Bi-factor MIRT True-Score Equating for Testlet-Based Tests

이규민(Gue min Lee),Won Chan Lee,Michael J Kolen,박인용(In Yong Park),Dong In Kim,Ji Seung Yang 한국교육평가학회 2015 교육평가연구 Vol.28 No.2

Lee and Lee (2014) proposed bi-factor multidimensional item response theory model (BFM) "observed-score" equating procedures. The main purposes of this study were to develop BFM "true-score" equating procedures, and to investigate applicability of the proposed procedures with actual data. Eight equating methods (including both true- and observed-score) based on dichotomous IRT (2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), polytomous IRT (graded response model: GRM), testlet response model (TRM), and BFM were compared with target equipercentile equating. Data for this study were from the Reading Comprehension test for a large-scale state assessment program, which consisted of several passages and corresponding groups of items. True- and observed-score equating methods based upon 2PL and BFM produced similar equating results. The GRM true- and observed-score equating methods provided equating results somewhat different from others, and more similar to the target equipercentile equating. Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구는 혼합형 검사에서의 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "관찰점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하였다. 이 연구는 Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구의 추수연구로 단위검사를 대상으로 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "진점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하고, 그 적용 가능성을 실제 자료를 이용하여 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 단위검사로 구성된 대규모 독해 검사 자료를 이용하여, 2모수 로지스틱 모형(2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), 등급반응모형(graded response model: GRM), 단위검사모형(testlet response model: TRM), bi-factor 모형(bi-factor model: BFM)을 적용하였으며, 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화를 시행하여 총 8개의 동등화 방법을 적용하고, 산출된 결과를 동백분위 동등화 결과와 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 2PL과 BFM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화는 유사한 결과를 산출하였으며, GRM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화 방법은 다른 방법들과 다소 차이를 보이는 결과를 산출하였고, 비교 기준이 된 동백분위 동등화 결과와 보다 유사한 결과를 보였다.

국내 정형외과 의료소송 현황 파악

이원(Won Lee),이미진(Mi Jin Lee),김용민(Yong Min Kim),우찬명(Chan Myung Woo),김소윤(So Yoon Kim),김양수(Yang-Soo Kim) 대한정형외과학회 2016 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.51 No.3

목적: 국내 정형외과 관련 의료소송 판결문의 분석을 통하여 정형외과 의료소송의 현황과 원인이 된 과정을 파악하고자 함이다. 대상 및 방법: 소송시작이 2005년부터 2010년인 정형외과 의료소송 판결문 341건을 대상으로 하여 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 사건 발생 시점에서 소송 종결 시점까지의 평균 소요기간은 4.22년이었다. 의료소송의 원인이 된 과정은 수술이 46.3%였고, 수술의 종류는 척추 수술이 가장 많았다. 사고의 결과는 장애가 가장 많았고, 최종심 결과는 원고일부승이 40.5%, 원고패(기각)가 34.3%였다. 감염은 전체 중 26.1%에서 발생하였고, 손해배상 청구금액은 평균 181,998,036원이었으며 인용금액은 평균 58,897,161원이었다. 결론: 정형외과 의료소송으로 이어진 의료사고의 주요 원인 과정은 수술이 가장 많았고, 그 중에서도 척추 수술이 가장 많았다. 추후 의료사고의 근본 원인분석을 통해 의료사고를 줄이고 재발을 방지하기 위한 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. Purpose: Through the analysis of orthopedics lawsuit rulings, the purpose of this study is to understand the current trends of medical lawsuits in orthopedics in Korea. Materials and Methods: An analysis of medical lawsuits in orthopedics was conducted. As the study method, a quantitative analysis was performed on 341 cases. Results: The average period of lawsuits, from the occurrence of the medical accident to end of the ruling, took an average of 4.22 years. The most frequent procedure that was the main cause of the medical accidents was surgery, at 46.3%. When surgery is the main procedure that caused the medical accidents, the result of examining the types of surgeries showed that spine surgery had the highest percentage. For the outcome of the accident, the highest number of cases resulted in disability and for the final court outcome, 40.5% ruled partially in favor of the plaintiff (the patient) with acknowledgement of only the damage incurred due to medical error of the total sum claimed, and dismissal of the claim made by the plaintiff (patient) accounted for 34.3%; 26.1% of cases develop infection. For the amount of claim for damage, the average amount of claim was 181,998,036 won; in the judgement amount, the average amount of judgement was 58,897,161 won. Conclusion: The most frequent procedure in orthopedics was surgery and spine surgery comprised a large proportion of these surgeries. Future studies to determine root causes of medical accidents should be conducted to reduce medical lawsuits and to plan against the repeating of medical accidents.

