연성국력(Soft Power)의 변인과 측정의 신뢰도에 대한 경험적 연구: 연성국력과 공공외교의 이론 및 정책적 함의

이성우 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 국제지역연구 Vol.18 No.4

There are conceptual variants concerning to soft power: smart power, sticky power, culturaldiplomacy, public diplomacy, and national brand. Researchers and experts have tried to meet theincreasing demand and expectation of the policy decision-makers regarding the role of power in therealm of international relations. Therefore, researchers in international relations have paid attentionagain on the concept of “power” in general and “soft power” in specific. Emphasizing the realist understanding on the concept of power as relational rather thansubstantial dimension, this paper begins with two major research questions: (1) what is therelationship between the soft and hard dimensions of power? (2) is the measurement of soft powerwith a survey method efficient and valid? This paper hypothesizes a direct proportional relationsbetween soft and hard power. And soft power is a function of the level of domesticinstitutionalization and economic development. The regression analysis with 37 sample countries informs that there is direct positive correlationbetween soft power as a dependent variable and economy, hard power, and the level of democraticinstitutionalization as independent variables. 최근 국내학계에서는 국제관계의 체제와 질서 그리고 힘의 본질에 대한 인식의 전환과 재해석의 필요성에 대한 논의가 대두되었다. 국내에서는 문화외교, 공공외교, 국가 브랜드 제고와 같은 정책적 수요와 맞물리면서 연성국력(soft power) 연구는 외교정책의 주요개념이자 국제관계 연구의 중심개념인 국력에 대한 학문적 관심을 유발하였다. 현실주의 이론의 논의에서도 국력은 “한 사람의 다른 사람에 대한 마음과 행동에 대한 통제”로 정의했다는 점에서 국력을 단순히 실체적 개념이 아니라 관계론적 개념으로 인식했음에 주목하여 본 연구는 두 가지 연구 질문에서 출발한다. 첫째, 국력의 본질적 요소로 간주되는 연성성(soft power)과 경성성(hard power)의 상호관계가 독립적인지 아니면 관련성이 있는지 분석하고자 한다. 둘째, 연성국력에 대한 기존의 설문조사를 통한 측정의 효율성에 대한문제를 검정하고자 한다. 본 연구는 연성국력은 경성국력의 지위와 양의 상관관계가 있다고 본다. 연성국력은 궁극적으로 경제력 및 국내정치의 제도화 수준과 비례한다는 가설을 통해 연성국력이 기존의 국력논의와 별개로 분리되어있는 것이 아니라 연성성은 경성성에 비례하여 증가한다는 점을 가설로 수립하였다. 본 연구는 국가브랜드지수에 포함된 37개국을 표본으로 선정하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 연성국력을 의미하는 국가브랜드지수는 경제력, 국력, 그리고 민주주의제도화 수준과 통계적 유의도가 높은 양의 상관관계가 있다.

‘소프트파워 인문학’의 정착을 위한 제언

위행복,박종보 한국중국언어문화연구회 2020 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.55

