조제시 정제분할에 의한 중량편차

하미애,신숭휘,송보완,김종우,홍남두 한국병원약사회 1995 病院藥師會誌 Vol.12 No.4

Although original tablets are almost fit in weight variation test, in many cases, tablets are practically splitted for dose control in dispensing. These splitted tablets are considered secondary cause of weight variation. So, in this study tablets were classified into three groups by the average weight, first group was below 0.12g(A), second was more than 0.12g below 0.3g(B) and third was more than 0.3g(C). Each group consists of four kinds of tablet and weight variation after tablet splitting was calculated. As a result, average violation rate of weight variation test was 60% for A group, 42.5% for B group, 55% for C group. And the relation of hardness of tablet was the higher rate of weight variation. In conclusion, split of tablet for dose control in dispending was absolutely a cause of dose mistake. Especially drugs having side effect or toxic effect should be carefully when pharmacists split of tablet for dose control in dispending was absolutely a cause of dose mistake. Especially drugs having side effect or toxic effect should be carefully when pharmacists split tablets for dose control in dispensing.

유입량의 변동성을 고려한 Fuzzy DEA 기반의 댐 군 연계운영 가중치 대안 평가

김용기,김재희,김승권 대한산업공학회 2011 산업공학 Vol.24 No.3

The multi-reservoir operation problem for efficient utilization of water resources involves conflicting objectives, and the problem can be solved by varying weight coefficient on objective functions. Accordingly, decision makers need to choose appropriate weight coefficients balancing the trade-offs among multiple objectives. Although the appropriateness of the weight coefficients may depend on the total amount of water inflow, reservoir operating policy may not be changed to a certain degree for different hydrological conditions on inflow. Therefore, we propose to use fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to rank the weight coefficients in consideration of the inflow variation. In this approach, we generate a set of Paretooptimal solutions by applying different weight coefficients on Coordinated Multi-reservoir Operating Model. Then, we rank the Pareto-optimal solutions or the corresponding weight coefficients by using Fuzzy DEA model. With the proposed approach, we can suggest the best weight coefficients that can produce the appropriate Pareto-optimal solution considering the uncertainty of inflow, whereas the general DEA model cannot pinpoint the best weight coefficients.

Factors Affecting High Body Weight Variability

한경도,김미경 대한비만학회 2023 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.32 No.2

Background: High body weight variability (BWV) is associated with many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adults. The study was designed to explore the baseline characteristics associated with high BWV. Methods: Using a nationally representative database from the Korean National Health Insurance system, 77,424 individuals who underwent five health examinations between 2009 and 2013 were enrolled. BWV was calculated using the body weight recorded at each examination, and the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with high BWV were investigated. High BWV was defined as the highest quartile of coefficient variation in body weight. Results: Subjects with high BWV were younger, more commonly female, less likely to have a high income, and more likely to be a current smoker. Young people under the age of 40 years were more than twice as likely to have high BWV compared with those over 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.88 to 2.50). The incidence of high BWV was higher in female than in male (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.59 to 1.76). Male with the lowest income had a 1.9-fold higher risk of high BWV compared to male with the highest income (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.81 to 2.13). A high BWV in female was associated with heavy alcohol intake (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.91) and current smoking (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.33). Conclusion: Young people, female, low income, and unhealthy behaviors were independently associated with high BWV. Further research is needed on the mechanisms linking high BWV to detrimental health outcomes.

랜드레이스와 요크셔종의 생시체중, 복당생시체중변이와 산자수에 대한 유전모수 추정

박준,이학교,이일주,황도연,박경도 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2021 농업생명과학연구 Vol.55 No.5