중국의 미니멀리즘 패션에 나타난 미의식 연구 -도가(道家)의 ‘도(道)’ 미학을 중심으로-

양정원(Yang, Jung Won),이미숙(Lee, Mi Suk) 한국디자인문화학회 2021 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구 목적은 탈현대적 가치를 갖는 도가사상의 ‘도(道)’ 미학에 주목하여 중국의 미니멀리즘 패션에 내재되어 있는 미의식을 분석하고자 한다. 연구 방법은 선행 연구 및 관련 서적을 중심으로 문헌 고찰을 통해 서양 미니멀리즘과 이와 연관성을 갖는 ‘도’ 미학을 살펴보고 이를 토대로 도가적 미니멀리즘 미의식을 도출한 후 중국의 미니멀리즘 패션의 미의식을 분석하였다. 연구범위는 2008년 이후부터 2021년까지 중국문화에 노출되어 중국문화의 영향을 받은 중국계디자이너들이 전통적 미의식을 통해서 미니멀리즘으로 재해석한 작품을 대상으로 하였다. 서양 미니멀리즘과 상응하는 연관성을 갖는 ‘도’ 미학을 허(虛), 무위자연(無爲自然), 유(遊), 유무상생(有無相生) 등의 미적 개념으로 대별하여 조형적 특성 및 미적 가치를 살펴본 후 도출된 도가적 미니멀리즘의 미의식은 ‘비움의 허무미’, ‘미완의 약졸미’, ‘일기적 공간미’, ‘변증적 상생미’ 등으로 나타났으며 이를 토대로 중국의 미니멀리즘 패션에 내재된 미의식을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서양의 미니멀리즘의 ‘단순성’은 자연의 ‘본질추구’라는 특성을 내포한 ‘허’의 미적 개념과 연관성이 발견되며, ‘허의 미니멀리즘적 단순성’에서 도출된 ‘비움의 허무미’는 무정형이며 일체의 꾸밈이 없는 직선형 실루엣의 간결한 형식으로 표출된다. 둘째, 미니멀리즘의 ‘환원성’은 ‘자연적 본질로의 회귀’라는 특성을 내포한 ‘무위자연’의 미적 개념과 연관성이 발견되며, ‘무위자연의 미니멀리즘적 환원성’에서 도출된 ‘미완의 약졸미’는 인위적 흔적을 덜어내고 자연의 본성 그대로를 전시하기 위해 천연재료의 본형을 살리려는 방법으로 표출된다. 셋째, 미니멀리즘의 ‘상황성’은 ‘절대 자유의 공간 추구’의 특성을 내포한 ‘유’의 미적 개념과 연관성이 발견되며, ‘유의 미니멀리즘적 상황성’에서 도출된 ‘일기적 공간미’는 비구조적 풍성한 실루엣, 천연의 질감을 갖는 소재 등을 통해 표출된다. 넷째, 미니멀리즘의 ‘전체성’은 ‘유무대립의 관계가 상생하여 강렬한 어울림’을 내포한 ‘유무상생’의 미적 개념과 연관성이 발견되며, ‘유무상생의 미니멀리즘적 전체성’에서 도출된 ‘변증적 상생미’는 비대칭, 비균제적 조화를 통해 표출된다. 이상으로 자연주의적 색채가 강한 도가적 미의식은 환경을 고려한 지속 가능한 패션 디자인의 기초자료로 활용되리라 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aesthetic consciousness inherent in Chinese minimalism fashion by paying attention to the ‘Do’ aesthetics of the Taoism, which has post-modern values. As a research method, through literature review focusing on previous studies and related books, Western minimalism and its related ‘Do’ aesthetics were examined, and the aesthetic consciousness of Taoist minimalism was derived based on this, and then the aesthetic consciousness of Chinese minimalism fashion was analyzed. The scope of the study was targeted at works that were exposed to Chinese culture from 2008 to 2021 and reinterpreted as minimalism by Chinese designers who were influenced by Chinese culture with a traditional aesthetic consciousness. The aesthetic consciousness of Taoist minimalism, which was derived after examining formative characteristics and aesthetic values by dividing the aesthetics of ‘Do’, which has a corresponding connection with Western minimalism, into aesthetic concepts such as ‘Heo’, ‘Muwi-jayeon’, ‘Yu’, ‘Yumusangsaeng’, appeared as ‘Empty Heomu beauty’ and ‘Unfinished Yakzol beauty’, ‘Ilgijeok Space beauty’, ‘Dialectic Win-win beauty’. Based on this, the results of analyzing the aesthetic consciousness inherent in Chinese minimalism fashion are as follows. First, the ‘simplicity’ of Western minimalism is found to be related to the aesthetic concept of ‘Heo’ which implies the ‘pursuit of the essence’ of nature, the ‘Empty Heo-mu beauty’ derived from ‘Heo’s minimalistic simplicity’ is expressed in a concise form of a straight silhouette without any amorphous ornamentation. Second, the ‘reduction’ of minimalism is found to be related to the aesthetic concept of ‘Muwi-jayeon’, which contains the characteristics of ‘return to the essence of nature’ and ‘Unfinished Yakzol beauty’ derived from ‘minimalistic reducibility of Muwi-jayeon’ is expressed as a way to remove artificial traces and reveal nature. Third, the ‘situationality’ of minimalism is found to be related to the aesthetic concept of ‘Yu’, which contains the characteristics of ‘absolute freedom space pursuit’, and the ‘Ilgijeok Space beauty’ derived from ‘minimalistic situationality of Yu’, is expressed through unstructured silhouettes and natural textures. Fourth, the ‘wholeness’ of minimalism is found to be related to the aesthetic concept of ‘Yumusangsaeng’ that implies ‘intense harmony due to the coexistence of relationships’, and ‘Dialectic Win-win beauty’ derived from the ‘Yumusangsaeng’ of the aesthetics of the ‘existence-free coexistence’ is expressed through asymmetric and non-uniform harmony. As mentioned above, the Taoist aesthetic with strong naturalistic colors is expected to be used as a basic material for sustainable fashion design considering the environment.