'Soft Power' is a contrasting concept with 'Hard Power' which refers to physical power such as military and economic power. This was presented by Joseph S. Nye, who described it as "the power to get what you want by attracting peoples’ mind rather than coercion or reward." As the international status of the US began to falter after 1980s, Nye disputed the decline of the US by claiming that it has strong Soft Power. Nye proposed the concept of "Soft Power" as a means to maintain the supremacy of the US in post-Cold War era. 'Soft Power' uses tangible and intangible resources that can be universally sympathized without using oppression or appeasement. And in terms of seeking voluntary consent, cooperation and support through the path of 'inspiration', the concept contains many elements to improve human society. Due to highly developed globalization and hyper-connectedness of communications and media, various information can be exchanged almost unlimitedly at low cost and high speed. Countries with weak Hard Power is now able to raise their national image and power through the expansion of Soft Power. Enhancing “Soft Power” is becoming the focus of attention all over the world, and Korea is no exception. Soft power is a holistic concept composed of various elements. The Korean Wave, which focuses on popular culture such as K-drama, K-film, and K-pop, has greatly contributed to the development of Korea’s Soft Power. However, popular cultural products are less relevant to the nation's awareness, and it is a difficult way for a serious understanding of the humanistic values ​​of Korean society. Also, there is a risk that a scandal or excessive commerciality of individual pop stars could cause a negative effect on the national image. Therefore, Korea's cultural products, which are drawing attention from the international community, and the 'Humanistic Soft Power' resources of the Korean society must be distributed and spread together, in order to promote a long-term and stable Soft Power and raise the overall level and vitality of the 'Korean Wave'. In order to achieve a long-term and reach higher level of national image improvement, Korea needs to develop “Soft Power Humanities” by utilizing the humanistic resources of Korean as a source of Soft Power. In author’s opinion, 'Soft Power Humanities' is a practical humanistic study that re-examines Korean humanistic resources from the perspective of 'Soft Power', and conducts collaborative research that transcends the boundaries and activity fields of academic disciplines, as well as the boundaries of regions and countries. As a wide range of region and diverse culture are set as targets of Soft Power, the cultural disposition and characteristics of each, and the preferred contents and formats are also included in the interests of ​​research. Soft Power Humanities not only could be a process of deepening academic research, but also pursues ideas to solve problems faced by Korea and the world. The publicity of scholarship will also be enhanced by establishment and implementation of a system that reflects humanistic values ​​in the research. If we spread and practice humanistic values in Korean society in advance, and deliver it to the international community further on, it will not only enhance the national brand but also improve human life. If the Humanistic research in Korea discuss the concept of 'Soft Power Humanities' and promote related academic fields, it will not only encourage the expansion of the reflective study, but also be able to better respond to the social expectations. Based on the idea that further interest and research in this field need to be promoted for strengthening Korea's Humanistic Soft Power, I suggest rudimentary opinions to academia.

소프트파워 효용성에 대한 시론과 한국 소프트파워 외교에의 함의

이용욱 국가안보전략연구원 2010 국가안보와 전략 Vol.10 No.4

정책적 학문적 담론의 증가에도 불구하고 국가차원의 공공외교의 한 축으로써 추진되고 있는 소프트파워가 언제 어떻게 작동하여 정책의 효용성을 높일 것인가란 질문에 대해 그동안 연구가 크게 진척되지 않았다. 이에 본 논문은 그 동안 진행되어온 소프트파워와 그 작동 방식에 대한 개념적 이론적 논의를 기반으로 소프트파워의 효용성을 검토하고 함의를 논한다. 중심 주장은 두 가지다. 첫째, 소프트파워는 권력자원과 작동 방식에서 하드파워와 상이하므로 하드파워 효용성을 측정하는 방식과는 다른기준을 요구한다. 둘째, 소프트파워의 효용성은 기대하는 정책의 달성을 의미하며 각나라마다 소프트파워를 통해 이루고자 하는 정책 목표는 다를 수 있으며 따라서 소프트파워의 효용은 정책목표의 맥락에 따라 달라진다. 경험적 예시로써 중국, 일본, 한국의 소프트파워 전략과 그 효용성을 살펴보고 이들 논의를 통해 한국 소프트파워 공공외교에 대한 정책적 함의를 이끌어 낸다. Despite the flurry of academic and policy discourses on soft power since Nye’s original formulation of the concept in 1990, few works have made serious scholarly efforts to analyze the efficacy of soft power as a tool for public diplomacy. In this context, this article attempts to shed light on the questions of when and how soft power matters and how we might measure the efficacy of soft power. This article makes two interrelated claims. First, since soft power differs from hard power in terms of its sources of power and mechanisms of power transmission, we should come up with the different standards of measurement uniquely applicable to soft power. Second and relatedly, the efficacy of soft power is ultimately policy-goal dependent, which requires a close examination of each country’s soft power policy goals and their outcomes. This article discusses soft power policies of China, Japan,and Korea as empirical illustration. On the basis of the theoretical and empirical discussions of soft power, this article draws out implications for effective Korean soft power policy.