본 연구는 6개 핵돈군생산농장(Great grand parents, GGP)에서 2015년 이후 태어난 Landrace종과 Yorkshire종의 두 품종에 대하여 생시체중 (Birth weight; BW), 복당평균생시체중(Mean of litter birth weight; MBW0)과 변이계수(Coefficient of variation in MBW0; CVMBW0) 및 산자수(Litter size) 등에 대한 유전모수를 추정하였다. Landrace종에서 총산자수(Total number of piglets born; TNB), 생존산자수(Number of piglets born alive: NBA), 복당평균생시체중 및 복당평균생시체중 변이계수의 유전력은 각각 0.14, 0.09, 0.33 및 0.16. Yorkshire종에서는 각각 0.11, 0.99, 0.28 및 0.07로 추정되었다. 산자수와 복당평균생시체중 간에는 부(-)의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 복당평균생시체중과 변이계수사이의 표현형상관과 유전상관이 두 품종에서 모두 –0.40에서 –0.45로 높게 나타났다. 자돈 생시체중에 대한 균일도를 개량하기 위해서는 복당평균생시 체중(MBW0)과 복당평균생시체중변이계수(CVMBW0)를 선발지수식에 포함시키는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. For 2 pig breeds (Landrace and Yorkshire) produced from 6 GGP (Great grand parents) farms after 2015, genetic parameters including birth weight (BW), mean of litter birth weight (MBW0), coefficient of variation in MBW0 (CVMBW0) and litter size were estimated. The estimated heritabilities estimates for the total number of piglets born (TNB), the number of piglets born alive (NBA), gestation period (GP), MBW0 and CVMBW0 were 0.14, 0.09, 0.39, 0.33, and 0.16, respectively for Landrace, while those were 0.11, 0.99, 0.36, 0.28, and 0.07, respectively for Yorkshire. The litter size and MBW0 were negatively correlated, and the estimates for the phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients between MBW0 and CVMBW0 were high and in the range of –0.40 and –0.45 in both breeds. It would be desirable to include MBW0 and CVMBW0 to the selection index for the improvement of the degree of uniformity of piglet birth weight.

건축물의 구성재에 따른 쥐성장 생활환경과 체중 증감효과에 관한 실험적 연구

정영배(Yung-Bea Chung),김미옥(Mi-Ok Kim),최철웅(Chul-Yung Choi) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.4

In architecture, constitutions of space are subjected to the structural material and interior finishing material. Interior environment can exert a great effect on people by means of space constitution. In this study the constitution of space was set to consider five materials: control, wood, steel, wire mesh, and concrete structural material. In this study, experiments with mice, were carried out on condition of each living environment with different living environment using control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete structural material. The experiments with mice were made by five-month-old mice(BALB/C) with about 15 grams weight. In order to evaluate the adaptability of the target mice, such variables as body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were monitored against living environment for normal BALB/C mice during the same period. The weight, total foods, and total water consumption were measured under the living environments for 55 days with 2~3 days intervals. To test five different living environments, i.e., control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete, 5 mice were allocated for each group. According to the results of this study, the case of wood living environment resulted in a gain in weight with statistical significance. The other side of steel, wire mesh and concrete showed a slight decrease for weight. The weight variation of the experimental mice was assumed under five different living environments that resulted from the stabilized environmental conditions such as the wood living environment.

VR 컨트롤러의 모멘트 변화에 따른 최소 무게 차이 인지에 관한 연구

백미선(Mi-Seon Baek),김헌(Huhn Kim) 한국게임학회 2020 한국게임학회 논문지 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 가상 물체의 무게감을 사용자에게 전달하여 몰입감 있는 가상현실 경험을 제공하는 컨트롤러에 관한 것이다. 무게감 전달의 수단으로 컨트롤러 내 무게 중심의 위치를 변화시키면 모멘트의 크기가 변화하는 개념을 활용하였다. 사용자가 무게차를 인지하는 무게 중심의 최소이동거리를 알아보기 위해 무게 중심의 위치를 변경할 수 있는 실험 장치를 제작하여 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 시작 자극의 위치와 무관하게 약 5cm의 무게부 거리 차에서 두 물체 간의 무게 차이를 인지하는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 이러한 실험 결과를 반영하여 모멘트 변화에 따른 무게 인지의 최소이동거리 역치 값을 찾는 실험을 수행할 것이다. This study is about the VR controller that can provide an enhanced experience in VR by augmenting the sense of weight. In this study, the method of changing the center of gravity of the controller was used as a means of transmitting the sense of weight. The experiment was carried out with a device that could change the center of gravity to find the minimum distance at which people can perceive the difference in weight. The results showed that the weight difference between the two stimuli can be perceived at a distance of about 5 cm regardless of the position of the starting stimulus.

