다. Some of synthetic chemicals can act as an endocrine disrupting substance in higher animals. Dioxins, DDT, PCBs and bisphenol A (BPA) are classified into endocrine disruptors and are under a strict control in many countries. This research was designed to compare the clastogenic effects of BPA to those of ionizng radiation to establish the relative effectiveness of BPA by means of Tradescantia micronucleus assay. For the uptake of the BPA through the stems, groups of fresh cuttings of Tradescantia BNL 4430 were placed in BPA solutions of 0 to 4 ??M for 6 hours under continuous aeration. The other groups of the cuttings were irradiated with 0 to 0.5 Gy of gamma-rays. The frequencies of micronucleus showed a positive dose-response relationship in the range of 0 to 0.5 Gy, and a clear concentration-response relationship in the experimental range of BPA concentrations. By comparing the two experimental results, it is possible to estimate the BPA concentration and its equivalent radiation dose for a fixed value of MCN frequency. BPA of 11.8 ??M can give rise to 53.3 MCN/100 tetrads, which is the same frequency induced by 25 cGy of gamma-rays. It is of biological importance that clinical symptoms start to develop after a whole body exposure to radiation higher than 25 cGy. The results indicate that the pollen mother cells are an excellent biological end-point for toxicity test of suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, cotylphenol and nonylphenol.

유한요소법을 이용한 밸브 스프링 리테이너의 형상설계

신혁수, 김동범, 박진근, 이인환, 조해용 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2013 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.27 No.2

A valve spring retainer is a small disc and located at intake and exhaust valve stem of engine. The retainer supports a valve spring and transmits spring force to a valve. Force is applied to the retainer repeatedly by a rocker arm. Durability of the retainer is an important factor of performance. Weight of retainer affect dynamic performance of engine. Therefore, optimal strength and weight of the retainer design are needed. In this study, stress distribution and fracture load of retainer were analyzed by using FEM to design optimal strength and weight. Static load test was simulated by using commercial FEM code DEFORM-3D. Shapes of the retainer to reduce weight were designed and analyzed to verify validity of it. Simulated results and experimental ones were compared

제 2형 당뇨병 환자에서 대사증후군의 유병률 및 관련요인의 특징

박철진,박거운,박일구,신지혜,김진화,배학연,김상용 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2007 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.32 No.3

Background: People with insulin resistance has a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This leads to the importance in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. The incidence of metabolic syndrome has increased significantly in korea because of an increased population of obese people and also the incidence of DM. There have been many studies done on the incidence of metabolic syndrome in the general population. Therefore, the authors have designed this study to identify the incidence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 DM and also the associated characteristics in that population. Methods: The study included 169 adults over the age of 20 (84 males and 85 females) admitted to the endocrinology department of Chosun University between Jan, 1st 2005 and May, 31st 2006. Out of the people diagnosed with type 2 DM people were excluded when any of the physical measurements (height, weight, blood pressure, abdominal circumference) and blood measurements (TG, HDL-cholesterol, fasting blood sugar) were insufficient and when the patient was taking any drugs other than anti-hy-pertensive agents and oral anti-diabetic agents. Obesity and the other risk factors were defined by the Asian-Pacific guideline and 2001 ATP III of NCEP, respectively. Result: The each prevalence according to the metabolic syndrome criteria of the type 2 DM patients showed low HDL cholesterolemia with the highest incidence of 57.4% followed by hypertng1yceridemia(52.0%), obesity(40.9%) and hypertension(33.0%). The each incidence of diagnostic criteria in metabolic syndrome according to sex was different, In males, hypertriglyceridemia was the highest with the incidence of 57.7% followed by low HDL-cho1estero1emia(49.5%), obesity(40.9%) and hypertension (30.0%). In women, the incidence were low HDL-cho1estero1emia(64.8%), hyperthg1yceridemia(47.6%), obesity(45.0%) and hypertension(36.0%), in a descending order. The analysis between the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in type 2 DM patients and the criteria showed that hyperthglyceridemia (correlative value 0.575) had the highest correlation followed by low HDL-cholesterolemia (correlative value 0.446), obesity (correlative value 0.350) and hypertension (correlative value 0.410). All the correlations were statistically significant with a p-value less than 0.01. Conclusions: Type 2 DM is a important factor of metabolic syndrome based on insulin resistance. The control of blood glucose with prevention and early diagnosis of the other factors related to metabolic syndrome in type 2 DM is important for preventing cardiovascular complications.

충남대학교병원 마취발전의 경향에 관한 분석 : 1967년부터 - 1996년까지 from 1967 to 1996

최세진,김상수,정규돈,윤석화,신용섭,손수창,이원형,김혜자,이정은 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.2

To evaluate the specificity and historical trends of the anesthesia in Chungnam National University Hospital, anesthetic experiences of 83,572 in total performed at Chungnam National University Hospital from January 1967 to December 1996 were analyzed statistically and clinically according to age, sex, surgical department, physical status, elective and emergency surgery, premedicants, IV anesthetics, anesthetic methods, inhalational anesthetics, muscle relaxants. The results were as follows : 1. The number of cases has been steadily increased year by year. 2. The ratio of male to female was 52.8% : 47.2%. 3. According to the age, There were 44,905 cases (54%) in the group of 13-45 years. 4. According to the ASA classification of physical status, most of the cases were belonged to the class 1 & 2 (72.5%). 5. The ratio of elective to emergency was 79.4% to 20.6%. 6. Recently, glycopyrrolate has been used increasingly. 7. Thiopental sodium has been mainly used for intravenous induction agent. 8. General anesthesia has been used mainly. 9. Enflurane is the most common inhalational anesthetic agent. but Isoflurane has been used increasingly. 10. Most of muscle relaxants are Pancuronium & Vecuronium(84.5%).