중국과 일본의 공공외교지역으로서의 베트남에 대한 양국의 ODA 정책 연구

( Hye Young Jung ) 한중사회과학학회 2014 한중사회과학연구 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 최근 강대국들의 공공외교(Public Diplomacy), 즉 소프트파워(Soft power) 전개지로서 경쟁이 치열해지는 메콩강 유역의 국가(태국, 베트남, 라오스, 미얀마, 캄보디아)에서의 중국과 일본의 공공외교 움직임을 연구하기 위한 목적으로 시작되었다. 동남아시아 지역에서 일본과 중국의 공공외교 정책의 흐름을 연구하기 위해, 이미 상당한 경험이 축적된 베트남 내의 중국과 일본의 공공외교 변화와 그 흐름을 분석하고자 한다. 구체적으로는 공공외교의 대표적인 수단이라 할 수 있는 ODA (공적 개발원조, Official Development Assistance) 정책분석이다. 베트남은 ODA방면에서 비교적 긴 수원역사를 가지고 있을 뿐 만 아니라, ODA를 국가 경제발전으로 잘 활용하고 있는 국가로 평가된다. 현재 중국과 일본은 베트남 뿐만 아니라, 메콩강 유역의 국가(라오스, 미얀마, 캄보디아)에서도 적극적인ODA 전개를 통해, 메콩강 유역 국가들에게 경제적인 도움을 안겨다 주고 있다. 중국과 일본의 ODA는 적극적인 공공외교의 수단이 되는 동시에, 소프트 파워를 행사하는 방법이 되고 있기에, 다른 주요국가들의 관심(미국, 인도 등)을 불러 일으키고 있다. 그런데 주요국이 제공하는 ODA의 성과는 각국의 ODA 정책, 나아가 공공외교의 정책성격에 따라 수혜국 내에서 다른 결과를 불러오고 있다. 중국은 오랜 공공외교의 전통을 가지고 있고 수 백 년 동안 소프트 파워를 이웃하는 국가들에게 행사해 왔다. 그들의 공공외교는 냉전시대 동맹국과 우호적인 관계를 유지하기 위한 노력과 정치적 관계강화를 위한 목적으로 사용되기도 하였으나, 개혁개방 이후에는 경제, 투자, 무역의 이익을 확보하기 위한 것으로 사용되고 있다. 즉 공공외교가 자국 경제발전의 수단을 위한 도구로 이어지고 있다고 할 수 있으며, ODA 를 통해 그것을 적극 실현하고 있다. 일본의 공공외교는 2차 대전 후 일본의 부흥을 위해, 식민관계의 청산과 전후 보상차원의 성격을 강하게 지니고 있었다. 철저한 현실주의적 상황에 입각하여 일본의 이미지 개선을 위한 수단으로 ODA가 펼쳐졌는데, 점차 사회적 약자를 중심으로 하는 사회개발 분야와 아시아 공동체 형성에 기여하는 외교를 중요시하게 되었다. 현재 일본의 ODA는 강한 일본의 경제력과 결합하여 장기 비전 함유한 형태로 Soft Power를 행사하는데 주요한 역할을 하고 있다. 일본은ODA를 통해 국가 이미지 변신을 꽤하였으며, 이러한 정책은 베트남에서 행해진 공공외교를 통해 일본의 국가 이미지 개선에 기여한 바가 크다. 베트남은 양국의 ODA 전개지역으로서 이미 상당한 역사와 경험을 지닌 지역이다. 본 논문은 중국과 일본이 그 동안 베트남에서 구체적으로 행해왔던 ODA의 정책을 분석함으로써, 메콩강 유역의 국가에게로 확대 전개되고 있는 양국의 공공외교 성격과 방향을 가늠하는데 도움을 얻고자 한다. 이러한 분석은 나아가 중국과 일본의 공공외교 즉 Soft Power의 구체적 실행 책으로의 ODA 성공 여부를 가늠해 보는 데에도 도움이 될 것이다. 향후 한국이 베트남을 비롯한 메콩강 유역 국가들에게 장기적이고 지속적인ODA를 실행코자 함에 있어, 양국의 ODA정책과 그들의 경험에 대한 선행연구를 통해, 한국의 공공외교 전개 방향 설정과 한국 ODA의 성공적인 실행에 그 시사점을 얻고자 한다. This paper is start from a resent research of the Powerful countries movement about Public Diplomacy and Policy of Soft- power in the Mekong area. In particular, In the Mekong area, (i.e. Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia) China and Japan`s Public Diplomacy and Soft-power Policy between the competitive two nation is the aim of this paper To clarify the flow of Chinese and Japanese Public Diplomacy and Soft- power Policy, In this Paper put to use ‘ODA’ policy of China and Japan in Vietnam as a research methods which is representative way to run Public Diplomacy policy. Now, China and Japan are actively developed their ODA policy in Mekong country (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam). And