사후분해 시체에 대한 법의학적 접근

최영식,이상용,김유훈,조갑래,이봉우,양경무,정낙은,서중석,이한영,이원태,강현욱 大韓法醫學會 2000 대한법의학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Disposal of a homicide victim by dismemberment is rare, but individual cases are on record in most major medicolegal departments. Recognition of postmortem mutilation may be of importance in the interpretation of certain murders committed by sexual perverts and other mentally deranged individuals and sometimes performed for the sole reason of easier disposal of the body. Postmortem dismemberment is usually readily recognizable as such; The edges of the injuries are dry and lack evidence of bleeding. The joints may be disarticulated without fracture, or the use of an axe or saw may be evident from examination of bones. Parallel horizontal or oblique furrows in the bone surface are caused by skipping of the saw prior to establishing depth. Such patterns on the bone may assist in identifying the particular saw involved. So we report 25 dismembered corpses that autopsied in National Institute of Scientific Investigation. This paper can help in attempting to establish not only the first criminal investigation steps but also the medicolegal approach methods in unidentified and dismembered deaths.

당질 섭취와 혈청 중성지방 농도와의 관계에 관한 연구

이양자,오경원 연세대학교 생활과학연구소 1999 生活科學論集 Vol.13 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate(CHO) intake and serum triglyceride(TG) concentrations. The subjects consisted of 328 adult men and 271 women. Dietary intakes were assessed by means of a 24-hour dietary recall methods with food models and other measuring tools. The intakes of energy and CHO were 2198㎉ and 355g in men, 1746㎉, 282g in women, respectively. Those who consumed more than 400g in men, 350g in women had significantly higher serum TG concentrations than those who consumed less CHO. In multivariate analysis, considering CHO and energy intake, age, body mass index(BMI), daily habits and menopausal status, BMI and drinking habit were positively associated and exercise habit was negatively associated with serum TG concentrations in men. For women, BMI and menopausal status were significantly asssociated. Our findings suggest that there may exist a threshold of CHO intake, which is significantly related to the increment of serum TG concentrations in Korean adults. Intake of CHO showed a stronger correlation with the serum TG concentrations in men and premenopausal women than that of total energy. To establish better dietary guidelines, further research is needed to clarify the amount of CHO to be recommended, the threshold phenomena in CHO intake in relation to serum TG concentrations, and the differences of these values in terms of age, sex, and race.