가변직경 오프셋 곡선에 의한 구조적 폰트의 표현에 관한 연구

임순범 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.8 No.-

구조적 윤곽선 폰트의 표현을 위하여 3차 베지어 곡선의 가변직경 오프셋 곡선을 근사적으로 구하는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 원래의 오프셋 곡선에서 양끝 점 위치와 그 방향을 보간하는 3차 베지어 곡선을 근사적으로 계산함으로써 오프셋 곡선을 구한다. 따라서 곡선 세그먼트의 양끝 주위에서는 원래 모양과 매우 근사하게 구할 수 있으며 오프셋 곡선의 모양도 위치와 방향을 변화시킴으로써 쉽게 조정할 수 있다. 이 개념을 폰트 표현에 적용하였는데, 글자 획의 중심선과 중심선의 각 세그먼트 양 끝점에서의 직경으로 글자 모양을 표현하였다. 이러한 오프셋 곡선으로 글자 획의 윤곽선을 구하는 방법은 여러 가지 장점이 있는데, 글자 설계시에 획의 직경을 표시하는 윤곽점의 조절이 매우 편리해지며 또한 획 굵기 변화에 자유로이 새로운 폰트를 생성할 수 있다. For the structured outline font representation, an algorithm is presented that approximates variable-radius offset curves using cubic Bezier curves. The offset curve is approximated by a cubic Bezier curve which interpolates the positions and derivatives of the exact offset curve at both endpoints. Thus, it approximates the exact offset curve very closely near the curve endpoints, and one can easily control the offset-curve shape near the endpoint by changing the offset radius and its derivative at an endpoint. These concept is applied to represent a character shape by describing the stroke trajectory and its radius at each endpoint of the trajectory curve segments. The offset curve method for stroke boundary generation makes font design be much easier to control the boundary offsetting points, and also has much more flexibility on font weight variations.

계절에 따른 혈액투석간 체중 증가의 변화 양상

정성진 ( Jeong Seong Jin ),강경원 ( Kang Gyeong Won ),홍택원 ( Hong Taeg Won ),이창화 ( Lee Chang Hwa ),강종명 ( Kang Jong Myeong ),박찬현 ( Park Chan Hyeon ) 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.4

목 적 : 혈액투석 중인 말기신질환 환자에서 투석간 체중 증가가 계절에 따라 어떤 변화를 보이는가에 대해 상이한 결과를 보고하고 있다. 이에 우리나라 한 지역에서 혈액투석 중인 환자들에서 혈액투석간 체중 증가와 계절 등 기후에 관련되는 인자들이 어떤 관계에 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 1월부터 12월까지 1년 동안 한양대학교병원에서 주 3회로 지속적인 혈액투석을 받았으며, 그 기간 동안 계속적인 검사 및 추적 관찰이 가능했던 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 환자들에서 투석시마다 투석 전후의 체중 및 혈압을 조사하였고 이 수치들의 월 평균값을 구하여 2002년 서울 지역의 월 평균 기온, 최고 기온, 최저 기온, 평균 습도, 그리고 일조량의 관련성을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환자의 남녀비는 2.3:1이었고 평균 연령은 48±12세였으며, 혈액투석 치료 기간은 평균 7.0±5.1년이었다. 만성신부전의 밝혀진 원인 질환별로 보면 당뇨병이 50명 중 10명 (20%)으로 가장 많았고 연구 기간 동안 76%의 환자들이 항고혈압제를 복용하였다. 월 평균 혈액 투석간 체중 증가는 7월이 가장 낮고 (2.3±0.7 ㎏) 12월이 가장 높았으며 (2.6±0.6 ㎏), 월 평균 기온이 가장 높은 7월과 가장 낮은 1월의 투석간 체중 증가 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). 투석간 체중 증가는 월 평균 기온, 평균 최고 기온, 평균 최저 기온과 역의 상관관계를 보였다 (r=-0.721 with p=0.008, r=-0.714 with p=0.009, and r=-0.717 with p=0.009, respectively). 그러나 월 평균 상대 습도나 일조량과는 관련이 없었으며 월 평균 투석 전 수축기 및 이완기 혈압 역시 기후 요소와는 관련성이 없었다. 결 론 : 혈액투석 환자에서 투석간 체중 증가는 여름에 감소하고 겨울에는 증가하는 계절적인 주기성을 보이고 있고 혈액투석 환자의 체중 조절시 고려해야 할 한 요소가 될 수 있다. Purpose : Observational results on seasonal variation of interdialytic weight gain in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis are controversial till now. There has been no report about it for Korean patients. The relation of interdialytic weight gain and climatic factors was studied in one region of Korea. Methods : From Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2002, fifty patients receiving conventional and regular hemodialysis three times a week in Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, where there is distinct seasonal variation in monthly temperature, relatively humidity, and duration of sunshine, were analyzed. For each patient, body weight and blood pressure were measured before and after cach dialysis treatment three times per week for one year. The monthly mean values for interdialytic weight gain and blood pressure in relation to the monthly values for climatic factors were then analyzed. Results : The seasonal pattern of interdialytic weight gain was evident throughout the one-year period. The monthly mean temperature was highest in July and lowest in January and mean monthly interdialytic weight gain was lowest in July and highest in December. The difference of mean interdialytic weight gain between July and January was significant (p<0.05). Interdialytic weight was inversely correlated with monthly mean temperature, mean maximal temperature, and mean minimal temperature(r=-0.721 with p=0.008, r=-0.714 with p=0.009, and r=-0.717 with p=0.009, respectively) but not with mean relatively humidity and duration of sunshine. Mean predialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not related to changes in temperature, relative humidity, and duration of sunshine. Conclusion : Interdialytic weight gain in patients with end-stage renaldisease treated on hemodialysis was correlated with seasonal variation in temperature, with higher values in the winter and lower values in the summer. It would be better to consider this finding to treat hemodialysis patients. (Korean J Nephrol 2003;22(4):426-432)