give an economic aid to them who wants to develop economic growth. Because ODA is a positive way to running Public Diplomacy and Soft- power Policy. China and Japan strongly adopting the ODA as a Policy of Soft-power. And China and Japan runs it relatively well. Moreover they bring attention to other nation`s participation in this ODA field. For example, USA, India ect. However, The Main part of the Soft Power policy of major countries, including China and Japan, showing a different result on ODA developing. It depends on what kind of Diplomatic policy they progress. This paper mainly discussed on character of ODA as public Diplomacy of two countries and it`s developing. Traditionally China has been a long history of Public Diplomacy and Soft-power Policy. Their policy has been reached to neighboring nations. Although, In the Cold war era, their Public Diplomacy is used to enhance a relations with allies for political motivations at first, but after the Chinese reform-openness policy, their Public Diplomacy and Soft- power Policy is used to protect their economic interest such as the field of economic exchanges, trade and investment. Chinese ODA is on a same extension. Japan became the first nation in the world to possess an asset of ‘soft-power diplomacy’ by embracing the spirit of the peace constitution. After the World war Ⅱ, For hope of another renaissance of Japan, their Public Diplomacy is conducted for clearing of colonial relations and compensation of the War. Japanese ODA not only is on the basis of a thorough realistic, but also used to improve their nation`s image. And besides, Japanese Public Diplomacy and Soft-power Policy is used to protect their national reputation such as the field of social development, forming of Asian community. Vietnam is a developed area of China and Japan`s ODA with long history and experience. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify Chinese and Japanese ODA policy in Vietnam. And to make a guess its two countries Public Diplomacy which is expanded to Mekong Countries. This kind of analysis is can help to understand the success of Chinese and Japanese ODA ending as a specific execution methods of Public Diplomacy and Soft Power diplomacy. Also, Korea having a long term ODA plans in The Mekong Countries. And Chinese and Japanese ODA strategy in Vietnam can help us how to do it well in there. From Chinese and Japanese experience, hope to get the message for strategy of Public Diplomacy and Soft Power policy of Korea.