한국인 태아의 악안면 성장 발육에 관한 연구

양원식,이석근,김철수 대한치과교정학회 1990 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.20 No.3

The objective of this study was to understand the major changes of craniofacial dimensions and spatial growth pattern during the late embryonic and fetal period of human fetures. This study was performed with the selective materials of normal fetuses received from the Registry of Congenital Malformation of Seoul National University Hospital. The specimens consisted of nineteen embryos and sixty-six fetuses. The photomicrographs from mid-segittal sections of embryos were used for angular measurement, and the lateral cephalograms taken with soft X-ray were also measured in liners and angular aspects. All of the anatomical landmarks for the tracing of the photomicrographs and cephalograms were referred to the previous reports on literature. The sequential changes of prenatal craniofacial dimensions and agles were analyzed statistically and discussed on the focus about the developmental growth directions of human oro-facial structure arised from heterogeneous origins. The results are as follows, 1) Cranial base angle was almost formed at about 6 weeks old embryos with the average angle of 127.4 ±6.33°(n=3) and it was almost constant onwards. 2) The linear increase rates of anterior cranial base length and anterior facial height exceeded those of the posterior cranial base length and posterior facial height, and the maxilla grows more rapidly on the horizontal dimension than the vertical dimension during the fetal period. 3) The angular relationship between the anterior cranial base and palatal plane decreased slightly during the fetal period, disclosing 11°at 12th week gestation and 5°at 41th weeks gestation. 4) Gonial angle was maintained almost constantly at about 130° during the fetal period from 12 weeks to 41 weeks of gestation.

日本 '武士道'에 대한 考察 : 죽음의 超克을 中心으로 Especially on Theire Attitude Toward Physical Death

이상업,梁元錫 慶尙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.19 No.2

Bushido, Japanese Kinghtship, is a kind of regulation for behavior imposed on the Japanese Samurai classes, so that the history of this regulation began with the appearance of the Samurai classes. As soon as the Imperial rule of Heian dynasty was practically collapsed by local Samurai, a primitive feudalism appeared with a Samurai boss, Kamakura Dono, as its leader. We can say Bushido is a product of the feudalism and compare it with the knightship in mediaeval Europe. But Japanese Bushido must be ditinguished from European knightship, because it had absorbed many kinds of native faiths, sects of Budhism, especially Zennism. No one can deny that Zennism affected exclusively the growth of Japanese Bushido. Zennism came from Chinese Song dynasty during the age of Kamakura Shogunate about the middle of 12th century. As it treated life and death on the same level, the Samurai of Kamakura who had to abide by death-in-action found in it a queer fascination. Zennism a faith of willingness, resultingly appealed to Samurai more morally than philosophycally. The always death-in-action-destined Samurai accepted willingly all of the had training that Zennism required; simplicity, straightness, self-defiance, et cetera. These requisitions coincided also with the combater's spirits. The fact that a great combater was without fail a stuborn ascetic and stoic intimates the relations between Zen and Samurai. No other one has expressed the spirit of Bushido more exactly and pithily than the author of "Hagakure"-an essay written for true Samurai about 1710 AD. -who said "Bushido is found in death" This strange exhortation covers the basic meaning of Japanese Bushido. The most gruesome way of suicide, Harakiri(cutting up belly with a sharp dagger) is a direct product of Samurai affected by Zennism. In other words, the Harakiri is the most sprended fruit of Bushido. We can not find such a ghastly death except the religious martyrdom that is to be compared with Harakiri. The age of Tokugawa Shogunate breeded many Confucianists, and they tried to strike out various kinds of chatty rhetorics for adorning Bushido, consequently Bushido was full dreassed outside. But Bushido's inner vitality was beginning to dwindle through long & steady times of peace during Tokukawa Shogunate. Nevertheless for Samurai who were accustomed to think that the true Samurai must be either killed in battle or kill themselves through Harakiri, to find some proper chance to die Samurai-like death was their final hope. The Girl, duty or obligation in Japanese, for their master was only a rational pretence to accomplish their purpose. For example, Akao affair(In this affair 46 Samurais who had belonged to Akao clan were sentenced to death through Harakiri because of their vendetta against Kira Yoshinaka who caused their master's death) was also a case of seeking the place to die. Recentry novelist Mishima Yukio took the same method as Akao Samurais, he also was seeking a proper place for completing his aesthetic death. No one would believe that he had faith that his petit militant squad would defend Japan from foreign aggression. All the things he invented were merely a contrivance for his great death stage.