고위험만삭아의 생후 초기 체중변이

안영미,김남희,이은영,곽미영 한국아동간호학회 2015 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.21 No.4

Purpose: This study was performed to explore the weight variations in high-risk term newborns hospitalized during the early postnatal period. Methods: A retrospective explorative study was performed with 64 term newborns who were hospitalized in the NICU after birth. Data on daily weight, birth information, and clinical features such as phototherapy, placements, nutritional status were reviewed through medical records for 14 days of life. General Linear Model, GLM was applied to analyze the weight variation by clinical features of these high–risk term newborns for 14 days of life. Results: Newborns at 40 weeks of gestation showed little weight loss during the few days after birth then steadily gained weight to 7.6% at the 14th day. Infants born at 37-39 gestation showed little weight gain for 14 days though the weight loss itself was not apparent. As well, return to birthweight was not observed in newborns with phototherapy, infants placed on a warmer or infants having gastrointestinal dysfunction for 14 days of life. Conclusion: Even for term newborns, physiologic weight loss may not be warranted even if newborn is born at less than 40 week of gestation, or with high-risk conditions that warrant admission to NICU.

체중 변동에 의한 맥박, 혈압 및 심전도 양상의 변화

진복희 ( Bok Hee Jin ),박선영 ( Sun Young Park ) 대한임상검사과학회 2002 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.34 No.2

Recently, the occurrences for obesity have gradually increased secondary to advanced economic growth, improvement of life standards, westernized dietary life, and changes in circumstances. Obesity has been known to be closely associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, so that it causes many heaIth related problems. Therefore, we did research to discover the changes in the body mass index according to body weight variations, percent ideal body weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood sugar level, pulse rate, and electrocardiogram pattem. We selectively chose 428 patients (226 males and 256 females) who were at least 40 years old and who came in for the comprehensive geriatric pathologic evaluation at the department of clinical pathology in the public health center that is located at Sungdong-gu in Seoul from April to July 2001. We subdivided them into four sections; low weight group, normal weight group, over weight group, and obesity group. We compared them according to body measurement, blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood sugar, pulse rate, and an electrocardiogram. The body mass index(p<0.001) is included in every age group from normal weight to over wei양lt group ranges, and the percent idεal body weight (p<O.OOI) is also included in the normal weight range of 90 to 110%. Those in their 50’s showed differences in height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol, but didn’t show significant differences in diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar, pulse rate, or an electrocardiogram. We should acknowledge that the control and treatment of obesity are important factors for the prevention and hea1th improvement in geriatric pathologies, since the obesity indicators of body mass index, percent ideal body weight, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol had been significantly increased.