An Overdue Critical Look at Soft Power Measurement: The Construct Validity of the Soft Power 30 in Focus

윤성훈 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2018 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.25 No.2

In the vast scholarship on soft power, researchers continue to disagree about the measurement of soft power and soft power resources. There is also a neglect of the issue of construct validity. Calling attention to the unsettled state of measurement affairs, this study brings to light the literature’s twofold disagreement: the first over the operational definitions of soft power and the second over whether indicators are of soft power resources or not. This study then goes further to assess the Soft Power 30 project, an exemplar index of soft power resources as recognized by Nye, as a showcase for assessing construct validity. Results show the project is problematic in two ways—it confuses the distinction between means of soft power and outcomes of soft power, and it overlooks the military as an essential dimension of soft power resources. This study concludes by proposing ways to render the index not only more valid for measurement but also more fruitful for substantial theory building, followed by a call for future research to address disagreements over the operational definitions of soft power.

The Decline of American Soft Power in the Era of Trump

Havertz Ralf Arnold 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2018 글로벌정치연구 Vol.11 No.2

After two years of Donald Trump in the office of the president of the U.S., it has become clear that his presidency has a profound impact on American power. While the Trump administration is increasing its investments in hard power, the soft power of the U.S. has come under stress. The concept of soft power was introduced by Joseph S. Nye. It denotes the ability of a country to get the people in other countries to want what they want due to the attractiveness of their culture and values in the eyes of those abroad. This study examines the concept of soft power and its relation to other concepts of power such as hard power, smart power, and sharp power. It makes a contribution to the placement of soft power in the theory of power. Methodically, the problem of soft power in the American context is primarily approached with a qualitative analysis. Few cases are discussed that support the theoretical considerations about American soft power and its reduction in the era of Trump. This study examines the sources of American soft power and investigates the reasons for the current decline of American soft power. It was found that there are several indicators for the reduction of American soft power since Trump took office. His personal statements and behavior, and the policies of his government had a detrimental impact on the soft power of the country. The decrease of the credibility of the American government in the eyes of foreigners is the most significant element in the diminishing of American soft power

The Decline of American Soft Power in the Era of Trump

( Ralf Havertz ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2018 글로벌정치연구 Vol.11 No.2

After two years of Donald Trump in the office of the president of the U.S., it has become clear that his presidency has a profound impact on American power. While the Trump administration is increasing its investments in hard power, the soft power of the U.S. has come under stress. The concept of soft power was introduced by Joseph S. Nye. It denotes the ability of a country to get the people in other countries to want what they want due to the attractiveness of their culture and values in the eyes of those abroad. This study examines the concept of soft power and its relation to other concepts of power such as hard power, smart power, and sharp power. It makes a contribution to the placement of soft power in the theory of power. Methodically, the problem of soft power in the American context is primarily approached with a qualitative analysis. Few cases are discussed that support the theoretical considerations about American soft power and its reduction in the era of Trump. This study examines the sources of American soft power and investigates the reasons for the current decline of American soft power. It was found that there are several indicators for the reduction of American soft power since Trump took office. His personal statements and behavior, and the policies of his government had a detrimental impact on the soft power of the country. The decrease of the credibility of the American government in the eyes of foreigners is the most significant element in the diminishing of American soft power.

Capturing Power Shift in East Asia: Toward an Analytical Framework for Understanding “Soft Power”

Mikael Weissmann 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2020 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.44 No.3

Mainstream International Relations (IR) theory has problems fully accounting for the regional dynamics of East Asia. This article explores whether the pursuit of soft power—a concept that has been given a prominent position in research on East Asian IR—can provide one piece of the puzzle for understanding East Asia’s regional dynamics. This article proposes an analytical framework for analyzing soft power that problematizes the rigid soft power/hard power binary. The framework proposes a way to understand soft power and the hard-soft spectrum of behavior that allows for the inclusion of economic power while still drawing a line between hard and soft power, where not all economic power is soft, but nor is it all hard. It is argued that to keep the concept of soft power relevant in the East Asian context economic power needs to be included. The line is drawn between economic coercion and economic inducement, arguing that when induced there is still a certain level of freedom as one can choose whether the payments or bribes offered are good enough for it to be worthwhile to change one’s preference and behavior. Coercion, in contrast, utilizes a different dynamic where the point is to force someone to do something they are unwilling to do.