음식점 비흡연 종업원의 간접흡연 노출량 지표로써 이산화질소 이용

양원호,고영림,한인규,이정민,정문식,정문호 대한위생학회 2000 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.15 No.3

There, is increasing evidence suggesting that passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other disease. though the potential health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a controversial subject. Since smoking in restaurant is prevalent in Korea. The concern on passive smoking exposure of non smoking service workers has been. requested. ETS exposure of non smoking service workers at restaurant was assessed because they have spent their times in restaurant indoors. The purpose of this study was feasibility of nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))as exposure marker of ETS. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Average NO_(2), concentrations in indoor and outdoor at restaurants were 57.01ppb(±12.4) and 54.29ppb(±9.54), respectively. Comparing office-workers, service-workers at restaurants were exposured highly. 2. The personal NO_(2) measurement as exposure marker of ETS could cause The exposure error because NO_(2) can he generated by combustion appliances in indoor. 3. Service-workers spent their most time (86.6%) in indoor. Mean time spent at restaurant indoors and at home was 9.4 hours and 10.9 hours. respectively. 4. Personal NO_(2) levels correlated with indoor NO_(2) concentrations of restaurant (r=0.70) and of their home (r= 0.52) rather than of outdoor NO_(2) concentration of restaurant (r=0.35). The causes of personal NO_(2) exposure of non-smoking service-workers were considered as smoking of guests and combustion appliance indoors. 5. Personal NO_(2) exposures were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation and time-weighted model. Estimated personal NO_(2) level was 47.2ppb (±8.3).

皮膚自家移植후의 形態學的 變化에 관한 硏究

梁原模,李永浩,申台均,朴景蘭,金源式 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1989 충남의대잡지 Vol.16 No.2

The skin of abdominal wall homografted t the back of rats and observed the morphological changes of grafted tissues and mother tissues on the 1 day, 1 week & 2 weeks after operation. For light microscopic observation, the tissues were fixed within 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and stained with routine hematoxylin & eosin and alcian blue-safranin. The results were as follows; 1. The grafted abdominal skin were degenerated markedly on 1 day after operation but some cells near hair follicle remained alive. 2. In the grafted skin, the epidermis was formed newly at the upper part of muscle layer on 1 weeks after operation. 3. The epidermis of grafted skin was thicker than mother skin on 2 weeks after operation, and there were many small cells having long nucleus arranged vertically to the basal lamina. 4. Few mast cells were found in the lower portion of muscle layer on 1 day after graft operation, but the mast cells which contain heparin mainly increased in number gradually from 1 weeks to 2 weeks after operation.

水素化된 非晶質 게르마늄의 特性調査(Ⅱ)

李原鎭,梁承勳 慶北大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.44 No.-

Reactive thermal evaporation(RTE) was developed as a new method to deposit hydrogenated amorphous germanium(a-Ge:H) films. The RTE was carried out by the evaporation of high purity polycrystalline germanium(nominally 6N) in an atmosphere of hygrogen plasma produced by high voltage AC(3 KV) discharge of molecular hydrogen gas of nominal purity 4N. The addition of hydrogen during the thermal evaporation of germanium has been shown to improve the electrical and optical properties of the resulting amorphous germanium(a-Ge) films considerably by saturation of dangling bonds, if the dissociation of molecular hydrogen takes place. Electrical conductivity and its annealing behavior, optical absorption coefficient and optical band gap (E^opt_g), electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the samples. Variables preparing and treating samples were hydrogen plasma pressure, P_H(0.2 Torr, 0.5 Torr, 1 Torr and 2 Torr) and annealing temperature, T_a(200 to 400℃). The electrical conductivities were measured as a function of inverse temperature(10^3/T) and hydrogen plasma pressure for the a-Ge and the a-Ge:H. The sample prepared at optimum conditions show the activated type conduction(with an activation of 0.38-0.39eV) in measuring temperature range(above RT) and contain the stable germanium-hydrogen bonds which are not broken even after annealing at 400℃. The samples prepared below or above 1 Torr have shown the hopping conduction to higher temperature than the samples prepared at 1 Torr. These were interpreted as insufficient hydrogenation below 1 Torr or as impurity incorporation above 1 Torr, respectively. Optical properties of a-Ge:H were measured as a function of deposition temperature (T_s) and hydrogen plasma pressure. Optical band gap decreases with T_s for a-Ge : H(1.58 to 0.9 eV for T_s of RT to 300℃) and increases with P_H (1.1 to 1.27 eV for P_H of to 2 Torr) The content of hydrogen in samples was proved to be effectively controlled by changing T_s and P_H. Optimal conditions of sample preparation from the view point of electrical and optical properties were determined to be substrate temperature of 200℃ and hydrogen plasma pressure of 1 Torr. From this study, we have shown that the RTE is the effective, safe and simple method to produce a-Ge:H films.