한국과 태국 사이의 소프트파워 협력을 위한 법제적 노력

김호 ( Kim Ho ) 한국태국학회 2024 한국태국학회논총 Vol.30 No.2

The concept of soft power is gaining significant attention in today's international relations, with various countries making concerted efforts to enhance their soft power. In particular, South Korea and Thailand are keenly focusing on strengthening soft power as a new area of collaboration, emphasizing the importance of mutual understanding and the formation of positive images in the international community. This paper aims to examine how South Korea and Thailand are enhancing their soft power and the challenges they face. Both countries are exploring ways to amplify their soft power by leveraging their unique cultures and resources. Through activities such as cultural exchanges, language courses, artistic endeavors, and sports diplomacy, they strive to foster positive perceptions on the global stage. Additionally, with a focus on enhancing soft power in the legal domain, the paper investigates how both countries are improving their soft power and analyzes potential areas for collaboration. To achieve this, the paper provides a brief introduction to the core concepts of soft power and how South Korea and Thailand are utilizing it. Subsequently, it examines the foundational aspects of their efforts to enhance soft power, delves into the efforts and challenges in the legal field, and proposes possibilities for collaboration between the two countries. It is anticipated that this analysis and proposal will serve as a crucial foundation for opening new horizons in South Korea-Thailand cooperation. Through the strengthening of soft power, both countries are expected to establish a closer collaboration, showcasing a more prominent presence in the international community. Furthermore, this paper aims to suggest avenues for effective utilization of soft power, fostering mutual benefits and solidifying the South Korea-Thailand partnership across various sectors in the global arena.

중국의 소프트파워 정책과 공자학원의 역할

김일수,최형룡 한국동북아학회 2014 한국동북아논총 Vol.19 No.4

In recent years, the reference to soft-power has gained its importance in international politics. Soft-power refers to elicit voluntary cooperation of other countries without the physical threat. The pursuit of soft-power is conveyed through culture, trust, ideology, and emotions of nation-states. It is regarded as important devices in terms of influencing other countries. The relationship among countries in the post-Cold War era has witnessed that each country is eager to pursue its soft-power policy in light of the changed global economic governance and economic interdependence. Chinese soft-power policy is a case in point. The aim of this paper is to examine Chinese pursuit of soft-power through the discussion on the world-wide establishment of ‘Confucius Institute.’ In so doing, I focus on three points. First, I analyze and evaluate the performance of Confucius Institute. Second, I examine the role of Confucius Institute in Korea. Third, I discuss problems and limitations of Confucius Institute, and provide some recommendations for the future operation of confucius institute. Despite its limitation and resistance, Chinese Confucius Institute has been playing positive roles not only for educating Korean people but also contributing to mutual underteaching between China and Korea. The importance of soft-power has increased steadily in order to draw cooperative reactions from other countries without taking coercive measures. Now, Korea, Japan, and others too is trying to copy the Confucius model for their soft power enforcement. 본 논문은 중국의 소프트파워 증진의 일환인 ‘공자학원’의 역할을 살펴보는데 있다. 중국은 점차적으로 국가 위상의 제고와 국제적인 영향력을 강화하기 위한 논의를 진행하기 시작하였는데, 이 과정에서 소프트파워(soft power)에 대한 중요성을 인식하였다. 이후 중국은 막대한 자금을 투입하여 다른 국가들과의 친선관계를 형성하기 위해 소프트파워를 구축하는 방법을 모색하고 있는데 ‘공자’를 문화아이콘으로 부각시키는 것과 경제적인 협력을 통한 호의적인 이미지 구축 등이 그것이다. 특히 본 논문은 공자학원이 중국어교육을 더욱 확대·보급시키기 위해 교사양성 및 중국인 교원 파견에 적극적인 양상을 살펴보고 이러한 양상이 한국 내의 중국어 시장과 어떻게 연계되어 진행되고 있는지를 분석하였다. 또한 공자학원이 갖는 역할 및 한계를 분석하고, 중국의 공자학원이 급속한 성장을 하면서 나타나게 된 문제점들을 지적하고 이를 극복할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 공자학원이 지속적으로 성장할 수 있는 방법은 공자학원만이 가질 수 있는 특색을 찾아 특화하고 개발해야 한다. 또한 공자학원이 중국어보급과 문화교류의 사명을 온전히 수행하기 위해서는 부단한 연구와 개발을 지속해야 하고, 공자학원이 정치적 목적이나 상업적 이윤의 도구로 활용되지 않도록 다각도로 검토하고 쇄신해야 한다.